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Current Trends in Mucosal Melanomas: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051356. [PMID: 36900152 PMCID: PMC10000120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary mucosal melanomas (MMs) are uncommon tumors originating from melanocytes located in the mucous membranes at various anatomic sites within the body. MM significantly differs from cutaneous melanoma (CM) regarding epidemiology, genetic profile, clinical presentation, and response to therapies. Despite these differences, that have important implications for both disease diagnosis and prognosis, MMs are usually treated in the same way as CM but exhibit a lower response rate to immunotherapy leading to a poorer survival rate. Furthermore, a high inter-patient variability can be observed in relation to therapeutic response. Recently, novel "omics" techniques have evidenced that MM lesions have different genomic, molecular, and metabolic landscapes as compared with CM lesions, thus explaining the heterogeneity of the response. Such specific molecular aspects might be useful to identify new biomarkers aimed at improving the diagnosis and selection of MM patients who could benefit from immunotherapy or targeted therapy. In this review, we have focused on relevant molecular and clinical advancements for the different MM subtypes in order to describe the updated knowledge relating to main diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic implications as well as to provide hints on likely future directions.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Genitourinary System: A Systemic Review and Report of Eight Cases. Cureus 2022; 14:e30444. [PMID: 36407184 PMCID: PMC9671744 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) of mucosal membranes (excluding anus and head-neck) is a rare but aggressive disease with poor outcomes. The knowledge of this tumor's development, etiology, and management is scarce, mainly due to the low case numbers. We presented eight cases and performed a comprehensive literature review on mucosal MM (between 1970 and 2020). We identified 47 manuscripts on 55 patients with primary mucosal MM (limited to urothelium and vagina) and reviewed demographics, tumor specifications (morphology, stage, etc.), management, and survival. We identified 10 manuscripts discussing treatment in 1595 mucosal and non-mucosal MM and extracted the data regarding the non-surgical treatment modalities of mucosal MM patients. In 63 cases, 48 tumors primarily occurred in the urothelium (urethra: 47, bladder: 1) and 15 in the vagina. Molecular studies in a subset of cases revealed alterations in c-KIT, NRAS, BRAF (non-V600E and V600E), TP53, and NF1. Fifty-three patients underwent surgery (with additional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy in 19, eight, and eight patients, respectively). The outcome was available in 52 cases, showing 21 deaths, 10 without recurrence, two alive with disease, and five lost to follow-up. Shared genetic signatures in mucosal and skin MM suggest a similar development mechanism; however, unlike skin MM, there are less BRAF mutations and more PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway alterations in mucosal MM. Prolonged chemotherapy (i.e., methotrexate) and immune-modulating agents (i.e., natalizumab) may be risk factors. The stage at diagnosis and proper surgical extirpation are keys to the prognosis and survival of patients.
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Huang Y, Wei L, Huang Y, Wen S, Liu T, Duan X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Fan B, Hu B. Identification of distinct genomic features reveals frequent somatic AHNAK and PTEN mutations predominantly in primary malignant melanoma presenting in the ureter. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2022; 52:930-943. [PMID: 35578896 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary malignant melanoma of the ureter is extremely rare. Genetic variants to the increased risk of developing the disease have not yet been investigated. METHODS Tumour mutation profiling for primary malignant melanoma of the ureter was performed by whole-exome sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was performed to verify histopathological features and the variants of predisposing genes and driver mutation genes. Furthermore, we conducted a literature review and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result-based study by searching public databases. RESULTS We identified 38 somatic single nucleotide variants and 9 somatic insertions and deletions (INDELs) in tumour specimens. After filtering with the Cancer Gene Census database, seven predisposing genes and two driver mutation genes were identified. Moreover, the immunohistochemical profile showed that tumour cells were positive for Melan-A, melanoma gp100 human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), S100 beta and P53. The expression levels of two driver mutation genes (phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and desmoyokin (AHNAK) and five predisposing genes (AT-rich interaction domain 1B (ARID1B), catalase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 (EIF4G3), ANK3 and collagen type I) were significantly downregulated in tumour tissues compared to paracancerous tissues. In the literature review and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-based study, patients with primary malignant melanoma of the urinary tract had worse clinical outcomes than patients with primary urothelial carcinoma after 1:2 propensity score matching (P = 0.010). Additionally, Cox multivariate analysis for patients with primary malignant melanoma of the urinary tract indicated that distant metastasis (hazard ratio = 1.185; P = 0.044) was an independent predictor for overall survival, and tumour focality (hazard ratio = 0.602; P = 0.017) and non-surgery (hazard ratio = 0.434; P = 0.003) were independent factors for tumour progression. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to provide evidence that the distinct phenotypes of primary malignant melanoma of the ureter may be due to different genetic variations. The prognosis of primary malignant melanoma of the urinary tract was poorer than that of primary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Province Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanbin Huang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Duan
- First Clinical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- First Clinical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongshuo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Cazzato G, Colagrande A, Cimmino A, Caporusso C, Candance PMV, Trabucco SMR, Zingarelli M, Lorusso A, Marrone M, Stellacci A, Arezzo F, Marzullo A, Serio G, Filoni A, Bonamonte D, Romita P, Foti C, Lettini T, Loizzi V, Cormio G, Resta L, Rossi R, Ingravallo G. Urological Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review of a Rare Subclass of Mucosal Melanoma with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174424. [PMID: 34503234 PMCID: PMC8431506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is reported as the 19th most common cancer worldwide, with estimated age-standardized incidence rates of 2.8-3.1 per 100,000. Although the origin is most frequently cutaneous, mucosal melanoma has been described several times in literature, and despite its rarity (only 1% of all melanomas), increasing attention is being paid to this disease form. Within this subgroup, melanomas of the uropoetic apparatus are a rarity among rarities. Indeed, less than 50 cases of primary melanoma originating from the urinary bladder have been described, and even less originating from the kidney, renal pelvis and urethra. In this work, we present a detailed review of the literature related to this subclass of mucosal melanoma, delve into the biological landscape of this neoplasm and discuss current approaches, future perspectives and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3405203641
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Antonietta Cimmino
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Concetta Caporusso
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Pragnell Mary Victoria Candance
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Senia Maria Rosaria Trabucco
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Marcello Zingarelli
- Section of Urology, Deparment of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Alfonso Lorusso
- Section of Urology, Deparment of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Maricla Marrone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandra Stellacci
- Section of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesca Arezzo
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Andrea Marzullo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Gabriella Serio
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Angela Filoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.F.); (D.B.); (P.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Domenico Bonamonte
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.F.); (D.B.); (P.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.F.); (D.B.); (P.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.F.); (D.B.); (P.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Vera Loizzi
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (V.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (P.M.V.C.); (S.M.R.T.); (A.M.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (L.R.); (R.R.); (G.I.)
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