Copper (II) Ion Binding in Polyacrylic Acid

Potentiometry of effective concentration of polyacrylate as scale inhibitor

The concentration of polyacrylate (PA) used as a scale inhibitor was potentiometrically determined with a solid state copper ion-selective electrode after addition of Cu2+ as a probe. While the conventional methods monitor only the total concentration of PA, the proposed method measures the free, "effective" concentration of PA in equilibrium with species like Ca2+ and CaCO3. The slope of a potential response to PA was -40 mV decade(-1) and the limit of detection was 10(-6.3) M (= mol dm(-3)) at a probe concentration of 10(-6) M. The system could be used to control the PA concentration just enough to prevent the scale formation in various circulating water systems.

Ionization of short polymethacrylic acid: titration, DLS, and model calculations

In this work the charging of polymethacrylic acid in excess electrolyte solution is investigated experimentally by titration and dynamic light scattering. The results are analyzed by a penetrable sphere model, which employs the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the description of electrostatic interactions and takes into account specific binding of H+ and Na+. The evaluation of the DLS data yields two relaxation modes. The slow mode is present only at finite degrees of charging and is therefore caused by collective diffusion. The fast mode, which corresponds to diffusion coefficients in the range from (1.1 to 1.5) x 10(-10) m2 s(-1), is present over the whole pH range. This reflects the diffusional dynamics of the polyion itself and allows the calculation of hydrodynamic radii for equivalent spheres (RH). These increase from 1.5 nm at pH 2.14 up to 1.8 nm for a degree of deprotonation alpha=0.47 at pH 5.86. With a further increase of pH the radii slightly decrease to 1.6 nm. Setting the radius of the penetrable sphere equal to RH, we can successfully model the overall charging curve with logK0H=4.85 and logK0Na=-0.6. This means that weak complexes of the type COO---Na are formed, which reduce the effective charge inside the polyelectrolyte coil.

Analysis of Complexation Equilibria of Polyacrylic Acid by a Donnan-Based Concept

Complexation equilibria of uni- and divalent metal ions (Ag+, Ca2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+) with polyacrylic acid (PAA) have been studied at various degrees of dissociation (alpha) of PAA under different sodium salt concentration levels at 25&deg;C. Both pH and pM(MZ+ = Ag+, Ca2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+) of equilibrium mixture solutions of MZ+/PAA/Na+ (excess) have been determined concurrently by a potentiometric titration method. The electrostatic effect inherent in the polyion-metal ion binding equilibria has been evaluated by a Donnan-based concept and is corrected for by the use of a nonideality term of acid dissociation equilibria of the polyacid as a probe. For Ag+-PAA and Ca2+-PAA bindings, only monodentate ligand complexes, (MA)(Z-1), have proven to be formed, whereas for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ion bindings, formation of both monodentate and bidentate ligand complexes have been observed. For both Cu2+-PAA and Pb2+-PAA systems, bidentate carboxylate complex formation is predominant at alpha > ca. 0.3, whereas at alpha < ca. 0.3, formation of monodentate carboxylate complexes becomes appreciable as alpha decreases. Stability constants of these complexes together with the intra-molecular complexation equilibrium constants expressed by the ratio of the concentrations of bidentate complexes to monodentate complexes have successfully been evaluated and are compared with each other in order to discuss the multidentate complexation properties of the polycarboxylic acid.

The release of monovalent counterions by addition of divalent counterions in coulombic interaction system of polyions (II)

In this work, the increase in activity. Deltaa+ of a monovalent counterion (Na+) resulting from the addition or a divalent ion (Cu2+) was experimentally investigated in sulfate or sulfonate polyelectrolyte solutions. It was found that in the case of polyvinylsulfonate, a+ was expressed by Deltaa+ = Delta(C++ -a++). where C(++) and a(++) represent the molar concentration and activity of added Cu2+ respectively, while in the case of dextran sulfate, the expression or Deltaa+ became Deltaa+ =2Delta(C++-a++). Considering that interactions between these cations and sulfate or sulfonale groups are Durely electrostatic, these results were analyzed in relation to the conformation of the polyelectrolytes.

The release of monovalent counterions by addition of divalent counterions in coulombic interaction system

The additivity rule of counterion activity or osmotic pressure in rodlike polyelectrolyte solutions has been discussed on the basis of the Fokker-Planck and Poisson equations in relation to the fluctuation of counterion distribution. This new theory has concluded that the additivity rule of counterion activity is less applicable than that of osmotic pressure due to the electric expansion force acting on the free-volume surface resulting from the fluctuation of counterion distribution. The theory has introduced an approximate relation between the counterion activities in the mixture solution of divalent and monovalent counterions, such that Deltaa+ = DeltaC++ - Deltaa++, in which Deltaa+ represents the increase of activity of monovalent counter-ions resulting from the addition of divalent counterionsDeltaC++, (in molar) to the solution, and Deltaa++ means the increase of the divalent counterion activity (in molar) in this process. This relation has been experimentally examined for Na-PSS solutions in the process of Cu2+ ion addition by the use of Na+ and Cu2+ sensitive electrodes, and it has been turned out that the relation is established in the low charge state of polyion.