1
|
Jing R, Lu X, Wang J, Xiong J, Qiao Y, Zhang R, Yu Z. CeO 2-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs via Defective Engineering: Formation Theory, Site Characterization, and Small Molecule Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310926. [PMID: 38239093 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Activation of small molecules is considered to be a central concern in the theoretical investigation of environment- and energy-related catalytic conversions. Sub-nanostructured frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been an emerging research hotspot in recent years due to their advantages in small molecule activation. Although the progress of catalytic applications of FLPs is increasingly reported, the fundamental theories related to the structural formation, site regulation, and catalytic mechanism of FLPs have not yet been fully developed. Given this, it is attempted to demonstrate the underlying theory of FLPs formation, corresponding regulation methods, and its activation mechanism on small molecules using CeO2 as the representative metal oxide. Specifically, this paper presents three fundamental principles for constructing FLPs on CeO2 surfaces, and feasible engineering methods for the regulation of FLPs sites are presented. Furthermore, cases where typical small molecules (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane oxygen, etc.) are activated over FLPs are analyzed. Meanwhile, corresponding future challenges for the development of FLPs-centered theory are presented. The insights presented in this paper may contribute to the theories of FLPs, which can potentially provide inspiration for the development of broader environment- and energy-related catalysis involving small molecule activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, P.R. China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, P.R. China
| | - Yina Qiao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malär AA, Sun Q, Zehnder J, Kehr G, Erker G, Wiegand T. Proton-phosphorous connectivities revealed by high-resolution proton-detected solid-state NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7768-7778. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton-detected solid-state NMR enables atomic-level insight in solid-state reactions, for instance in heterogeneous catalysis, which is fundamental for deciphering chemical reaction mechanisms. We herein introduce a phosphorus-31 radiofrequency channel in...
Collapse
|
3
|
Wübker A, Koppe J, Bradtmüller H, Keweloh L, Pleschka D, Uhl W, Hansen MR, Eckert H. Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques for the Structural Characterization of Geminal Alane-Phosphane Frustrated Lewis Pairs and Secondary Adducts. Chemistry 2021; 27:13249-13257. [PMID: 34270155 PMCID: PMC8518393 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first comprehensive solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of geminal alane-phosphane frustrated Lewis pairs (Al/P FLPs) is reported. Their relevant NMR parameters (isotropic chemical shifts, direct and indirect 27 Al-31 P spin-spin coupling constants, and 27 Al nuclear electric quadrupole coupling tensor components) have been determined by numerical analysis of the experimental NMR line shapes and compared with values computed from the known crystal structures by using density functional theory (DFT) methods. Our work demonstrates that the 31 P NMR chemical shifts for the studied Al/P FLPs are very sensitive to slight structural inequivalences. The 27 Al NMR central transition signals are spread out over a broad frequency range (>200 kHz), owing to the presence of strong nuclear electric quadrupolar interactions that can be well-reproduced by the static 27 Al wideband uniform rate smooth truncation (WURST) Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (WCPMG) NMR experiment. 27 Al chemical shifts and quadrupole tensor components offer a facile and clear distinction between three- and four-coordinate aluminum environments. For measuring internuclear Al⋅⋅⋅P distances a new resonance-echo saturation-pulse double-resonance (RESPDOR) experiment was developed by using efficient saturation via frequency-swept WURST pulses. The successful implementation of this widely applicable technique indicates that internuclear Al⋅⋅⋅P distances in these compounds can be measured within a precision of ±0.1 Å.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Lena Wübker
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jonas Koppe
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Henrik Bradtmüller
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
- Department of Materials EngineeringVitreous Materials LaboratoryFederal University of São CarlosCP 67613565-905São CarlosSPBrazil
| | - Lukas Keweloh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Damian Pleschka
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie WWU MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
- Instituto de Física de São CarlosUniversidade de São PauloSão CarlosSP13566-590Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mentoor K, Twigge L, Niemantsverdriet JWH, Swarts JC, Erasmus E. Silica Nanopowder Supported Frustrated Lewis Pairs for CO 2 Capture and Conversion to Formic Acid. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:55-69. [PMID: 33351611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of hydroxylated silica nanopowders S1 and allyl-functionalized silica nanopowders S2 with 3-(diphenylborano)- or 3-bis(pentafluorophenylborano)propyltrimethoxysilane or 2-(diphenylphosphino)- or 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethyltriethoxysilane generates silica nanopowder supported Lewis acids S3 and silica nanopowder supported Lewis bases S4. These surfaces were characterized by 13C, 11B, and 31P cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP MAS NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR). When S3 is combined with solution-phase Lewis bases PR3 (R = C6F5, C6H5, mesityl), six associated silica nanopowder supported frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are formed. In another set of six reactions, the interactions between the supported Lewis bases S4 and solution-phase Lewis acids BR3 with R = C6F5, C6H5, mesityl produced six more associated supported FLPs. The capture of CO2 by these FLPs producing FLP-CO2 Lewis pair adducts S5 and S6 were highlighted by ATR FTIR, and it was found that FLP S5e with R = C6H5 on both the supported Lewis acid and solution-phase Lewis base trapped the largest quantities of CO2 on the silica nanopowder supports. Conversion of CO2 to HCOOH was achieved by first activating H2 to generate activated FLP-H2 surfaces S7 and S9. Addition of CO2 then generated HCOOH via the silica nanopowder supported FLP-HCOOH adducts S8 and S10. Qualitative identification of HCOOH generation was achieved by ATR FTIR measurements, and surface 10b with R = C6H5 proved to be the most successful silica nanopowder surface bound FLP in HCOOH generation. In some cases, diborano formates (-BO(CH)OB-) S11 and S12 were also identified as side products during HCOOH formation. Spectroscopic characterization of purposefully synthesized S11 and S12 included 11B and 31P CP MAS NMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kgauhelo Mentoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Linette Twigge
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | | | - Jannie C Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Erasmus
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knitsch R, Brinkkötter M, Wiegand T, Kehr G, Erker G, Hansen MR, Eckert H. Solid-State NMR Techniques for the Structural Characterization of Cyclic Aggregates Based on Borane-Phosphane Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Molecules 2020; 25:E1400. [PMID: 32204399 PMCID: PMC7144405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern solid-state NMR techniques offer a wide range of opportunities for the structural characterization of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), their aggregates, and the products of cooperative addition reactions at their two Lewis centers. This information is extremely valuable for materials that elude structural characterization by X-ray diffraction because of their nanocrystalline or amorphous character, (pseudo-)polymorphism, or other types of disordering phenomena inherent in the solid state. Aside from simple chemical shift measurements using single-pulse or cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning NMR detection techniques, the availability of advanced multidimensional and double-resonance NMR methods greatly deepened the informational content of these experiments. In particular, methods quantifying the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction strengths and indirect spin-spin interactions prove useful for the measurement of intermolecular association, connectivity, assessment of FLP-ligand distributions, and the stereochemistry of adducts. The present review illustrates several important solid-state NMR methods with some insightful applications to open questions in FLP chemistry, with a particular focus on supramolecular associates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Knitsch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.H.)
| | - Melanie Brinkkötter
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.H.)
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (G.K.); (G.E.)
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (G.K.); (G.E.)
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.H.)
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.H.)
- Instituto de Física de Sao Carlos, Universidad de Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos SP 13566-590, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Knitsch R, Özgün T, Chen GQ, Kehr G, Erker G, Hansen MR, Eckert H. Dihydrogen Splitting by Intramolecular Borane-Phosphane Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A Comprehensive Characterization Strategy Using Solid State NMR and DFT Calculations. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1837-1849. [PMID: 31127674 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Four hydrogenated intramolecular phosphane-borane frustrated Lewis pair (B/P FLP) compounds bearing unsaturated cyclic or aromatic carbon backbones have been synthesized and structurally characterized using 11 B, 31 P, 1 H and 2 H solid-state NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of the spectra with those of the corresponding free B/P FLPs shows that both 11 B isotropic chemical shifts as well as nuclear electric quadrupolar coupling constants decrease significantly upon FLP hydrogenation, revealing the breakage of the partial B-P bond present in the starting materials. Likewise, the 31 P isotropic chemical shift, the chemical shift anisotropy, and the asymmetry parameter decrease significantly upon FLP hydrogenation, reflecting the formation of a more symmetric, C3v -like local environment. 11 B{31 P} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) experiments can be used to measure the B-P internuclear distance (about 3.2 Å) of these compounds. Observation of the hydrogen atoms bound to the Lewis centers is best accomplished via 31 P{1 H} and 11 B{1 H} cross-polarization-heteronuclear correlation experiments or by direct observation of the 2 H MAS NMR signals on especially prepared FLP-D2 adducts. For accurately measuring the phosphorus-deuterium distance via 31 P{2 H} rotational echo adiabatic passage double resonance (REAPDOR), it is essential to take the secondary dipolar coupling of 31 P with the boron-bonded 2 H nuclei explicitly into consideration, by simulating a 2 HP -31 P-2 HB three-spin system based on structural input. All of the experimental NMR interaction parameters are found in excellent agreement with values calculated by DFT methods, using the geometries obtained either by energy optimization or from single-crystal structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Knitsch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Özgün
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-41849, Münster, Germany.,Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malär AA, Dong S, Kehr G, Erker G, Meier BH, Wiegand T. Characterization of H 2 -Splitting Products of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Benefit of Fast Magic-Angle Spinning. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:672-679. [PMID: 30663843 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proton spectroscopy in solid-state NMR on catalytic materials offers new opportunities in structural characterization, in particular of reaction products of catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation reactions. Unfortunately, the 1 H NMR line widths in magic-angle spinning solid-state spectra are often broadened by an incomplete averaging of 1 H-1 H dipolar couplings. We herein discuss two model compounds, namely the H2 -splitting products of two phosphane-borane Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs), to study potentials and limitations of proton solid-state NMR experiments employing magic-angle spinning frequencies larger than 100 kHz at a static magnetic field strength of 20.0 T. The 1 H lines are homogeneously broadened as illustrated by spin-echo decay experiments. We study two structurally similar materials which however show significant differences in 1 H line widths which we explain by differences in their 1 H-1 H dipolar networks. We discuss the benefit of fast MAS experiments up to 110 kHz to detect the resonances of the H+ /H- pair in the hydrogenation products of FLPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Malär
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jie X, Daniliuc CG, Knitsch R, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Ehlert S, Grimme S, Kehr G, Erker G. Aggregation Behavior of a Six-Membered Cyclic Frustrated Phosphane/Borane Lewis Pair: Formation of a Supramolecular Cyclooctameric Macrocyclic Ring System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:882-886. [PMID: 30452100 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new six-membered cyclic frustrated phosphane/borane Lewis pair was liberated from its HB(C6 F5 )2 adduct by treatment with vinylcyclohexane. The system is an active frustrated Lewis pair that undergoes cycloaddition reactions with suitable π reagents and it splits dihydrogen. At room temperature in solution the new compound is a monomer, however, in the crystal and in solution at low temperature it aggregates to a thermodynamically favoured supramolecular macrocyclic cyclooctamer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Jie
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Knitsch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Instituto de Fisica, Sáo Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos S.P., Brazil
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jie X, Daniliuc CG, Knitsch R, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Ehlert S, Grimme S, Kehr G, Erker G. Aggregation Behavior of a Six‐Membered Cyclic Frustrated Phosphane/Borane Lewis Pair: Formation of a Supramolecular Cyclooctameric Macrocyclic Ring System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Jie
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Robert Knitsch
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28 48149 Münster Germany
- Instituto de Fisica, Sáo CarlosUniversidade de São Paulo CP 369 13560-970 São Carlos S.P. Brazil
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Brinkkötter M, Wiegand T, Wübker AL, Eckert H, Liu L, Brandenburg JG, Grimme S, Erker G. Solid state frustrated Lewis pair chemistry. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4859-4865. [PMID: 29910938 PMCID: PMC5982199 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In solution the PCy3/B(C6F5)3 pair is rapidly deactivated by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. In the solid state deactivation is effectively suppressed and the active frustrated phosphane/borane Lewis pair splits dihydrogen or adds to sulfur dioxide. A variety of phosphane/B(C6F5)3 pairs have been used to carry out active FLP reactions in the solid state. The reactions were analyzed by DFT calculations and by solid state NMR spectroscopy. The solid state dihydrogen splitting reaction was also carried out under near to ambient conditions with suspensions of the non-quenched phosphane/borane mixtures in the fluorous liquid perfluoromethylcyclohexane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Melanie Brinkkötter
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Graduate School of Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Anna-Lena Wübker
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Graduate School of Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Graduate School of Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
- Institute of Physics in Sao Carlos , University of Sao Paulo , CEP 369 , Sao Carlos SP 13566-590 , Brazil
| | - Lei Liu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Bonn , Beringstraße 4 , 53115 Bonn , Germany .
| | - Jan Gerit Brandenburg
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AH , UK
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Bonn , Beringstraße 4 , 53115 Bonn , Germany .
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Bonn , Beringstraße 4 , 53115 Bonn , Germany .
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xing JY, Buffet JC, Rees NH, Nørby P, O'Hare D. Hydrogen cleavage by solid-phase frustrated Lewis pairs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10478-81. [PMID: 27463124 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04937k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the direct synthesis of a solid-phase frustrated Lewis pair (s-FLP) by combining a silica-supported Lewis acid ([triple bond, length as m-dash]SiOB(C6F5)2, s-BCF) with a Lewis base (tri-tert-butylphosphine, (t)Bu3P) to give [[triple bond, length as m-dash]SiOB(C6F5)2][(t)Bu3P]. Reaction of this s-FLP with H2 under mild conditions led to heterolytic H-H bond cleavage and the formation of [[triple bond, length as m-dash]SiOB(H)(C6F5)2][(t)Bu3PH].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Xing
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Peter Nørby
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Dermot O'Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong S, Wang L, Wang T, Daniliuc CG, Brinkkötter M, Eckert H, Kehr G, Erker G. Formation and reactions of active five-membered phosphane/borane frustrated Lewis pair ring systems. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4449-4454. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00672e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The five-membered P/B FLP ring systems featuring very bulky Tipp or Mes* aryl groups at phosphorus undergo addition reactions with organic π-reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunxi Dong
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
| | - Long Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
| | - Tongdao Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Melanie Brinkkötter
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Institute of Physics in Sao Carlos
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elmer LM, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Siedow M, Eckert H, Tesch M, Studer A, Williams K, Warren TH, Erker G. The Chemistry of a Non-Interacting Vicinal Frustrated Phosphane/Borane Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2016; 23:6056-6068. [PMID: 27925311 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dimesitylphosphinocyclopentene/HB(C6 F5 )2 -derived vicinal trans-1,2-P/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) 4 shows no direct phosphane-borane interaction. Toward some reagents it behaves similar to an intermolecular FLP; it cleaves dihydrogen, deprotonates terminal alkynes, and adds to organic carbonyl compounds including CO2 . It shows typical intramolecular FLP reaction modes (cooperative 1,1-additions) to mesityl azide, to carbon monoxide, and to NO. The latter reaction yields a persistent P/B FLPNO nitroxide radical, which undergoes H-atom abstraction reactions. The FLP 4 serves as a template for the CO reduction by [HB(C6 F5 )2 ] to generate a FLP-η2 -formylborane. The formylborane moiety is removed from the FLP template by reaction with pyridine to yield a genuine pyridine stabilized formylborane that undergoes characteristic borane carbaldehyde reactions (Wittig olefination, imine formation). Most new products were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Elmer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Siedow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universutät Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universutät Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Instituto de Física Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Matthias Tesch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kamille Williams
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Box 571227, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Timothy H Warren
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Box 571227, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Özgün T, Chen GQ, Daniliuc CG, McQuilken AC, Warren TH, Knitsch R, Eckert H, Kehr G, Erker G. Unsaturated Vicinal Frustrated Lewis Pair Formation by Electrocyclic Ring Closure and Their Reaction with Nitric Oxide. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Özgün
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alison C. McQuilken
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Robert Knitsch
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|