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Sun K, Shi ZY, Wang YZ, Xie DH, Liu YR, Jiang Q, Jiang H, Huang XJ, Qin YZ. The profile and prognostic significance of bone marrow T-cell differentiation subsets in adult AML at diagnosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1418792. [PMID: 39100667 PMCID: PMC11294180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background T lymphocytes in tumor microenvironment play a pivotal role in the anti-tumor immunity, and the memory of T cells contributes to the long-term protection against tumor antigens. Compared to solid tumors, studies focusing on the T-cell differentiation in the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) bone marrow (BM) microenvironment remain limited. Patients and methods Fresh BM specimens collected from 103 adult AML patients at diagnosis and 12 healthy donors (HDs) were tested T-cell differentiation subsets by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Results CD4 and CD8 T-cell compartments had different constituted profiles of T-cell differentiated subsets, which was similar between AML patients and HDs. Compared to HDs, AML patients as a whole had a significantly higher proportion of CD8 effector T cells (Teff, P = 0.048). Moreover, the T-cell compartment of AML patients with no DNMT3A mutations skewed toward terminal differentiation at the expense of memory T cells (CD4 Teff: P = 0.034; CD8 Teff: P = 0.030; CD8 memory T: P = 0.017), whereas those with mutated DNMT3A had a decrease in CD8 naïve T (Tn) and CD4 effector memory T cells (Tem) as well as an increase in CD4 central memory T cells (Tcm) (P = 0.037, 0.053 and 0.053). Adverse ELN genetic risk correlated with a lower proportion of CD8 Tn. In addition, the low proportions of CD4 Tem and CD8 Tn independently predicted poorer relapse-free survival (RFS, HR [95%CI]: 5.7 (1.4-22.2), P = 0.017 and 4.8 [1.3-17.4], P = 0.013) and event-free survival (EFS, HR [95% CI]: 3.3 (1.1-9.5), P = 0.029; 4.0 (1.4-11.5), P = 0.010), respectively. Conclusions AML patients had abnormal profiles of BM T-cell differentiation subsets at diagnosis, which was related to DNMT3A mutations. The low proportions of CD4 Tem and CD8 Tn predicted poor outcomes.
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García-Álvarez M, Yeguas A, Jiménez C, Medina-Herrera A, González-Calle V, Hernández-Ruano M, Maldonado R, Aires I, Casquero C, Sánchez-Villares I, Balanzategui A, Sarasquete ME, Alcoceba M, Vidriales MB, González-Díaz M, García-Sanz R, Chillón MC. Single-Cell DNA Sequencing and Immunophenotypic Profiling to Track Clonal Evolution in an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patient. Biomedicines 2023; 12:66. [PMID: 38255173 PMCID: PMC10813288 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell DNA sequencing can address the sequence of somatic genetic events during myeloid transformation in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We present an NPM1-mutated AML patient with an initial low ratio of FLT3-ITD (low-risk ELN-2017), treated with midostaurin combined with standard chemotherapy as front-line treatment, and with salvage therapy plus gilteritinib following allogenic stem cell transplantation after relapse. Simultaneous single-cell DNA sequencing and cell-surface immunophenotyping was used in diagnostic and relapse samples to understand the clinical scenario of this patient and to reconstruct the clonal composition of both tumors. Four independent clones were present before treatment: DNMT3A/DNMT3A/NPM1 (63.9%), DNMT3A/DNMT3A (13.9%), DNMT3A/DNMT3A/NPM1/FLT3 (13.8%), as well as a wild-type clone (8.3%), but only the minor clone with FLT3-ITD survived and expanded after therapy, being the most represented one (58.6%) at relapse. FLT3-ITD was subclonal and was found only in the myeloid blast population (CD38/CD117/CD123). Our study shows the usefulness of this approach to reveal the clonal architecture of the leukemia and the identification of small subclones at diagnosis and relapse that may explain how the neoplastic cells can escape from the activity of different treatments in a stepwise process that impedes the disease cure despite different stages of complete remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Álvarez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Ana Yeguas
- Hematology Department, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, 34005 Palencia, Spain;
| | - Cristina Jiménez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Alejandro Medina-Herrera
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Verónica González-Calle
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Montserrat Hernández-Ruano
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Rebeca Maldonado
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Irene Aires
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Cristina Casquero
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Inmaculada Sánchez-Villares
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Ana Balanzategui
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María Eugenia Sarasquete
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Miguel Alcoceba
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María Belén Vidriales
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Marcos González-Díaz
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Ramón García-Sanz
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María Carmen Chillón
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.G.-Á.); (C.J.); (A.M.-H.); (V.G.-C.); (M.H.-R.); (R.M.); (I.A.); (C.C.); (I.S.-V.); (A.B.); (M.E.S.); (M.A.); (M.B.V.); (M.G.-D.); (M.C.C.)
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Shin DY. TP53 Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: An Old Foe Revisited. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4816. [PMID: 37835510 PMCID: PMC10571655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers and was the first tumor suppressor gene to be discovered in the history of medical science. Mutations in the TP53 gene occur at various genetic locations and exhibit significant heterogeneity among patients. Mutations occurring primarily within the DNA-binding domain of TP53 result in the loss of the p53 protein's DNA-binding capability. However, a complex phenotypic landscape often combines gain-of-function, dominant negative, or altered specificity features. This complexity poses a significant challenge in developing an effective treatment strategy, which eradicates TP53-mutated cancer clones. This review summarizes the current understanding of TP53 mutations in AML and their implications. TP53 mutation in AML: In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), six hotspot mutations (R175H, G245S, R248Q/W, R249S, R273H/S, and R282W) within the DNA-binding domain are common. TP53 mutations are frequently associated with a complex karyotype and subgroups of therapy-related or secondary AML. The presence of TP53 mutation is considered as a poor prognostic factor. TP53-mutated AML is even classified as a distinct subgroup of AML by itself, as TP53-mutated AML exhibits a significantly distinct landscape in terms of co-mutation and gene expression profiles compared with wildtype (WT)-TP53 AML. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS To better predict the prognosis in cancer patients with different TP53 mutations, several predictive scoring systems have been proposed based on screening experiments, to assess the aggressiveness of TP53-mutated cancer cells. Among those scoring systems, a relative fitness score (RFS) could be applied to AML patients with TP53 mutations in terms of overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). The current standard treatment, which includes cytotoxic chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, is largely ineffective for patients with TP53-mutated AML. Consequently, most patients with TP53-mutated AML succumb to leukemia within several months, despite active anticancer treatment. Decitabine, a hypomethylating agent, is known to be relatively effective in patients with AML. Numerous trials are ongoing to investigate the effects of novel drugs combined with hypomethylating agents, TP53-targeting agents or immunologic agents. CONCLUSIONS Developing an effective treatment strategy for TP53-mutated AML through innovative and multidisciplinary research is an urgent task. Directly targeting mutated TP53 holds promise as an approach to combating TP53-mutated AML, and recent developments in immunologic agents for AML offer hope in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yeop Shin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-7209; Fax: +82-2-762-9662
- Center for Medical Innovation, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Barreto IV, Pessoa FMCDP, Machado CB, Pantoja LDC, Ribeiro RM, Lopes GS, Amaral de Moraes ME, de Moraes Filho MO, de Souza LEB, Burbano RMR, Khayat AS, Moreira-Nunes CA. Leukemic Stem Cell: A Mini-Review on Clinical Perspectives. Front Oncol 2022; 12:931050. [PMID: 35814466 PMCID: PMC9270022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.931050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known for their ability to proliferate and self-renew, thus being responsible for sustaining the hematopoietic system and residing in the bone marrow (BM). Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are recognized by their stemness features such as drug resistance, self-renewal, and undifferentiated state. LSCs are also present in BM, being found in only 0.1%, approximately. This makes their identification and even their differentiation difficult since, despite the mutations, they are cells that still have many similarities with HSCs. Although the common characteristics, LSCs are heterogeneous cells and have different phenotypic characteristics, genetic mutations, and metabolic alterations. This whole set of alterations enables the cell to initiate the process of carcinogenesis, in addition to conferring drug resistance and providing relapses. The study of LSCs has been evolving and its application can help patients, where through its count as a biomarker, it can indicate a prognostic factor and reveal treatment results. The selection of a target to LSC therapy is fundamental. Ideally, the target chosen should be highly expressed by LSCs, highly selective, absence of expression on other cells, in particular HSC, and preferentially expressed by high numbers of patients. In view of the large number of similarities between LSCs and HSCs, it is not surprising that current treatment approaches are limited. In this mini review we seek to describe the immunophenotypic characteristics and mechanisms of resistance presented by LSCs, also approaching possible alternatives for the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Valentim Barreto
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Caio Bezerra Machado
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Laudreísa da Costa Pantoja
- Department of Pediatrics, Octávio Lobo Children’s Hospital, Belém, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Ceará State University, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Fortaleza, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes,
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Bonora M, Kahsay A, Pinton P. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in hematopoietic stem cell: Molecular regulation of quiescence, function, and differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 362:111-140. [PMID: 34253293 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is based on the existence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) with the capacity to self-proliferate and self-renew or to differentiate into specialized cells. The hematopoietic niche is the essential microenvironment where stem cells reside and integrate various stimuli to determine their fate. Recent studies have identified niche containing high level of calcium (Ca2+) suggesting that HSCs are sensitive to Ca2+. This is a highly versatile and ubiquitous second messenger that regulates a wide variety of cellular functions. Advanced methods for measuring its concentrations, genetic experiments, cell fate tracing data, single-cell imaging, and transcriptomics studies provide information into its specific roles to integrate signaling into an array of mechanisms that determine HSC identity, lineage potential, maintenance, and self-renewal. Accumulating and contrasting evidence, are revealing Ca2+ as a previously unacknowledged feature of HSC, involved in functional maintenance, by regulating multiple actors including transcription and epigenetic factors, Ca2+-dependent kinases and mitochondrial physiology. Mitochondria are significant participants in HSC functions and their responsiveness to cellular demands is controlled to a significant extent via Ca2+ signals. Recent reports indicate that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake also controls HSC fate. These observations reveal a physiological feature of hematopoietic stem cells that can be harnessed to improve HSC-related disease. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge Ca2+ in hematopoietic stem cell focusing on its potential involvement in proliferation, self-renewal and maintenance of HSC and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Asrat Kahsay
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Lewuillon C, Laguillaumie MO, Quesnel B, Idziorek T, Touil Y, Lemonnier L. Put in a “Ca2+ll” to Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030543. [PMID: 35159351 PMCID: PMC8834247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder characterized by genetic aberrations in myeloid primitive cells (blasts) which lead to their defective maturation/function and their proliferation in the bone marrow (BM) and blood of affected individuals. Current intensive chemotherapy protocols result in complete remission in 50% to 80% of AML patients depending on their age and the AML type involved. While alterations in calcium signaling have been extensively studied in solid tumors, little is known about the role of calcium in most hematologic malignancies, including AML. Our purpose with this review is to raise awareness about this issue and to present (i) the role of calcium signaling in AML cell proliferation and differentiation and in the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells; (ii) the interplay between mitochondria, metabolism, and oxidative stress; (iii) the effect of the BM microenvironment on AML cell fate; and finally (iv) the mechanism by which chemotherapeutic treatments modify calcium homeostasis in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lewuillon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Marie-Océane Laguillaumie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Thierry Idziorek
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yasmine Touil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (M.-O.L.); (B.Q.); (T.I.); (Y.T.)
| | - Loïc Lemonnier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Correspondence:
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