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Liebl S, Gallmetzer JM, Werner D, Apaydin DH, Hofer TS, Portenkirchner E. Perylenetetracarboxylic Diimide Composite Electrodes as Organic Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6642-6657. [PMID: 38371750 PMCID: PMC10870290 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The organic semiconductor 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI), a widely used industrial pigment, has been identified as a diffusion-less Na-ion storage material, allowing for exceptionally fast charging/discharging rates. The elimination of diffusion effects in electrochemical measurements enables the assessment of interaction energies from simple cyclic voltammetry experiments through the theoretical work of Laviron and Tokuda. In this work, the two N-substituted perylenes, N,N'-dimethyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (Me2PTCDI) and N,N'-diphenyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (Ph2PTCDI), as well as the parent molecule 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (H2PTCDI) are investigated as thin-film composite electrodes on carbon fibers for sodium-ion batteries. The composite electrodes are analyzed with Raman spectroscopy. Interaction parameters are extracted from cyclic voltammetry measurements. The stability and rate capability of the three PTCDI derivatives are examined through galvanostatic measurements in sodium-ion half-cell batteries and the influence of the interactions on those parameters is evaluated. In addition, self-consistent charge density function tight binding calculations of the different PTCDI systems interacting with graphite have been carried out. The results show that the binding motif displays notable deviations from an ideal ABA stacking, especially for the neutral state. In addition, data obtained for the electron-transfer integrals show that the difference in performance between different PTCDI thin-film batteries cannot be solely explained by the electron-transfer properties and other factors such as H-bonding have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Liebl
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef M. Gallmetzer
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical, Chemistry
University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Werner
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dogukan H. Apaydin
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas S. Hofer
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical, Chemistry
University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Portenkirchner E. Substantial Na-Ion Storage at High Current Rates: Redox-Pseudocapacitance through Sodium Oxide Formation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4264. [PMID: 36500888 PMCID: PMC9737611 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Batteries and supercapacitors, both governed by electrochemical processes, operate by different electrochemical mechanisms which determine their characteristic energy and power densities. Battery materials store large amounts of energy by ion intercalation. Electrical double-layer capacitors store charge through surface-controlled ion adsorption which leads to high power and rapid charging, but much smaller amounts of energy stored. Pseudocapacitive materials offer the promise to combine these properties by storing charge through surface-controlled, battery-like redox reactions but at high rates approaching those of electrochemical double-layer capacitors. This work compares the pseudo-capacitive charge storage characteristics of self-organized titanium dioxide (TiO2-x) nanotubes (NTs) to flat TiO2-x surface films to further elucidate the proposed charge storage mechanism within the formed surface films. By comparing TiO2-x NTs to flat TiO2-x surface films, having distinctively different oxide mass and surface area ratios, it is shown that NaO2 and Na2O2 formation, which constitutes the active surface film material, is governed by the metal oxide bulk. Our results corroborate that oxygen diffusion from the lattice oxide is key to NaO2 and Na2O2 formation.
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Schimanofsky C, Wielend D, Kröll S, Lerch S, Werner D, Gallmetzer JM, Mayr F, Neugebauer H, Irimia-Vladu M, Portenkirchner E, Hofer TS, Sariciftci NS. Direct Electrochemical CO 2 Capture Using Substituted Anthraquinones in Homogeneous Solutions: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:14138-14154. [PMID: 36051252 PMCID: PMC9421899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) using organic quinones is a promising and intensively studied alternative to the industrially established scrubbing processes. While recent studies focused only on the influence of substituents having a simple mesomeric or nucleophilicity effect, we have systematically selected six anthraquinone (AQ) derivatives (X-AQ) with amino and hydroxy substituents in order to thoroughly study the influence thereof on the properties of electrochemical CO2 capture. Experimental data from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry of solutions in acetonitrile were analyzed and compared with innovative density functional tight binding computational results. Our experimental and theoretical results provide a coherent explanation of the influence of CO2 on the CV data in terms of weak and strong binding nomenclature of the dianions. In addition to this terminology, we have identified the dihydroxy substituted AQ as a new class of molecules forming rather unstable [X-AQ-(CO2) n ]2- adducts. In contrast to the commonly used dianion consideration, the results presented herein reveal opposite trends in stability for the X-AQ-CO2 •- radical species for the first time. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents theoretically calculated UV-Vis spectra for the various CO2-AQ reduction products for the first time, enabling a detailed decomposition of the spectroelectrochemical data. Thus, this work provides an extension of the existing classification with proof of the existence of X-AQ-CO2 species, which will be the basis of future studies focusing on improved materials for electrochemical CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Schimanofsky
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Stefanie Kröll
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Lerch
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Werner
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef M. Gallmetzer
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Mayr
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Helmut Neugebauer
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mihai Irimia-Vladu
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Thomas S. Hofer
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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