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Peleg O, Idan M, Katz R. Exploring the relationship between binge eating and differentiation of self: the mediating role of emotional distress and work stress. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1368995. [PMID: 39040923 PMCID: PMC11260811 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1368995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a prevalent eating disorder outlined in the DSM-5. Emotional distress (including stress, anxiety, and depression) stands out as a critical risk factor for developing eating disorders, and specifically BED. Recent studies have identified differentiation of self- a family pattern involving the ability to balance emotions and cognitions, as well as intimacy and autonomy-as a factor that exacerbates emotional distress. This relationship highlights the importance of addressing both emotional distress and family dynamics in understanding BED. While associations have been found between work-related factors and family dynamics with emotional distress, there has been limited investigation into the specific risk factors that are uniquely linked to BED. It was hypothesized that differentiation of self would relate to BED symptoms through the mediation of emotional distress and work stress. A systematic sampling method was applied to select a total of 275 participants for this study, with 60% women and 40% men (aged 20-45, M = 32.71, SD = 7.50). The findings suggest that low differentiation of self may increase vulnerability to BED symptoms by increasing susceptibility to emotional distress, including stress in the workplace. In addition, the analyses indicated that women reported higher levels of BED symptoms, while men reported higher levels of differentiation of self. The study sheds light on the contribution of unregulated family and emotional patterns to BED, providing valuable insights for organizations seeking to promote healthier work environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Peleg
- Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Emek Yezreel, Israel
| | - Meirav Idan
- Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ruth Katz
- Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Joshua PR, Lewis V, Simpson S, Kelty SF, Boer DP. What role do early life experiences play in eating disorders? The impact of parenting style, temperament and early maladaptive schemas. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37654072 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given that most eating disorders develop in adolescence and early adulthood, early life experiences are said to play a key role in the aetiology of eating disorders. There are well-documented relationships between early maladaptive schemas and eating disorders, early maladaptive schemas and temperament and temperament and perceived parenting style. The present study aimed to test a hypothesis that perceived parenting style predicts temperament, which predicts early maladaptive schemas, which predict eating disorder symptoms in young people. METHOD An online survey measured perceived parenting style, temperament, early maladaptive schemas and eating disorder symptoms in 397 people with disordered eating between the ages of 18 and 29. Path analysis was used to investigate the relationship between these elements. RESULTS The results found support for this hypothesis. Perceived maladaptive parenting ratings for mothers were a stronger predictor of temperament, and only two temperament factors were adequate predictors of early maladaptive schemas. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the present study found preliminary support for a linear relationship where perceived parenting style predicts temperament, which predicts early maladaptive schema levels, which predicts eating disorder symptoms. The present study was the first to propose and test this model; however, further research is required to confirm the nature and extent of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe R Joshua
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vivienne Lewis
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Susan Simpson
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHS Forth Valley, Stirling, UK
| | - Sally F Kelty
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Douglas P Boer
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Khosravi M, Seyedi Asl ST, Nazari Anamag A, SabzehAra Langaroudi M, Moharami J, Ahmadi S, Ganjali A, Ghiasi Z, Nafeli M, Kasaeiyan R. Parenting styles, maladaptive coping styles, and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors: a multiple mediation analysis in patients with feeding and eating disorders. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14880. [PMID: 36793889 PMCID: PMC9924137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although preliminary studies support the roles of unhealthy parenting styles and maladaptive coping styles in increasing rates of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors (EAB) and clinically significant feeding and eating disorders (FED), underlying mechanisms have not been well-recognized. This study aims to investigate the factors associated with disturbed EAB and the mediating roles of overcompensation and avoidance coping styles in the relationship between different types of parenting styles and disturbed EAB among patients with FED. Methods A total of 102 patients with FED in Zahedan, Iran, participating in this cross-sectional study (from April to March 2022) completed a sociodemographic information form and self-report measures of parenting styles, maladaptive coping styles, and EAB. Model 4 of Hayes' PROCESS macro in SPSS was employed to identify and explain the mechanism or process that underlies an observed relationship between study variables. Results The results showed that authoritarian parenting style, overcompensation and avoidance coping styles, and female gender might be related to disturbed EAB. The overall hypothesis that overcompensation and avoidance coping styles mediated the effect of fathers' and mothers' authoritarian parenting styles on disturbed EAB was also supported. Conclusions Our findings highlighted the necessity of evaluating particular unhealthy parenting styles and maladaptive coping styles as the important possible risk factors in the development and maintenance of higher level of disturbance in EAB among patients with FED. However, more research is needed to explore individual, family, and peer risk factors for disturbed EAB among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Nazari Anamag
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jafar Moharami
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Ahmadi
- Department of Education, Farhangian University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Ganjali
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghiasi
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Rashya Kasaeiyan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes, Differentiation of Self, and Emotional Distress: Jews and Arabs in Israel. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010039. [PMID: 35010914 PMCID: PMC8746554 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered a global epidemic, and is constantly on the rise. In Israel, the percentage of diabetics in the Arab population is twice that found in the Jewish population (12% and 6.2%, respectively). Findings suggest that low differentiation of self (DoS: emotional reactivity+ fusion with others, I-position, emotional cutoff) may raise vulnerability to certain physiological pathologies by increasing susceptibility to psychological distress. The major goal of this study was to test differences in DoS and emotional distress (anxiety and depressive symptoms) between diabetic and healthy participants. The second aim was to examine cultural differences within these metrics. Another purpose was to examine the relationship between DoS and emotional distress among healthy and diabetic participants. The sample included 261 participants, of whom 154 were healthy and 107 were diabetic. Diabetics reported more severe depressive symptoms, higher levels of anxiety and emotional cutoff and lower levels of I-position than healthy individuals. The groups did not differ in their levels of emotional reactivity + fusion with others. Arabs demonstrated higher levels of emotional cutoff, anxiety and depressive symptoms and lower levels of I-position than Jews. However, Arabs and Jews did not differ in their levels of emotional reactivity + fusion with others. Emotional reactivity + fusion with others contributed the most to diabetes among Arabs, while depressive symptoms contributed the most among Jews. Finally, among Jewish participants, age was positively correlated with emotional cutoff and depressive symptoms. Emotional cutoff was positively correlated with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Emotional reactivity + fusion with others was positively correlated with anxiety. Among Arab participants, age was positively correlated with emotional cutoff, anxiety and depressive symptoms. I-position was negatively correlated with all study variables. Emotional cutoff was positively correlated, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Emotional reactivity + fusion with others was positively correlated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.
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Wu R, Guo L, Rong H, Shi J, Li W, Zhu M, He Y, Wang W, Lu C. The Role of Problematic Smartphone Uses and Psychological Distress in the Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Chinese College Students. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:793506. [PMID: 34966312 PMCID: PMC8710586 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.793506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep problems and eating disorders (EDs) are both serious public health concerns often seen in young adults. Yet, the underlying mechanisms for such associations are largely unknown. This study aims to examine potential serial multiple mediation effects of problematic smartphone use (PSU) and psychological distress (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms) in the relationship between sleep quality and disordered eating behaviors/attitudes (DEBs). Methods: A total of 4,325 students from two Tibet universities in China (2,657 females and 1,668 males) completed an online survey that included the following measurements: Eating Attitude Test-26 for disordered eating behaviors/attitudes, the Chinese Version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI), Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) for problematic smartphone use, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) for psychological distress. Results: While the direct path linking sleep quality and DEBs was not found to be significant (Standardized β = 0.006, 95% CI = -0.0667~0.0970), both PSU (Standardized β = 0.016, 95% CI = 0.0256~0.0591) and anxiety symptoms (Standardized β = 0.014, 95% CI = 0.0203~0.0526) may mediate a link between sleep quality and DEBs; serial multiple mediation analysis revealed that a serial indirect pathway of "sleep quality -> PSU -> anxiety symptoms -> DEBs" existed(Standardized β = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.0002~0.0012). Similarly, while the direct path linking sleep quality and DEBs was not found to be significant (Standardized β = 0.006, 95% CI = -0.0667~0.0970), both PSU (Standardized β = 0.020, 95% CI = 0.0337~0.0692) and depressive symptoms (Standardized β = 0.015, 95% CI = 0.0139~0.0652) may mediate a link between sleep quality and DEBs; serial multiple mediation analysis revealed that a serial indirect pathway of "sleep quality -> PSU -> depressive symptoms -> DEBs" existed (Standardized β = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.0006~0.0038). Conclusions: Psychological and behavioral factors may comprehensively work together, leading to flow-on effects from sleep problems to disordered eating behaviors among university students. Appropriate interventions that target problematic smartphone use could thus potentially reduce anxiety and depression levels, which in turn will provide a buffer against the negative impact of poor sleep quality on eating disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Wu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Rong
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingming Shi
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yongjun He
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Wanxin Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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