1
|
Lin PL, Hou JH, Chen CH. A common problem between gynecology, obstetrics, and reproductive medicine: Cesarean section scar defect. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 63:459-470. [PMID: 39004471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 60% of patients undergoing Cesarean sections may develop Cesarean Scar Defect (CSD), presenting a significant clinical challenge amidst the increasing Cesarean section rates. This condition, marked by a notch in the anterior uterine wall, has evolved as a notable topic in gynecological research. The multifactorial origins of CSD can be broadly classified into labor-related factors, patients' physical conditions, and surgical quality. However, conflicting influences of certain factors across studies make it challenging to determine effective preventive strategies. Additionally, CSD manifests with diverse symptoms, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, secondary infertility, and Cesarean scar pregnancy. Some symptoms are often attributed to other diagnoses, leading to delayed treatment. The quandary of when and how to manage CSD also adds to the complexity. Despite the development of various therapies, clear indications and optimal methods for specific conditions remain elusive. This longstanding challenge has troubled clinicians in both identifying and addressing this iatrogenic disease. Recent studies have yielded some compelling consensuses on various aspects of CSD. This review aims to consolidate the current literature on every facet of CSD. We hope to raise awareness among clinicians about this clinical problem, encouraging more relevant research to unveil the complete picture of CSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Lun Lin
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wusing Street, Sinyi District, Taipei City 110, Taiwan.
| | - Jung-Hsiu Hou
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wusing Street, Sinyi District, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 252, Wusing Street, Sinyi District, Taipei City 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Huang Chen
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wusing Street, Sinyi District, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 252, Wusing Street, Sinyi District, Taipei City 110, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou X, Gao Z, Chen H, Wang Y, Yin Y, Zhang J, Wang X. A Prediction Model for the Efficacy of Transvaginal Repair in Patients With Cesarean Scar Defect: An Evidence-Based Proposal for Patient Selection. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2024; 31:213-220. [PMID: 38135001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To establish a prediction model to help doctors determine which patients with cesarean scar defect are more suitable for transvaginal repair. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING Xinhua Hospital and Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital between June 2014 and May 2021. PATIENTS 1015 women who underwent transvaginal repair of cesarean scar defect (CSD). INTERVENTIONS All enrolled patients underwent CSD repair performed by the same gynecologist and his team. And followed up a clinic visit at 6 months to record their menstruation and measure multiple parameters of the CSD by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES CSD patients are categorized as optimal healing group when the menstruation duration is no more than 7 days, meanwhile the thickness of residual myometrium is no less than 5.39 mm after vaginal repair. The final nomogram is constructed to predict surgical outcomes based on preoperative variables. RESULTS The key factors that determine optimal healing are the timing of cesarean section (elective or emergency), menstrual cycle, CSD length, width, depth, and the thickness of the lower uterine segment. With the prediction model, scores are given to each parameter according to the statistics. Total scores range from 0 to 25 points, with a cutoff point of 16.5. When a score is greater than 16.5, the transvaginal repair can achieve optimal healing. Uterine position (anteflexion or retroflexion) and preoperative thickness of residual myometrium are the key factors affecting postoperative thickness of residual myometrium. The width of the CSD and the thickness of the lower uterine segment are the key factors affecting abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we established a prediction model system that may predict the repair effect of CSD and can potentially be useful in future clinical trials to determine which patients are more suitable for surgery or other treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Zhou
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, (Drs. Zhou, Gao, Chen, Wang, Yin, and Wang)
| | - Zhenyan Gao
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, (Drs. Zhou, Gao, Chen, Wang, Yin, and Wang)
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, (Drs. Zhou, Gao, Chen, Wang, Yin, and Wang)
| | - Yizhi Wang
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, (Drs. Zhou, Gao, Chen, Wang, Yin, and Wang)
| | - Yujia Yin
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, (Drs. Zhou, Gao, Chen, Wang, Yin, and Wang)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health (Dr. Zhang), Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, (Drs. Zhou, Gao, Chen, Wang, Yin, and Wang).
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dominguez JA, Pacheco LA, Moratalla E, Carugno JA, Carrera M, Perez-Milan F, Caballero M, Alcázar JL. Diagnosis and management of isthmocele (Cesarean scar defect): a SWOT analysis. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2023; 62:336-344. [PMID: 36730180 DOI: 10.1002/uog.26171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this State-of-the-Art Review was to provide a strategic analysis, in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis), of the current evidence regarding the management of uterine isthmocele (Cesarean scar defect). Strengths include the fact that isthmocele can be diagnosed on two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound, and that surgical repair may restore natural fertility potential and prevent secondary infertility, as well as reduce the risk of miscarriage and other obstetric complications. However, there is a lack of high-quality evidence regarding the best diagnostic method and criteria, as well as the potential benefits of surgical repair with respect to fertility. There is a need for experienced surgeons skilled in the various isthmocele repair techniques. Isthmocele repair does not prevent the need for Cesarean delivery in subsequent pregnancies. There is increasing awareness regarding the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosing isthmocele. This may lead to surgical correction and prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications in subsequent pregnancies, including Cesarean scar pregnancy. Regarding threats, the existence of different surgical techniques means that there is a risk of selecting an inadequate approach if the type of isthmocele and the patient's characteristics are not considered. There is a risk of overtreatment when asymptomatic defects are repaired surgically. Finally, there is an absence of cost-effectiveness analyses to justify routine repair. Thus, while there are many data suggesting that isthmocele has an adverse effect on both natural fertility and the outcome of assisted reproduction techniques, high-quality evidence to support surgical isthmocele repair in all asymptomatic patients desiring future fertility are lacking. There is increasing agreement to recommend hysteroscopic repair of isthmocele as a first-line approach as long as the residual myometrial thickness is at least 2.5-3.0 mm. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Dominguez
- IERA (Instituto Extremeño de Reproducción Asistida), Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - E Moratalla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Carugno
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology Division, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Carrera
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Perez-Milan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Caballero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Alcázar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Klein Meuleman SJM, Min N, Hehenkamp WJK, Post Uiterweer ED, Huirne JAF, de Leeuw RA. The definition, diagnosis, and symptoms of the uterine niche - A systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2023; 90:102390. [PMID: 37506497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Of all neonates, 21% are delivered by cesarean section (CS). A long-term maternal complication of an SC is a uterine niche. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current literature on imaging techniques and niche-related symptomatology. We performed systematic searches on imaging and niche symptoms. For both searches, 87 new studies were included. Niche evaluation by transvaginal sonography (TVS) or contrast sonohysterography (SHG) proved superior over hysteroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging. Studies that used SHG in a random population identified a niche prevalence of 42%-84%. Niche prevalence differed based on niche definition, symptomatology, and imaging technique. Most studies reported an association with gynecological symptoms, poor reproductive outcomes, obstetrical complications, and reduced quality of life. In conclusion, non-invasive TVS and SHG are the superior imaging modalities to diagnose a niche. Niches are prevalent and strongly associated with gynecological symptoms and poor reproductive outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J M Klein Meuleman
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - N Min
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - W J K Hehenkamp
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - E D Post Uiterweer
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Amsterdam Medical Center, Uterine Repair Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J A F Huirne
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - R A de Leeuw
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Torre A, Verspyck E, Hamamah S, Thomassin I, Thornton J, Fauconnier A, Crochet P. [Cesarean scare niche: Definition, diagnosis, risk factors, prevention, symptoms, adverse effects, and treatments]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 49:858-868. [PMID: 34144220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the definitions, diagnostic methods, risk factors, symptoms, and treatments for caesarean scar niche. METHODS Review of the literature, critical reflection, and pragmatic advice. RESULTS There is no consensus on the definition of caesarean scar niche. Some suggest an indentation≥2mm of the myometrium of the caesarean scar, but this is present in more than half of women with caesarean history and takes no account of woman's symptoms. The most popular diagnostic method is ultrasound±hysterosonography. Risks factors for niche are multiple Caesareans, Cesarean during labor with too low incision, and retroverted uterus. Symptoms include abnormal gynaecologic bleeding and pelvic pain, and their presence establish the "Caesarean scar syndrome". The risks of pregnancy with niche is poorly studied, but pregnancy is not contraindicated, even if the niche is untreated. The treatment of caesarean scar niche is mainly surgery and conservative. The former should be reserved for symptomatic patients, and those with secondary infertility and fertility treatment failure. Patients with residual myometrium thickness≥2.5mm may benefit from first-line hysteroscopic treatment, whereas a laparoscopic or vaginal approach could be offered in other cases. CONCLUSIONS A pragmatic definition of caesarean scar niche as a disease including symptoms is the necessary prerequisite for the management of women. The treatment is mainly surgical, or conservative depending on the desire for subsequent pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Torre
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Maternity building of the City Hospital, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB Nottingham, Royaume-Uni; Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, CHU de Rouen, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France.
| | - E Verspyck
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, CHU de Rouen, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - S Hamamah
- Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1203, EmbryoPluripotency, Montpellier, France; IRMB, Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France; CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - I Thomassin
- Department of Imaging, Hopital Tenon, AP-HP, 75020 Paris, France
| | - J Thornton
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Maternity building of the City Hospital, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB Nottingham, Royaume-Uni
| | - A Fauconnier
- Department of Biology, Medicine and Health, Research unit EA7285, Risk and Safety in Clinical Medicine for Women and Perinatal Health, Versailles St-Quentin University, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Intercommunal Hospital Center of Poissy-St Germain en Laye, Poissy, France
| | - P Crochet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Chen L, Zhu G, Shao Y, Yu S, Li W, Lv W. Analysis of risk factors for cesarean scar diverticulum: A STROBE-compliant case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25757. [PMID: 33907172 PMCID: PMC8084051 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the relevant factors that affect the risk of cesarean scar diverticulum (CSD).A retrospective, case-control study was designed among women with a history of cesarean section (CS) who were admitted in Zhejiang Tongde Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019. Women with missing information were excluded. The basic clinical characteristics and the risk factors for CSD were assessed using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.A total of 216 women were analyzed, including 87 patients with CSD and 129 cases without CSD as control. Significant differences in number of CS, trial of labor (elective or urgent CS), CS interval, uterine position, intraoperative hemorrhage, and dysmenorrhea between CSD group and control group (P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that number of CS, trial of labor, interval of CS, and uterine position were independent risk factors of CSD.In women with a history of CS, multiple cesarean deliveries, elective CS, cesarean interval of less than 5 years, and retroflexed position of the uterus may be associated with an elevated risk of CSD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng K, Liu W, Chen Y, Lin S, Huang X, Wu C, Wang H, Wang J, Chen L, Liu X, Zheng Y. Obstetric and Gynecologic Outcomes after the Transvaginal Repair of Cesarean Scar Defect in a Series of 183 Women. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 28:1051-1059. [PMID: 33326862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To analyze retrospectively the effect of hysteroscopy combined with transvaginal repair on the cesarean section diverticulum (CSD) and explore the clinical significance of this procedure. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University-affiliated hospital and a gynecology hospital. PATIENTS A total of 183 patients with scar diverticulum after cesarean section were recruited from the Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan and Shenzhen In Vitro Fertilization Gynecological Hospital. INTERVENTIONS In this study, we reported a surgical method for repairing uterine scar through uterine therapy and explored its clinical efficacy and pregnancy outcome. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The time of operation, volume of bleeding, and duration of hospitalization were recorded. The size of the scar diverticulum and the remaining myometrium were examined by B-mode ultrasonography before and after the operation. The length of the menstrual cycle and pelvic pain were recorded during follow-up to check the recovery of patients after surgery. The pregnancy of patients with pregnancy needs was recorded to check the pregnancy outcome. All 183 patients successfully completed the repair of the transvaginal uterus scar diverticulum with the help of a hysteroscopy examination. The mean (± standard deviation) operation time was 58.61 ± 18.56 minutes. The mean blood loss was 36.97 ± 22.32 mL. The mean hospital stay was 6.08 ± 1.89 days. In 57.14% of patients, the CSD completely disappeared, whereas the volume of CSD shrank by at least 50% in 88.95% of patients. The mean menstrual period of patients after surgery was 7.72 ± 2.68 days, which was significantly shorter than that recorded preoperatively (13.45 ± 3.69 days) (t = 19.62, p = .00). The pelvic pain disappeared in 81.08% of the patients. The mean postoperative thickness of the remaining muscular layer was 5.30 ± 1.27-mm, which was significantly higher than the preoperative value of 2.25 ± 0.92-mm (t = 28.21, p = .00). The mean postoperative thickness of the remaining muscular layer of patients with improved menstrual cycle was 5.40 ± 1.27-mm, which was significantly higher than the thickness of 4.88 ± 1.11-mm in patients without improved menstrual cycle (t = 2.31, p = .025). A total of 124 patients attempted to become pregnant, 83 of whom were successful. The pregnancy rate was as high as 66.95%, which included 2 scar pregnancies, 4 ectopic pregnancies, and 87 intrauterine pregnancies. No uterine rupture occurred. CONCLUSION The transvaginal repair of the uterine diverticulum improved the symptoms and probability of a successful pregnancy effectively. This process is a surgical procedure to increase the thickness of the residual uterine muscle wall effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixian Deng
- Department of Gynecology, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan (Drs. Deng, Chen, Lin, Huang, X. Liu, Zheng); Department of Gynecology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde) (Dr. Deng), Foshan
| | - Wujiang Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen In Vitro Fertilization Gynecological Hospital (Drs. W. Liu, Wu, H. Wang, J. Wang, and Chen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonglian Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan (Drs. Deng, Chen, Lin, Huang, X. Liu, Zheng)
| | - Shaoying Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan (Drs. Deng, Chen, Lin, Huang, X. Liu, Zheng)
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan (Drs. Deng, Chen, Lin, Huang, X. Liu, Zheng)
| | - Congbo Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen In Vitro Fertilization Gynecological Hospital (Drs. W. Liu, Wu, H. Wang, J. Wang, and Chen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hualing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen In Vitro Fertilization Gynecological Hospital (Drs. W. Liu, Wu, H. Wang, J. Wang, and Chen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen In Vitro Fertilization Gynecological Hospital (Drs. W. Liu, Wu, H. Wang, J. Wang, and Chen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingyou Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen In Vitro Fertilization Gynecological Hospital (Drs. W. Liu, Wu, H. Wang, J. Wang, and Chen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan (Drs. Deng, Chen, Lin, Huang, X. Liu, Zheng)
| | - Yuhua Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan (Drs. Deng, Chen, Lin, Huang, X. Liu, Zheng).
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dou Y, Zeng D, Zou Z, Wan Y, Xu D, Xiao S. Hysteroscopic treatment of cesarean scar defect. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 302:1215-1220. [PMID: 32803393 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of hysteroscopic surgery on the outcomes of obstetrics and gynecology among patients with cesarean section diverticulum. METHODS Ninety-nine infertile patients with cesarean section diverticulum received hysteroscopic treatment and were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were followed for 1 year. RESULTS The study included ninety-nine symptomatic patients with cesarean section diverticulum. After surgery, the menstrual periods of patients were improved from 11.15 ± 4.44 to 7.69 ± 2.85 days. Forty-seven (47/99) women became pregnant after surgery. The number of patients who became pregnant with an anteflexion uterus after hysteroscopic surgery is 32 (32/57), and the number of women who became pregnant with a retroflexion uterus is 15 (15/42). CONCLUSION Hysteroscopic surgery could improve the PCSD-associated prolonged menstrual bleeding, and satisfactory obstetrical outcomes could be achieved by the surgery treatment in women with cesarean defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Dou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Da Zeng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zi'ang Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yajun Wan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dabao Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stegwee SI, Beij A, de Leeuw RA, Mokkink LB, van der Voet LF, Huirne JAF. Niche-related outcomes after caesarean section and quality of life: a focus group study and review of literature. Qual Life Res 2019; 29:1013-1025. [PMID: 31845165 PMCID: PMC7142042 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-019-02376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background A niche in the uterus, present in 60% of women after caesarean section (CS), is associated with several gynaecological symptoms and possibly with subfertility. Studies that focus on quality of life (QoL) in relation to a niche are lacking. Purpose To identify niche-related outcomes that influence QoL and to compare patient-reported outcomes with outcomes studied in the literature. Methods Two focus group discussions (FGDs, N = 8 and 5) were conducted in Amsterdam UMC—location VUmc. Participants were Dutch patients with a large niche, with (planned) surgical treatment for their symptoms. Niche-related symptoms and impact on functioning or participation were fixed topics. The transcripts of the FGDs were coded into outcomes, themes and domains of QoL according to the WHOQOL model. Additionally, participants created a top five important outcomes. Next, we performed a systematic review (SR) on niche-related outcomes and compared the FGDs with niche-related outcomes from the SR. Results In four domains (physical health, psychological domain, social relationships and environment), fifteen themes were reported in the FGDs. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), subfertility, sexual activity, abdominal pain and self-esteem were themes prioritised by participants. In the literature, gynaecological symptoms and reproductive outcomes were predominantly studied. Sexuality and self-esteem were prioritised in the FGDs but hardly or never studied in the literature. Conclusion We found a broad range of niche-related outcomes influencing QoL. Apart from symptoms evaluated in the literature such as AUB, abdominal pain and subfertility, clinicians and researchers should be more aware of sexual activity and self-esteem in this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11136-019-02376-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne I Stegwee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Astrid Beij
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A de Leeuw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwine B Mokkink
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucet F van der Voet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Deventer Hospital, Nico Bolkesteinlaan 75, 7416 SE, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A F Huirne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy in treatment of patients with post-cesarean section uterine diverticulum. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne 2018; 14:297-303. [PMID: 31118997 PMCID: PMC6528112 DOI: 10.5114/wiitm.2018.77775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-cesarean section uterine diverticulum (PCSUD) is a recess in the lower uterine segment of the cesarean section incision that protrudes to the serosa due to healing defects. With the abolition of the one-child policy, allowing couples to have two children in the past year in China, more and more couples plan to give birth to a second baby. However, with the significant increase in the cesarean section rate in the past two decades in China, the incidence of PCSUD also obviously increased. Aim To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy in treatment of patients with PCSUD. Material and methods Fifty-two cases of patients with post-cesarean section uterine diverticulum (PCSUD) who suffered from conservative treatment failure in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital (affiliated to Beijing Capital Medical University) between January 2012 and June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. Patients with reproductive requirements were treated with hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy surgery (experimental group, n = 31); those without reproductive requirements were treated with hysteroscopic surgery (control group, n = 21). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay period, clinical efficacy and recurrence rate of the two groups were compared. Results All the patients successfully completed the operation procedure in both experimental and control groups. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss and post-operative hospital stay in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in clinical efficacy or recurrence between the two groups (p > 0.05). Six months after the operation, the uterus muscularis thickness was 4.2 ±1.9 mm and 9.8 ±6.2 mm for control and experimental groups respectively, which indicates that the muscularis thickness in the experimental group was significantly greater than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy was safe with satisfactory results in treatment of patients with PCSUD.
Collapse
|