1
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Garci A, Abid S, David AHG, Jones LO, Azad CS, Ovalle M, Brown PJ, Stern CL, Zhao X, Malaisrie L, Schatz GC, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Exciplex Emission and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Based Bischromophoric Cyclophanes and Homo[2]catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18391-18401. [PMID: 37565777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer and exciplex emission are not only crucial photophysical processes in many living organisms but also important for the development of smart photonic materials. We report, herein, the rationally designed synthesis and characterization of two highly charged bischromophoric homo[2]catenanes and one cyclophane incorporating a combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e., anthracene, pyrene, and perylene, which are intrinsically capable of supporting energy transfer and exciplex formation. The possible coconformations of the homo[2]catenanes, on account of their dynamic behavior, have been probed by Density Functional Theory calculations. The unique photophysical properties of these exotic molecules have been explored by steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The tetracationic pyrene-perylene cyclophane system exhibits emission emanating from a highly efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism which occurs in 48 ps, while the octacationic homo[2]catenane displays a weak exciplex photoluminescence following extremely fast (<0.3 ps) exciplex formation. The in-depth fundamental understanding of these photophysical processes involved in the fluorescence of bischromophoric cyclophanes and homo[2]catenanes paves the way for their use in future bioapplications and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chandra S Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luke Malaisrie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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2
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Derr JB, Tamayo J, Clark JA, Morales M, Mayther MF, Espinoza EM, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Vullev VI. Multifaceted aspects of charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21583-21629. [PMID: 32785306 PMCID: PMC7544685 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer steps, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have been principally responsible for managing the energy flow in the biosphere of our planet since the Great Oxygen Event. It is impossible to imagine living organisms without charge transport mediated by ion channels, or electron and proton transfer mediated by redox enzymes. Concurrently, transfer and transport of electrons and holes drive the functionalities of electronic and photonic devices that are intricate for our lives. While fueling advances in engineering, charge-transfer science has established itself as an important independent field, originating from physical chemistry and chemical physics, focusing on paradigms from biology, and gaining momentum from solar-energy research. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of charge transfer, and outline its core role in a broad range of unrelated fields, such as medicine, environmental science, catalysis, electronics and photonics. The ubiquitous nature of dipoles, for example, sets demands on deepening the understanding of how localized electric fields affect charge transfer. Charge-transfer electrets, thus, prove important for advancing the field and for interfacing fundamental science with engineering. Synergy between the vastly different aspects of charge-transfer science sets the stage for the broad global impacts that the advances in this field have.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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3
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Skonieczny K, Espinoza EM, Derr JB, Morales M, Clinton JM, Xia B, Vullev VI. Biomimetic and bioinspired molecular electrets. How to make them and why does the established peptide chemistry not always work? PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract“Biomimetic” and “bioinspired” define different aspects of the impacts that biology exerts on science and engineering. Biomimicking improves the understanding of how living systems work, and builds tools for bioinspired endeavors. Biological inspiration takes ideas from biology and implements them in unorthodox manners, exceeding what nature offers. Molecular electrets, i.e. systems with ordered electric dipoles, are key for advancing charge-transfer (CT) science and engineering. Protein helices and their biomimetic analogues, based on synthetic polypeptides, are the best-known molecular electrets. The inability of native polypeptide backbones to efficiently mediate long-range CT, however, limits their utility. Bioinspired molecular electrets based on anthranilamides can overcome the limitations of their biological and biomimetic counterparts. Polypeptide helices are easy to synthesize using established automated protocols. These protocols, however, fail to produce even short anthranilamide oligomers. For making anthranilamides, the residues are introduced as their nitrobenzoic-acid derivatives, and the oligomers are built from their C- to their N-termini via amide-coupling and nitro-reduction steps. The stringent requirements for these reduction and coupling steps pose non-trivial challenges, such as high selectivity, quantitative yields, and fast completion under mild conditions. Addressing these challenges will provide access to bioinspired molecular electrets essential for organic electronics and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skonieczny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jillian M. Clinton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- GlaxoSmithKline, 200 Cambridgepark Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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4
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Segatta F, Cupellini L, Garavelli M, Mennucci B. Quantum Chemical Modeling of the Photoinduced Activity of Multichromophoric Biosystems. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9361-9380. [PMID: 31276384 PMCID: PMC6716121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multichromophoric biosystems represent a broad family with very diverse members, ranging from light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes to nucleic acids. The former are designed to capture, harvest, efficiently transport, and transform energy from sunlight for photosynthesis, while the latter should dissipate the absorbed radiation as quickly as possible to prevent photodamages and corruption of the carried genetic information. Because of the unique electronic and structural characteristics, the modeling of their photoinduced activity is a real challenge. Numerous approaches have been devised building on the theoretical development achieved for single chromophores and on model Hamiltonians that capture the essential features of the system. Still, a question remains: is a general strategy for the accurate modeling of multichromophoric systems possible? By using a quantum chemical point of view, here we review the advancements developed so far highlighting differences and similarities with the single chromophore treatment. Finally, we outline the important limitations and challenges that still need to be tackled to reach a complete and accurate picture of their photoinduced properties and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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5
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Derr JB, Tamayo J, Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Vullev VI. Dipole-induced effects on charge transfer and charge transport. Why do molecular electrets matter? CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) and charge transport (CTr) are at the core of life-sustaining biological processes and of processes that govern the performance of electronic and energy-conversion devices. Electric fields are invaluable for guiding charge movement. Therefore, as electrostatic analogues of magnets, electrets have unexplored potential for generating local electric fields for accelerating desired CT processes and suppressing undesired ones. The notion about dipole-generated local fields affecting CT has evolved since the middle of the 20th century. In the 1990s, the first reports demonstrating the dipole effects on the kinetics of long-range electron transfer appeared. Concurrently, the development of molecular-level designs of electric junctions has led the exploration of dipole effects on CTr. Biomimetic molecular electrets such as polypeptide helices are often the dipole sources in CT systems. Conversely, surface-charge electrets and self-assembled monolayers of small polar conjugates are the preferred sources for modifying interfacial electric fields for controlling CTr. The multifaceted complexity of such effects on CT and CTr testifies for the challenges and the wealth of this field that still remains largely unexplored. This review outlines the basic concepts about dipole effects on CT and CTr, discusses their evolution, and provides accounts for their future developments and impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jesse Tamayo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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6
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Espinoza EM, Larsen-Clinton JM, Krzeszewski M, Darabedian N, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Bioinspired approach toward molecular electrets: synthetic proteome for materials. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMolecular-level control of charge transfer (CT) is essential for both, organic electronics and solar-energy conversion, as well as for a wide range of biological processes. This article provides an overview of the utility of local electric fields originating from molecular dipoles for directing CT processes. Systems with ordered dipoles, i.e. molecular electrets, are the centerpiece of the discussion. The conceptual evolution from biomimicry to biomimesis, and then to biological inspiration, paves the roads leading from testing the understanding of how natural living systems function to implementing these lessons into optimal paradigms for specific applications. This progression of the evolving structure-function relationships allows for the development of bioinspired electrets composed of non-native aromatic amino acids. A set of such non-native residues that are electron-rich can be viewed as a synthetic proteome for hole-transfer electrets. Detailed considerations of the electronic structure of an individual residue prove of key importance for designating the points for optimal injection of holes (i.e. extraction of electrons) in electret oligomers. This multifaceted bioinspired approach for the design of CT molecular systems provides unexplored paradigms for electronic and energy science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Narek Darabedian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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7
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Brown KE, Singh APN, Wu YL, Mishra AK, Zhou J, Lewis FD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Tracking Hole Transport in DNA Hairpins Using a Phenylethynylguanine Nucleobase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12084-12092. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Arunoday P. N. Singh
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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8
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Mishra AK, Harris MA, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Dynamics of Charge Injection and Charge Recombination in DNA Mini-Hairpins. J Phys Chem B 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and §Institute for
Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michelle A. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and §Institute for
Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and §Institute for
Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and §Institute for
Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and §Institute for
Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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9
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Thazhathveetil AK, Harris MA, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Efficient Charge Transport via DNA G-Quadruplexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1730-1733. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Thazhathveetil
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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10
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Beckstead AA, Zhang Y, de Vries MS, Kohler B. Life in the light: nucleic acid photoproperties as a legacy of chemical evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24228-38. [PMID: 27539809 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical investigations of the canonical nucleobases that make up DNA and RNA during the past 15 years have revealed that excited states formed by the absorption of UV radiation decay with subpicosecond lifetimes (i.e., <10(-12) s). Ultrashort lifetimes are a general property of absorbing sunscreen molecules, suggesting that the nucleobases are molecular survivors of a harsh UV environment. Encoding the genome using photostable building blocks is an elegant solution to the threat of photochemical damage. Ultrafast excited-state deactivation strongly supports the hypothesis that UV radiation played a major role in shaping molecular inventories on the early Earth before the emergence of life and the subsequent development of a protective ozone shield. Here, we review the general physical and chemical principles that underlie the photostability, or "UV hardiness", of modern nucleic acids and discuss the possible implications of these findings for prebiotic chemical evolution. In RNA and DNA strands, much longer-lived excited states are observed, which at first glance appear to increase the risk of photochemistry. It is proposed that the dramatically different photoproperties that emerge from assemblies of photostable building blocks may explain the transition from a world of molecular survival to a world in which energy-rich excited electronic states were eventually tamed for biological purposes such as energy transduction, signaling, and repair of the genetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Beckstead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3400, USA.
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11
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Renaud N, Harris MA, Singh APN, Berlin YA, Ratner MA, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD, Grozema FC. Deep-hole transfer leads to ultrafast charge migration in DNA hairpins. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1015-1021. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Harris MA, Mishra AK, Young RM, Brown KE, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Direct Observation of the Hole Carriers in DNA Photoinduced Charge Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5491-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kristen E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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13
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Abstract
Oligoamides composed of anthranilic acid derivatives present a promising choice for mediating long-range charge transfer and controlling its directionality. Hole hopping, modulated by the anthranilamide (Aa) permanent dipoles, provides a plausible means for such rectified long-range charge transduction. All aliphatic and most aromatic amides, however, decompose upon oxidation, rendering them unacceptable for hole-hopping pathways. We, therefore, employ electrochemical and computational analysis to examine how to suppress oxidative degradation and stabilize the radical cations of N-acylated Aa derivatives. Our findings reveal two requirements for attaining long-lived radical cations of these aromatic amides: (1) keeping the reduction potentials for oxidizing the Aa residues under about 1.4 V vs SCE and (2) adding an electron-donating group para to the N-terminal amide of the aromatic ring, which prevents the electron spin density of the radical cation from extending over the C-terminal amide. These findings provide essential information for the design of hole-transfer amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jillian M Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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14
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Gorczak N, Fujii T, Mishra AK, Houtepen AJ, Grozema FC, Lewis FD. Mechanism and Dynamics of Electron Injection and Charge Recombination in DNA. Dependence on Neighboring Pyrimidines. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7673-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512113w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gorczak
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Taiga Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C. Grozema
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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15
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Zhang Y, Dood J, Beckstead AA, Li XB, Nguyen KV, Burrows CJ, Improta R, Kohler B. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in DNA: Charge Shift Dynamics Between 8-Oxo-Guanine Anion and Adenine. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7491-502. [PMID: 25660103 DOI: 10.1021/jp511220x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved IR spectroscopy is used to investigate the excited-state dynamics of a dinucleotide containing an 8-oxoguanine anion at the 5'-end and neutral adenine at the 3'-end. UV excitation of the dinucleotide transfers an electron from deprotonated 8-oxoguanine to its π-stacked neighbor adenine in less than 1 ps, generating a neutral 8-oxoguanine radical and an adenine radical anion. These species are identified by the excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated IR difference spectra. The quantum efficiency of this ultrafast charge shift reaction approaches unity. Back electron transfer from the adenine radical anion to the 8-oxguanine neutral radical occurs in 9 ps, or approximately 6 times faster than between the adenine radical anion and the 8-oxoguanine radical cation (Zhang, Y. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, 11612-11617). The large asymmetry in forward and back electron transfer rates is fully rationalized by semiclassical nonadiabatic electron transfer theory. Forward electron transfer is ultrafast because the driving force is nearly equal to the reorganization energy, which is estimated to lie between 1 and 2 eV. Back electron transfer is highly exergonic and takes place much more slowly in the Marcus inverted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Zhang
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Jordan Dood
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Ashley A Beckstead
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Xi-Bo Li
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Khiem V Nguyen
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Cynthia J Burrows
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Roberto Improta
- §CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bern Kohler
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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16
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Singh APN, Harris MA, Young RM, Miller SA, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Raising the barrier for photoinduced DNA charge injection with a cyclohexyl artificial base pair. Faraday Discuss 2015; 185:105-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an artificial cyclohexyl base pair on the quantum yields of fluorescence and dynamics of charge separation and charge recombination have been investigated for several synthetic DNA hairpins. The hairpins possess stilbenedicarboxamide, perylenediimide, or naphthalenediimide linkers and base-paired stems. In the absence of the artificial base pair hole injection into both adenine and guanine purine bases is exergonic and irreversible, except in the case of stilbene with adenine for which it is slightly endergonic and reversible. Insertion of the artificial base pair renders hole injection endergonic or isoergonic except in the case of the powerful naphthalene acceptor for which it remains exergonic. Both hole injection and charge recombination are slower for the naphthalene acceptor in the presence of the artificial base pair than in its absence. The effect of an artificial base pair on charge separation and charge recombination in hairpins possessing stilbene and naphthalene acceptor linkers and a stilbenediether donor capping group has also been investigated. In the case of the stilbene acceptor–stilbene donor capped hairpins photoinduced charge separation across six base pairs is efficient in the absence of the artificial base pair but does not occur in its presence. In the case of the naphthalene acceptor–stilbene donor capped hairpins the artificial base pair slows but does not stop charge separation and charge recombination, leading to the formation of long-lived charge separated states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
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17
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Thazhathveetil AK, Trifonov A, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Effect of Mg2+ cations on the dynamics and efficiency of hole transport in DNA. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10359-63. [PMID: 24912084 DOI: 10.1021/jp502974s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Mg(2+) cations on the electronic spectra and dynamics and efficiency of hole transport has been determined by means of femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy for DNA hairpins possessing stilbene electron acceptor and donor chromophores. The results are compared with those obtained previously for the same hairpins in the presence of Na(+) cations and for one hairpin with no added salt. Quantum yields and rate constants for charge separation are smaller in the presence of Mg(2+) than Na(+), the largest differences being observed for the hairpins with the largest number of base pairs. Slower charge separation is attributed to minor groove binding by Mg(2+), which results in a stiffer duplex structure rather than a change in ground state geometry. Reduction in the Na(+) concentration has little effect on either the dynamics or efficiency of hole transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kalliat Thazhathveetil
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Mishra AK, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Wirelike Charge Transport Dynamics for DNA–Lipid Complexes in Chloroform. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15792-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509456q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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19
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Jalilov AS, Young RM, Eaton SW, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Electronic Interactions of Michler's Ketone with DNA Bases in Synthetic Hairpins. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:739-47. [PMID: 25296568 DOI: 10.1111/php.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer in two families of DNA hairpins possessing Michler's ketone linkers have been investigated by means of steady state and time-resolved transient absorption and emission spectroscopies. The excited state behavior of the diol linker employed in hairpin synthesis is similar to that of Michler's ketone in methanol solution. Hairpins possessing only a Michler's ketone linker undergo fast singlet state charge separation and charge recombination with an adjacent purine base, attributed to well-stacked ground state conformations, and intersystem crossing to the triplet state, attributed to poorly stacked ground state conformations. The failure of the triplet to undergo electron transfer reactions on the 7 ns time scale of our measurements is attributed to the low triplet energy and reduction potential of the twisted triplet state. Hairpins possessing both a Michler's ketone linker and a perylenediimide base surrogate separated by four base pairs undergo photoinduced hole transport from the diimide to Michler's ketone upon excitation of the diimide. The efficiency of hole transport is dependent upon the sequence of the intervening purine bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almaz S Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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20
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Abstract
Electrons have so little mass that in less than a second they can tunnel through potential energy barriers that are several electron-volts high and several nanometers wide. Electron tunneling is a critical functional element in a broad spectrum of applications, ranging from semiconductor diodes to the photosynthetic and respiratory charge transport chains. Prior to the 1970s, chemists generally believed that reactants had to collide in order to effect a transformation. Experimental demonstrations that electrons can transfer between reactants separated by several nanometers led to a revision of the chemical reaction paradigm. Experimental investigations of electron exchange between redox partners separated by molecular bridges have elucidated many fundamental properties of these reactions, particularly the variation of rate constants with distance. Theoretical work has provided critical insights into the superexchange mechanism of electronic coupling between distant redox centers. Kinetics measurements have shown that electrons can tunnel about 2.5 nm through proteins on biologically relevant time scales. Longer-distance biological charge flow requires multiple electron tunneling steps through chains of redox cofactors. The range of phenomena that depends on long-range electron tunneling continues to expand, providing new challenges for both theory and experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R. Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry B. Gray
- Beckman Institute, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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