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Zhang YY, Yang GW, Lu C, Zhu XF, Wang Y, Wu GP. Organoboron-mediated polymerizations. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3384-3456. [PMID: 38411207 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The scientific community has witnessed extensive developments and applications of organoboron compounds as synthetic elements and metal-free catalysts for the construction of small molecules, macromolecules, and functional materials over the last two decades. This review highlights the achievements of organoboron-mediated polymerizations in the past several decades alongside the mechanisms underlying these transformations from the standpoint of the polymerization mode. Emphasis is placed on free radical polymerization, Lewis pair polymerization, ionic (cationic and anionic) polymerization, and polyhomologation. Herein, alkylborane/O2 initiating systems mediate the radical polymerization under ambient conditions in a controlled/living manner by careful optimization of the alkylborane structure or additives; when combined with Lewis bases, the selected organoboron compounds can mediate the Lewis pair polymerization of polar monomers; the bicomponent organoboron-based Lewis pairs and bifunctional organoboron-onium catalysts catalyze ring opening (co)polymerization of cyclic monomers (with heteroallenes, such as epoxides, CO2, CO, COS, CS2, episulfides, anhydrides, and isocyanates) with well-defined structures and high reactivities; and organoboranes initiate the polyhomologation of sulfur ylides and arsonium ylides providing functional polyethylene with different topologies. The topological structures of the produced polymers via these organoboron-mediated polymerizations are also presented in this review mainly including linear polymers, block copolymers, cyclic polymers, and graft polymers. We hope the summary and understanding of how organoboron compounds mediate polymerizations can inspire chemists to apply these principles in the design of more advanced organoboron compounds, which may be beneficial for the polymer chemistry community and organometallics/organocatalysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chenjie Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuhui Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Yeganeh-Salman A, Yeung J, Miao L, Stephan DW. Coordination chemistry and FLP reactivity of 1,1- and 1,2-bis-boranes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1178-1189. [PMID: 38108120 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03660j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Coordination chemistry and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry have been most commonly studied using monodentate Lewis acids. In this paper, we examine the corresponding reactions employing the 1,1- and 1,2-bis-boranes, PhCH2CH(B(C6F5)2)21 and Me3SiCH(B(C6F5)2)CH2B(C6F5)22, respectively. Coordination of isocyanide to these species results in the formation of the products RCH(B(C6F5)2CNtBu)CH2(B(C6F5)2CNtBu) (R = Ph 3, Me3Si 4). The rearrangement of 1 to give the 1,2-bis-borane adduct 3 was probed and attributed to a donor-induced retrohydroboration and subsequent hydroboration. The analogous reaction of 1 is evident in efforts to use the Gutman-Beckett method to assess its Lewis acidity. However, in combination with tBu3P, bis-boranes 1 and 2 form FLPs and react with H2 to give [tBu3PH][PhCH2CH(B(C6F5)2)2(μ-H)] 5a and [tBu3PH][Me3SiCH(B(C6F5)2)CH2(B(C6F5)2)(μ-H)] 6, respectively. Reactions of 1 and 2 with various donors and PhCCH were shown to give deprotonation and addition products, depending on the nature of the base. However, in the case of 1, products resulting from retrohydroboration, and subsequent hydroboration are evident. Several of these alkyne products are crystallographically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Yeganeh-Salman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Jason Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Linkun Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Kim H, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Al-Zuhaika N, Stephan DW. Phosphino-Phosphination Reactions: Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity of Phosphino-Phosphonium Cations with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312587. [PMID: 37682527 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The phosphino-phosphonium cations of the form [R3 PPR'2 ]+ are labile and provide access to the constituent Lewis acidic and Lewis basic fragments. This permits frustrated Lewis pair-type addition reactions to alkynes, affording unprecedented phosphino-phosphination reactions and giving cations of the form [cis-R3 PCHC(R'')PR'2 ]+ . This reactivity is further adapted to prepare several examples of a rare class of dissymmetric cis-olefin-linked bidentate phosphines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehwang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nahil Al-Zuhaika
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
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Yato H, Oto K, Takasu A, Higuchi M. Catenane formation of a cyclic poly(alkyl sorbate) via chain-growth polymerization induced by an N-heterocyclic carbene and ring-closing without extreme dilution. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13616-13623. [PMID: 37152560 PMCID: PMC10155494 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01614e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Di-tert-butylimidazol-2-ylidene (NHCtBu), a typical N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), was previously found to induce the anionic chain-growth polymerization of ethyl sorbate (ES) in the presence of an aluminum Lewis acid, i.e., methylaluminum bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide) (MAD), in which the neighboring of α-terminal dienolate with a propagating anion induced cyclization without highly diluted conditions, after monomer depletion, to give the cyclic poly(ES). In this paper, we report that catenane formation occurs by two-step polymerization of ethyl sorbate (ES), in which, after complete monomer (ES) consumption ([ES]0/[NHCtBu]0 = 100/1) in toluene followed by purification by reprecipitation, a second addition of ES monomer ([ES]0/[ NHCtBu]0 = 20/1) in another pot (in toluene or tetrahydrofuran (THF)) resulted in catenane formation, namely a polycatenane. TEM images of a sample from the second step polymerization in THF revealed particles of polycatenane structure consisting of cyclic poly(ES) with sizes ranging from 200 to 1000 nm, showing that this NHCtBu triggered chain polymerization and successive cyclization without highly diluted conditions enabled us to fabricate the intended polycatenane in the successive two-step polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Yato
- Division of Soft Materials, Department of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kota Oto
- Division of Soft Materials, Department of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Division of Soft Materials, Department of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Masahiro Higuchi
- Division of Soft Materials, Department of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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Chia CC, Li Y, Xiao L, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. Lewis Pair Polymerization of Alkyl Methacrylate by Amidinato Silicon Compounds and Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Chiek Chia
- Nanyang Technological University School of Physical and Mathematical sciences SINGAPORE
| | - Yan Li
- Hangzhou Normal University Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education CHINA
| | | | - Ming-Chung Yang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Der Su
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore SINGAPORE
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6
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Zhang ZH, Wang X, Wang XJ, Li Y, Hong M. Tris(2,4-difluorophenyl)borane/Triisobutylphosphine Lewis Pair: A Thermostable and Air/Moisture-Tolerant Organic Catalyst for the Living Polymerization of Acrylates. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Nomura T, Ryukan M, Matsuoka SI, Suzuki M. Cooligomerization of γ-butyrolactone with (meth)acrylates catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene: Low possibility of hybrid copolymerization. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Guo R, Jiang J, Ke Z, Tung CH, Kong L. Incorporation of H 2O and CO 2 into a BN-embedded 3 aH-3 a1H-acephenanthrylene derivative. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1226-1229. [PMID: 33416813 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fused tetracyclic BN-species 1 featuring nucleophilic nitrogen and electrophilic boron centers behaves as a reactive N/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) for small molecule activation. Specifically, the O-H and C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds have been cleaved by 1 with the formation of fused borinic acid 2, borenium species 3, anionic boranuidacarboxylic acid 4 and oxadiazaborolidinone 5, respectively. Quantum-mechanical calculations are conducted to comprehensively understand the activation processes of small molecules by 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingxing Jiang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Fouilloux H, Thomas CM. Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000530. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
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11
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Mori K, Shimizu A, Horibe M, Takei M, Awano N, Matsuoka SI, Suzuki M. Lewis Pair Radical Polymerization “On-Water”. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Mori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mayo Horibe
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Momoko Takei
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Awano
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Matsuoka
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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12
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Teator AJ, Varner TP, Knutson PC, Sorensen CC, Leibfarth FA. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: The Past, Present, and Future of Stereocontrolled Vinyl Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1638-1654. [PMID: 35617075 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The thermomechanical properties exhibited by synthetic macromolecules can be directly linked to their tacticity, or the relative stereochemistry of repeat units. The development of stereoselective coordination-insertion polymerization, for example, led to the discovery of isotactic polypropylene, now one of the most widely produced commodity plastics in the world. Widespread interest in controlling polymer tacticity has led to a variety of stereoselective polymerization methodologies; however, this area of polymer science has lagged behind when compared to the ability to control molecular weight, dispersity, and composition. Despite decades of advancements, many stereoregular vinyl polymers remain unknown, particularly those comprised of polar functionality or derived from renewable resources. This Viewpoint provides an overview of recent developments in stereocontrolled polymerization, with an emphasis on propagation mechanism, and highlights successes, limitations, and future challenges for continued innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Teator
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Travis P. Varner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Phil C. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cole C. Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Naruse K, Takasu A, Higuchi M. Direct Observation of a Cyclic Vinyl Polymer Prepared by Anionic Polymerization using
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Subsequent Ring‐Closure without Highly Diluted Conditions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Naruse
- Department of Life Science and Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Nagoya 466‐8555 Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department of Life Science and Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Nagoya 466‐8555 Japan
| | - Masahiro Higuchi
- Department of Life Science and Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Nagoya 466‐8555 Japan
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15
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Yan C, Liu ZX, Xu TQ. Regioselective, stereoselective, and living polymerization of divinyl pyridine monomers using rare earth catalysts. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01852b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The first regioselective, stereoselective, and living polymerization of divinyl pyridine monomers, mediated by simple rare earth catalysts, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Xuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Tie-Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
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16
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Liang H, Xian M, Wang X. Binuclear aluminum Lewis acid and its behavior in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00572j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bimetallic organoaluminum vs. monomeric organoaluminum in Lewis pair catalysed MMA and nBA polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Biomass Energy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Biomass Energy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hongwen Liang
- China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation
- Baling Branch
- Yueyang
- China
| | - Mo Xian
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Biomass Energy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Biomass Energy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
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Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Lewis pairs polymerization of polar vinyl monomers. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1830-1840. [PMID: 36659579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The globally increasing demands for polymer materials stimulate the significantly intense attention focused on the Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) of various polar vinyl monomers catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LPs) composed of Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB). According to the degree of interaction between LA and LB, LPs could be divided into classical Lewis adduct (CLA), interacting Lewis pair (ILP) and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). Regulation of the Lewis basicity, Lewis acidity, and steric effects of these LPs has a significant impact on the polymer chain initiation, propagation and termination as well as chain transfer reaction during polymerization. Compared with other polymerization strategies, LPP has shown several unique advantages towards the polymerization of polar vinyl monomers such as high activity, control or livingness, mild conditions, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity. We will comprehensively review the recent advances achieved in the LPP of polar vinyl monomers according to the classification of the employed LPs based on different LAs, by highlighting the key polymerization results, polymerization mechanisms as well as the currently unmet challenges and the future research directions of LPP chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Susannah A. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Zhang P, Zhou H, Lu XB. Living and Chemoselective (Co)polymerization of Polar Divinyl Monomers Mediated by Bulky Lewis Pairs. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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20
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Bai Y, He J, Zhang Y. Ultra‐High‐Molecular‐Weight Polymers Produced by the Immortal Phosphine‐Based Catalyst System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
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21
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Bai Y, He J, Zhang Y. Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polymers Produced by the Immortal Phosphine-Based Catalyst System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17230-17234. [PMID: 30380182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A strong organophosphorus superbase, N-(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-imine (IAP3) was combined with a sterically encumbered but modestly acidic Lewis acid (LA), (4-Me-2,6-t Bu2 -C6 H2 O)Ali Bu2 ((BHT)Ali Bu2 ), to synergistically promote the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-catalyzed living polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), achieving ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with Mn up to 1927 kg mol-1 and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) at room temperature (RT). This FLP catalyst system exhibits exceptionally long lifetime polymerization performance even in the absence of free MMA, which could reinitiate the desired living polymerization after the resulting system was held at RT for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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22
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Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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23
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McGraw M, Chen EYX. Catalytic Lewis Pair Polymerization of Renewable Methyl Crotonate to High-Molecular-Weight Polymers. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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24
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Wang Q, Zhao W, Zhang S, He J, Zhang Y, Chen EYX. Living Polymerization of Conjugated Polar Alkenes Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Olefin-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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25
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Hu L, Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Silyl Ketene Acetals/B(C₆F₅)₃ Lewis Pair-Catalyzed Living Group Transfer Polymerization of Renewable Cyclic Acrylic Monomers. Molecules 2018; 23:E665. [PMID: 29543743 PMCID: PMC6017534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reveals the silyl ketene acetal (SKA)/B(C₆F₅)₃ Lewis pair-catalyzed room-temperature group transfer polymerization (GTP) of polar acrylic monomers, including methyl linear methacrylate (MMA), and the biorenewable cyclic monomers γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MMBL) and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MBL) as well. The in situ NMR monitored reaction of SKA with B(C₆F₅)₃ indicated the formation of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs), although it is sluggish for MMA polymerization, such a FLP system exhibits highly activity and living GTP of MMBL and MBL. Detailed investigations, including the characterization of key reaction intermediates, polymerization kinetics and polymer structures have led to a polymerization mechanism, in which the polymerization is initiated with an intermolecular Michael addition of the ester enolate group of SKA to the vinyl group of B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer, while the silyl group is transferred to the carbonyl group of the B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer to generate the single-monomer-addition species or the active propagating species; the coordinated B(C₆F₅)₃ is released to the incoming monomer, followed by repeated intermolecular Michael additions in the subsequent propagation cycle. Such neutral SKA analogues are the real active species for the polymerization and are retained in the whole process as confirmed by experimental data and the chain-end analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). Moreover, using this method, we have successfully synthesized well-defined PMMBL-b-PMBL, PMMBL-b-PMBL-b-PMMBL and random copolymers with the predicated molecular weights (Mn) and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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26
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Hong M. Controlled and Efficient Polymerization of Conjugated Polar Alkenes by Lewis Pairs Based on Sterically Hindered Aryloxide-Substituted Alkylaluminumitle. Molecules 2018; 23:E442. [PMID: 29462959 PMCID: PMC6017945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is the development of an effective strategy for controlled and efficient Lewis pair polymerization of conjugated polar alkenes, including methyl methacrylate (MMA), n-butyl methacrylate (nBuMA), and γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γMMBL), by the utilization of sterically encumbered Al(BHT)₂Me (BHT: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) as a Lewis acid that shuts down intramolecular backbiting termination. In combination with a selected N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as a Lewis base, the polymerization of MMA exhibited activity up to 3000 h-1 TOF and an acceptable initiation efficiency of 60.6%, producing polymers with high molecular weight (Mn up to 130 kg/mol) and extremely narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.06~1.13). This controlled polymerization with a living characteristic has been evidenced by chain-extension experiments and chain-end analysis, and enabled the synthesis of well-defined diblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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27
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Xu P, Wu L, Dong L, Xu X. Chemoselective Polymerization of Polar Divinyl Monomers with Rare-Earth/Phosphine Lewis Pairs. Molecules 2018; 23:E360. [PMID: 29419778 PMCID: PMC6017840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the chemoselective polymerization of polar divinyl monomers, including allyl methacrylate (AMA), vinyl methacrylate (VMA), and 4-vinylbenzyl methacrylate (VBMA), by using simple Lewis pairs comprised of homoleptic rare-earth (RE) aryloxide complexes RE(OAr)₃ (RE = Sc (1), Y (2), Sm (3), La (4), Ar = 2,6-tBu₂C₆H₃) and phosphines PR₃ (R = Ph, Cy, Et, Me). Catalytic activities of polymerizations relied heavily upon the cooperation of Lewis acid and Lewis base components. The produced polymers were soluble in common organic solvents and often had a narrow molecular weight distribution. A highly syndiotactic poly(allyl methacrylate) (PAMA) with rr ~88% could be obtained by the scandium complex 1/PEt₃ pair at -30 °C. In the case of poly(4-vinylbenzyl methacrylate) (PVBMA), it could be post-functionalized with PhCH₂SH. Mechanistic study, including the isolation of the zwitterionic active species and the end-group analysis, revealed that the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-type addition was the initiating step in the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Liqiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Suzhou International Academy, BFSU, Suzhou 215200, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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28
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Wang XY, Sun XL, Chen ZH, Wang F, Wang SR, Tang Y. Highly efficient access to well-defined linear polymers with substantial vinyl pendants via ATRP of divinyl monomers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a highly efficient access to well-defined linear polymers with substantial vinyl pendants via ATRP of dissymmetric divinyl monomers by side armed bisoxazoline (SaBOX)/copper catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiu-Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zhi-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Sunewang R. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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29
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Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Chemoselective Lewis pair polymerization of renewable multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:20170003. [PMID: 28739962 PMCID: PMC5540837 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones, γ-vinyl-γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γVMMBL) and γ-allyl-γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γAMMBL), have been synthesized from biorenewable ethyl levulinate and effectively polymerized by Lewis pairs consisting of an organic N-heterocyclic carbene Lewis base and a strong organo-Lewis acid E(C6F5)3 (E = Al, B). This Lewis pair polymerization is quantitatively chemoselective, proceeds exclusively via polyaddition across the conjugated α-methylene double bond without participation of the γ-vinyl or γ-allyl double bond, and produces high-molecular-weight functionalized polymers with unimodal molecular-weight distributions. The Al-based Lewis pair produces a polymer with approximately 5.5 times higher molecular weight than that produced by the B-based Lewis pair. The resulting vinyl-functionalized polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and stable at room temperature, and can be thermally cured into crosslinked materials.This article is part of the themed issue 'Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar R Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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30
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Nzahou Ottou W, Conde-Mendizabal E, Pascual A, Wirotius AL, Bourichon D, Vignolle J, Robert F, Landais Y, Sotiropoulos JM, Miqueu K, Taton D. Organic Lewis Pairs Based on Phosphine and Electrophilic Silane for the Direct and Controlled Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Nzahou Ottou
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Egoitz Conde-Mendizabal
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Ana Pascual
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne-Laure Wirotius
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Damien Bourichon
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Joan Vignolle
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- Université
de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Yannick Landais
- Université
de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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31
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Vidal F, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Chen EYX. Robust Cross-Linked Stereocomplexes and C60 Inclusion Complexes of Vinyl-Functionalized Stereoregular Polymers Derived from Chemo/Stereoselective Coordination Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9533-47. [PMID: 27388024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of highly syndiotactic polar vinyl polymers bearing the reactive pendant vinyl group on each repeat unit, which is enabled by perfectly chemoselective and highly syndiospecific coordination polymerization of divinyl polar monomers developed through this work, has allowed the construction of robust cross-linked supramolecular stereocomplexes and C60 inclusion complexes. The metal-mediated coordination polymerization of three representative polar divinyl monomers, including vinyl methacrylate (VMA), allyl methacrylate (AMA), and N,N-diallyl acrylamide (DAA) by Cs-ligated zirconocenium ester enolate catalysts under ambient conditions exhibits complete chemoselectivity and high stereoselectivity, thus producing the corresponding vinyl-functionalized polymers with high (92% rr) to quantitative (>99% rr) syndiotacticity. A combined experimental (synthetic, kinetic, and mechanistic) and theoretical (DFT) investigation has yielded a unimetallic, enantiomorphic-site-controlled propagation mechanism. Postfunctionalization of the obtained syndiotactic vinyl-functionalized polymers via the thiol-ene click and photocuring reactions readily produced the corresponding thiolated polymers and flexible cross-linked thin-film materials, respectively. Complexation of such syndiotactic vinyl-functionalized polymers with isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) and fullerene C60 generates supramolecular crystalline helical stereocomplexes and inclusion complexes, respectively. Cross-linking of such complexes affords robust cross-linked stereocomplexes that are solvent-resistant and also exhibit considerably enhanced thermal and mechanical properties compared with the un-cross-linked stereocomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Laura Falivene
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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32
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Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Organocatalytic and Chemoselective Polymerization of Multivinyl-Functionalized γ-Butyrolactones. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:772-776. [PMID: 35614656 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Achieving complete chemoselectivity in the polymerization of multivinyl polar monomers is an important yet challenging task, currently achievable only by metal- or metalloid-mediated polymerization processes but in a noncatalytic fashion. Now this work shows that organic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts effect rapid, chemoselective, and catalytic polymerization of multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones, particularly γ-vinyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (VMBL). Thus, the NHC-catalyzed polymerization of VMBL not only is quantitatively chemoselective, proceeding exclusively via polyaddition across the conjugated α-methylene double bond while leaving the γ-vinyl double bond intact, but also requires only an exceptionally low catalyst loading of 50 ppm, thus, exhibiting a remarkably high catalyst turnover frequency of 80000 h-1 and producing on average 33.6 polymer chains of Mn = 73.8 kg/mol per NHC molecule. The resulting PVMBL can be either thermally cured into cross-linked materials or postfunctionalized with the thiol-ene "click" reaction to achieve complete conversion of the pendant vinyl group on every repeat unit into the corresponding thioether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar R. Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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33
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Xu T, Liu J, Lu XB. Highly Active Half-Metallocene Yttrium Catalysts for Living and Chemoselective Polymerization of Allyl Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tieqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Junhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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34
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Vidal F, Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Chemoselective, Stereospecific, and Living Polymerization of Polar Divinyl Monomers by Chiral Zirconocenium Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9469-80. [PMID: 26153299 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This contribution reports the first chemoselective, stereospecific, and living polymerization of polar divinyl monomers, enabled by chiral ansa-zirconocenium catalysts through an enantiomorphic-site controlled coordination-addition polymerization mechanism. Silyl-bridged-ansa-zirconocenium ester enolate 2 has been synthesized and structurally characterized, but it exhibits low to negligible activity and stereospecificity in the polymerization of polar divinyl monomers including vinyl methacrylate (VMA), allyl methacrylate (AMA), 4-vinylbenzyl methacrylate (VBMA), and N,N-diallyl acrylamide (DAA). In contrast, ethylene-bridged-ansa-zirconocenium ester enolate 1 is highly active and stereospecific in the polymerization of such monomers including AMA, VBMA, and DAA. The polymerization by 1 is perfectly chemoselective for all four polar divinyl monomers, proceeding exclusively through conjugate addition across the methacrylic C═C bond, while leaving the pendant C═C bonds intact. The polymerization of DAA is most stereospecific and controlled, producing essentially stereoperfect isotactic PDAA with [mmmm] > 99%, M(n) matching the theoretical value (thus a quantitative initiation efficiency), and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Đ = 1.06-1.16). The stereospecificity is slightly lower for the AMA polymerization but still leading to highly isotactic poly(allyl methacrylate) (PAMA) with 95-97% [mm]. The polymerization of VBMA is further less stereospecific, affording PVBMA with 90-94% [mm], while the polymerization VMA is least stereospecific. Several lines of evidence from both homo- and block copolymerization results have demonstrated living characteristics of the AMA polymerization by 1. Mechanistic studies of this polymerization have yielded a monometallic coordination-addition polymerization mechanism involving the eight-membered chelating intermediate. Post-functionalization of isotactic polymers bearing the pendant vinyl group on every repeating unit via the thiol-ene "click" reaction achieves a full conversion of all the pendant double bonds to the corresponding thioether bonds. Photocuring of such isotactic polymers is also successful, producing an elastic material readily characterizable by dynamic mechanical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ravikumar R Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Chen J, Chen EXY. Reactivity of Amine/E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) Lewis Pairs toward Linear and Cyclic Acrylic Monomers: Hydrogenation vs. Polymerization. Molecules 2015; 20:9575-90. [PMID: 26016548 PMCID: PMC6272166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reveals the contrasting reactivity of amine/E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) Lewis pairs toward linear and cyclic acrylic monomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and biorenewable γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γMMBL). While mixing of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) and B(C6F5)3 leads to a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP), Et3N reacts with B(C6F5)3 to form disproportionation products, ammonium hydridoborate ionic pair and iminium zwitterion. On the other hand, the stoichiometric reaction of either TMP or Et3N with Al(C6F5)3 leads to clean formation of a classic Lewis adduct (CLA). Neither TMP nor Et3N, when paired with E(C6F5)3, polymerizes MMA, but the Et3N/2B(C6F5)3 pair promotes transfer hydrogenation of MMA to form methyl isobutyrate. In contrast, the amine/E(C6F5)3 pairs promote rapid polymerization of γMMBL carrying the more reactive exocyclic methylene moiety, achieving full conversion in less than 3 min even at a low catalyst loading of 0.0625 mol %. TMP is more effective than Et3N for the polymerization when paired with either the borane or the alane, while the alane exhibits higher polymerization activity than the borane when paired with Et3N. Overall, the TMP/Al(C6F5)3 system exhibits the highest polymerization activity, achieving a maximum turn-over frequency of 96,000 h-1 at 0.125 mol % of catalyst loading, producing high molecular weight PγMMBL with Mn = 1.29 × 105 g∙mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Eugene X-Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA.
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Elusive Silane-Alane Complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al]: Isolation, Characterization, and Multifaceted Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Elusive Silane-Alane Complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al]: Isolation, Characterization, and Multifaceted Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6842-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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