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Zhou H, Yan M, Che D, Wu B. Trends in Mortality Related to Hepatitis B and C from 1990 to 2019 in the Western Pacific Region. Gut Liver 2024; 18:539-549. [PMID: 38638100 PMCID: PMC11096904 DOI: 10.5009/gnl230023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims : This study aimed to analyze the trends in mortality attributed to hepatitis B and C around the Western Pacific region from 1990 to 2019. Methods : We used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study for a systematic analysis. The deaths related to hepatitis B and C were analyzed by age, sex, year, risk factors, geographical location, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Results : From 1990 to 2019, the annual total deaths from hepatitis B decreased from 0.266 to 0.210 million and those from hepatitis C increased from 0.119 to 0.142 million in the Western Pacific region. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of hepatitis B and C decreased by 63.5% and 48.0%, respectively. The declines in the ASMR related to hepatitis B and C were only detected in 12 and two Western Pacific countries, respectively. As the major risk factors, the contribution of alcohol use to hepatitis B deaths was 52% and drug use to hepatitis C was 80%. In males and females, the ASMR attributed to hepatitis B decreased by 61% and 71%, respectively, and the ASMR attributed to hepatitis C decreased by 43% and 55%, respectively. The association between SDI and ASMRs suggested that hepatitis B and C, respectively, showed an overall decline and stable trends as the SDI improved in the Western Pacific region. Conclusions : Although the mortality rate from hepatitis B and C decreased from 1990 to 2019, notable variation was observed among 27 Western Pacific countries. Efforts targeting hepatitis B and C prevention and treatment are still required in this region, especially for the pandemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Department of VIP, Shanghai Children's Hospital affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxia Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Datian Che
- Department of VIP, Shanghai Children's Hospital affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Clinical Research Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Li Z, Lan L, Zhou Y, Li R, Chavin KD, Xu H, Li L, Shih DJH, Jim Zheng W. Developing deep learning-based strategies to predict the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from electronic health records. J Biomed Inform 2024; 152:104626. [PMID: 38521180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2024.104626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The accuracy of deep learning models for many disease prediction problems is affected by time-varying covariates, rare incidence, covariate imbalance and delayed diagnosis when using structured electronic health records data. The situation is further exasperated when predicting the risk of one disease on condition of another disease, such as the hepatocellular carcinoma risk among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease due to slow, chronic progression, the scarce of data with both disease conditions and the sex bias of the diseases. The goal of this study is to investigate the extent to which the aforementioned issues influence deep learning performance, and then devised strategies to tackle these challenges. These strategies were applied to improve hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS We evaluated two representative deep learning models in the task of predicting the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 220,838) from a national EHR database. The disease prediction task was carefully formulated as a classification problem while taking censorship and the length of follow-up into consideration. RESULTS We developed a novel backward masking scheme to deal with the issue of delayed diagnosis which is very common in EHR data analysis and evaluate how the length of longitudinal information after the index date affects disease prediction. We observed that modeling time-varying covariates improved the performance of the algorithms and transfer learning mitigated reduced performance caused by the lack of data. In addition, covariate imbalance, such as sex bias in data impaired performance. Deep learning models trained on one sex and evaluated in the other sex showed reduced performance, indicating the importance of assessing covariate imbalance while preparing data for model training. CONCLUSIONS The strategies developed in this work can significantly improve the performance of hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, our novel strategies can be generalized to apply to other disease risk predictions using structured electronic health records, especially for disease risks on condition of another disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lan Lan
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yujia Zhou
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruoxing Li
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth D Chavin
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Yale School of Medicine, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, FCT4.6008, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David J H Shih
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - W Jim Zheng
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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3
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Maekawa S, Takano S, Enomoto N. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after viral clearance achieved by DAA treatment. J Formos Med Assoc 2024:S0929-6646(24)00048-2. [PMID: 38245398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy has revolutionized hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment, enabling most HCV-infected patients to achieve a sustained viral response (SVR) easily and safely in a short period. On the other hand, it is gradually being recognized that a significant proportion of patients are still at risk of developing de novo and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), even after HCV elimination, and therefore, elucidation of the risk of de novo and recurrent HCC, investigation of its molecular basis, and construction of accurate prediction models are emerging as new important clinical topics. In this review, we present recent advances regarding these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Maekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Enomoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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4
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Li Z, Lan L, Zhou Y, Li R, Chavin KD, Xu H, Li L, Shih DJH, Zheng WJ. Developing deep learning-based strategies to predict the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from electronic health records. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.17.23298691. [PMID: 38014193 PMCID: PMC10680899 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.23298691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Deep learning models showed great success and potential when applied to many biomedical problems. However, the accuracy of deep learning models for many disease prediction problems is affected by time-varying covariates, rare incidence, and covariate imbalance when using structured electronic health records data. The situation is further exasperated when predicting the risk of one disease on condition of another disease, such as the hepatocellular carcinoma risk among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease due to slow, chronic progression, the scarce of data with both disease conditions and the sex bias of the diseases. Objective The goal of this study is to investigate the extent to which time-varying covariates, rare incidence, and covariate imbalance influence deep learning performance, and then devised strategies to tackle these challenges. These strategies were applied to improve hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods We evaluated two representative deep learning models in the task of predicting the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 220,838) from a national EHR database. The disease prediction task was carefully formulated as a classification problem while taking censorship and the length of follow-up into consideration. Results We developed a novel backward masking scheme to evaluate how the length of longitudinal information after the index date affects disease prediction. We observed that modeling time-varying covariates improved the performance of the algorithms and transfer learning mitigated reduced performance caused by the lack of data. In addition, covariate imbalance, such as sex bias in data impaired performance. Deep learning models trained on one sex and evaluated in the other sex showed reduced performance, indicating the importance of assessing covariate imbalance while preparing data for model training. Conclusions Devising proper strategies to address challenges from time-varying covariates, lack of data, and covariate imbalance can be key to counteracting data bias and accurately predicting disease occurrence using deep learning models. The novel strategies developed in this work can significantly improve the performance of hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, our novel strategies can be generalized to apply to other disease risk predictions using structured electronic health records, especially for disease risks on condition of another disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Lan Lan
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Yujia Zhou
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Ruoxing Li
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Kenneth D. Chavin
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland OH 44106
| | | | - Liang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, FCT4.6008, Houston TX 77030
| | | | - W. Jim Zheng
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Suite 600, Houston, Texas, 77030
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5
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Feng S, Wang J, Wang L, Qiu Q, Chen D, Su H, Li X, Xiao Y, Lin C. Current Status and Analysis of Machine Learning in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1184-1191. [PMID: 37577233 PMCID: PMC10412715 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00077s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common tumor. Although the diagnosis and treatment of HCC have made great progress, the overall prognosis remains poor. As the core component of artificial intelligence, machine learning (ML) has developed rapidly in the past decade. In particular, ML has become widely used in the medical field, and it has helped in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Different algorithms of ML have different roles in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. This article reviews recent research, explains the application of different ML models in HCC, and provides suggestions for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Feng
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liheng Wang
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qixuan Qiu
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huo Su
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chiayen Lin
- General Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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Manjunath RV, Ghanshala A, Kwadiki K. Deep learning algorithm performance evaluation in detection and classification of liver disease using CT images. MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37362702 PMCID: PMC10183675 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-023-15627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
To diagnose the liver diseases computed tomography images are used. Most of the time even experienced radiologists find it very tough to note the type, size, and severity of the tumor from computed tomography images due to various complexities involved around the liver. In recent years it is very much essential to develop a computer-assisted imaging technique to diagnose liver disease in turn which improves the diagnosis of a doctor. This paper explains a novel deep learning model for detecting a liver disease tumor and its classification. Tumor from computed tomography images has been classified between Metastasis and Cholangiocarcinoma. We demonstrate that our model predominantly performs very well concerning the accuracy, dice similarity coefficient, and specificity parameters compared to well-known existing algorithms, and adapts very well for different datasets. A dice similarity coefficient value of 98.59% indicates the supremacy of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. V. Manjunath
- Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bangalore-82, India
| | | | - Karibasappa Kwadiki
- Department of CS&IT, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002 India
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7
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Xiong M, Xu Y, Zhao Y, He S, Zhu Q, Wu Y, Hu X, Liu L. Quantitative analysis of artificial intelligence on liver cancer: A bibliometric analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:990306. [PMID: 36874099 PMCID: PMC9978515 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.990306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide the current research progress, hotspots, and emerging trends for AI in liver cancer, we have compiled a relative comprehensive and quantitative report on the research of liver disease using artificial intelligence by employing bibliometrics in this study. Methods In this study, the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was used to perform systematic searches using keywords and a manual screening strategy, VOSviewer was used to analyze the degree of cooperation between countries/regions and institutions, as well as the co-occurrence of cooperation between authors and cited authors. Citespace was applied to generate a dual map to analyze the relationship of citing journals and citied journals and conduct a strong citation bursts ranking analysis of references. Online SRplot was used for in-depth keyword analysis and Microsoft Excel 2019 was used to collect the targeted variables from retrieved articles. Results 1724 papers were collected in this study, including 1547 original articles and 177 reviews. The study of AI in liver cancer mostly began from 2003 and has developed rapidly from 2017. China has the largest number of publications, and the United States has the highest H-index and total citation counts. The top three most productive institutions are the League of European Research Universities, Sun Yat Sen University, and Zhejiang University. Jasjit S. Suri and Frontiers in Oncology are the most published author and journal, respectively. Keyword analysis showed that in addition to the research on liver cancer, research on liver cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, and liver fibrosis were also common. Computed tomography was the most used diagnostic tool, followed by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liver cancer are currently the most widely adopted research goals, and comprehensive analyses of multi-type data and postoperative analysis of patients with advanced liver cancer are rare. The use of convolutional neural networks is the main technical method used in studies of AI on liver cancer. Conclusion AI has undergone rapid development and has a wide application in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases, especially in China. Imaging is an indispensable tool in this filed. Mmulti-type data fusion analysis and development of multimodal treatment plans for liver cancer could become the major trend of future research in AI in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiong
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yaona Xu
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Si He
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qihan Zhu
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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8
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Dehydrocrenatidine Induces Liver Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Suppressing JNK-Mediated Signaling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040402. [PMID: 35455398 PMCID: PMC9027780 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advancement in therapeutic interventions, liver cancer is associated with poor prognosis because of highly lethal characteristics and high recurrence rate. In the present study, the anticancer potential of a plant-based alkaloid namely dehydrocrenatidine has been evaluated in human liver cancer cells. The study findings revealed that dehydrocrenatidine reduced cancer cell viability by arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase and activating mitochondria-mediated and death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways. Specifically, dehydrocrenatidine significantly increased the expression of extrinsic pathway components (FAS, DR5, FADD, and TRADD) as well as intrinsic pathway components (Bax and Bim L/S) in liver cancer cells. In addition, dehydrocrenatidine significantly increased the cleavage and activation of PARP and caspases 3, 8, and 9. The analysis of upstream signaling pathways revealed that dehydrocrenatidine induced caspase-mediated apoptosis by suppressing the phosphorylation of JNK1/2. Taken together, the study identifies dehydrocrenatidine as a potent anticancer agent that can be use clinically to inhibit the proliferation of human liver cancer cells.
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9
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Ahn JC, Qureshi TA, Singal AG, Li D, Yang JD. Deep learning in hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future perspectives. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:2039-2051. [PMID: 35070007 PMCID: PMC8727204 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the leading causes of cancer incidence and death. Despite decades of research and development of new treatment options, the overall outcomes of patients with HCC continue to remain poor. There are areas of unmet need in risk prediction, early diagnosis, accurate prognostication, and individualized treatments for patients with HCC. Recent years have seen an explosive growth in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in medical research, with the field of HCC being no exception. Among the various AI-based machine learning algorithms, deep learning algorithms are considered state-of-the-art techniques for handling and processing complex multimodal data ranging from routine clinical variables to high-resolution medical images. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the recently published studies that have applied deep learning for risk prediction, diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment planning for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Ahn
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55904, United States
| | - Touseef Ahmad Qureshi
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Amit G Singal
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Debiao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Ju-Dong Yang
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
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10
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Abstract
Medical diagnoses have important implications for improving patient care, research, and policy. For a medical diagnosis, health professionals use different kinds of pathological methods to make decisions on medical reports in terms of the patients’ medical conditions. Recently, clinicians have been actively engaged in improving medical diagnoses. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in combination with clinical findings has further improved disease detection. In the modern era, with the advantage of computers and technologies, one can collect data and visualize many hidden outcomes such as dealing with missing data in medical research. Statistical machine learning algorithms based on specific problems can assist one to make decisions. Machine learning (ML), data-driven algorithms can be utilized to validate existing methods and help researchers to make potential new decisions. The purpose of this study was to extract significant predictors for liver disease from the medical analysis of 615 humans using ML algorithms. Data visualizations were implemented to reveal significant findings such as missing values. Multiple imputations by chained equations (MICEs) were applied to generate missing data points, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality. Variable importance ranking using the Gini index was implemented to verify significant predictors obtained from the PCA. Training data (ntrain=399) for learning and testing data (ntest=216) in the ML methods were used for predicting classifications. The study compared binary classifier machine learning algorithms (i.e., artificial neural network, random forest (RF), and support vector machine), which were utilized on a published liver disease data set to classify individuals with liver diseases, which will allow health professionals to make a better diagnosis. The synthetic minority oversampling technique was applied to oversample the minority class to regulate overfitting problems. The RF significantly contributed (p<0.001) to a higher accuracy score of 98.14% compared to the other methods. Thus, this suggests that ML methods predict liver disease by incorporating the risk factors, which may improve the inference-based diagnosis of patients.
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11
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Hou Z, Liu S, Song F, Pi Z, Liu Z. Comprehensive physiopathology and serum metabolomics for the evaluation of the influence mechanism of qi deficiency on xenograft mouse models of liver cancer. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3789-3798. [PMID: 34406706 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that qi deficiency is important pathogenesis and syndrome of liver cancer and thus is crucial in related research. However, the effect of qi deficiency on the occurrence and development of liver cancer is still unclear. This study aimed to establish a liver cancer model of qi deficiency through the swimming exhaustion and xenograft of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The effects of qi deficiency on the occurrence and development of liver cancer were investigated by analyzing tumor development, blood routine, histopathology, and serum metabolomics. Results showed that qi deficiency greatly affected the physiology and tumor growth of xenograft mice. Eight potential biomarkers were identified by metabolomics based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Their main pathways were arachidonic acid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, purine metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, sphingomyelin metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism pathway. Finally, the effects of qi deficiency on the occurrence and development of liver cancer were comprehensively analyzed, and the mechanism of this process was preliminarily clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Hou
- College of pharmacy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Fengrui Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
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