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Tirendi S, Domenicotti C, Bassi AM, Vernazza S. Genetics and Glaucoma: the state of the art. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1289952. [PMID: 38152303 PMCID: PMC10751926 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1289952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Although genetic background contributes differently to rare early-onset glaucoma (before age 40) or common adult-onset glaucoma, it is now considered an important factor in all major forms of the disease. Genetic and genomic studies, including GWAS, are contributing to identifying novel loci associated with glaucoma or to endophenotypes across ancestries to enrich the knowledge about glaucoma genetic susceptibility. Moreover, new high-throughput functional genomics contributes to defining the relevance of genetic results in the biological pathways and processes involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. Such studies are expected to advance significantly our understanding of glaucoma's genetic basis and provide new druggable targets to treat glaucoma. This review gives an overview of the role of genetics in the pathogenesis or risk of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Domenicotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Vernazza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
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2
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Yadav M, Bhardwaj A, Yadav A, Dada R, Tanwar M. Molecular genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:1739-1756. [PMID: 37203025 PMCID: PMC10391438 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2570_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a series of linked optic diseases resulting in progressive vision loss and total blindness due to the acquired loss of retinal ganglion cells. This harm to the optic nerve results in visual impairment and, ultimately, total blindness if left untreated. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most frequent variety within the large family of glaucoma. It is a multifaceted and heterogeneous condition with several environmental and genetic variables aiding in its etiology. By 2040, there will be 111.8 million glaucoma patients globally, with Asia and Africa accounting for the vast majority. The goal of this review is to elaborate on the role of genes (nuclear and mitochondrial) as well as their variants in the pathogenesis of POAG. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched online for papers until September 2022. Prevalence and inheritance patterns vary significantly across different ethnic and geographic populations. Numerous causative genetic loci may exist; however, only a few have been recognized and characterized. Further investigation into the genetic etiology of POAG is expected to uncover novel and intriguing causal genes, allowing for a more precise pathogenesis pattern of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Aarti Bhardwaj
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Anshu Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Tanwar
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
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3
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Giovannelli I, Higginbottom A, Kirby J, Azzouz M, Shaw PJ. Prospects for gene replacement therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:39-52. [PMID: 36481799 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. ALS causes death, usually within 2-5 years of diagnosis. Riluzole, the only drug currently approved in Europe for the treatment of this condition, offers only a modest benefit, increasing survival by 3 months on average. Recent advances in our understanding of causative or disease-modifying genetic variants and in the development of genetic therapy strategies present exciting new therapeutic opportunities for ALS. In addition, the approval of adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of functional copies of the SMN1 gene to treat spinal muscular atrophy represents an important therapeutic milestone and demonstrates the potential of gene replacement therapies for motor neuron disorders. In this Review, we describe the current landscape of genetic therapies in ALS, highlighting achievements and critical challenges. In particular, we discuss opportunities for gene replacement therapy in subgroups of people with ALS, and we describe loss-of-function mutations that are known to contribute to the pathophysiology of ALS and could represent novel targets for gene replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannelli
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adrian Higginbottom
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mimoun Azzouz
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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4
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He M, Rong R, Ji D, Xia X. From Bench to Bed: The Current Genome Editing Therapies for Glaucoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:879957. [PMID: 35652098 PMCID: PMC9149310 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.879957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies featured by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and loss of their axons in the optic nerve. The only currently approved therapies focus on lowering intraocular pressure with medication and surgery. Over the previous few decades, technological advances and research progress regarding pathogenesis has brought glaucomatous gene therapy to the forefront. In this review, we discuss the three current genome editing methods and potential disease mechanisms of glaucoma. We further summarize different genome editing strategies that are being developed to target a number of glaucoma-related genes and pathways from four aspects including strategies to lower intraocular pressure, neuroprotection, RGC and optic nerve neuro-regeneration, and other strategies. In summary, genome therapy is a promising therapy for treating patients with glaucoma and has great potential to be widely applied in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Ji
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Patil CD, Suryawanshi R, Ames J, Koganti R, Agelidis A, Kapoor D, Yadavalli T, Koujah L, Tseng HC, Shukla D. Intrinsic Antiviral Activity of Optineurin Prevents Hyperproliferation of a Primary Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:63-73. [PMID: 34880107 PMCID: PMC9015683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Very little knowledge exists on virus-specific host cell intrinsic mechanisms that prevent hyperproliferation of primary HSV type 2 (HSV-2) genital infections. In this study, we provide evidence that the Nemo-related protein, optineurin (OPTN), plays a key role in restricting HSV-2 infection both in vitro and in vivo. Contrary to previous reports regarding the proviral role of OPTN during Sendai virus infection, we demonstrate that lack of OPTN in cells causes enhanced virus production. OPTN deficiency negatively affects the host autophagy response and results in a marked reduction of CCL5 induction. OPTN knockout (OPTN-/-) mice display exacerbated genital disease and dysregulated T cell frequencies in infected tissues and lymph nodes. A human transcriptomic profile dataset provides further credence that a strong positive correlation exists between CCL5 upregulation and OPTN expression during HSV-2 genital infection. Our findings underscore a previously unknown OPTN/CCL5 nexus that restricts hyperproliferative spread of primary HSV-2 infection, which may constitute an intrinsic host defense mechanism against herpesviruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joshua Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lulia Koujah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Henry C Tseng
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Corresponding author. Phone number: 312-355-0908, Fax: 312-996-7773,
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6
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Hong JY, Lin SC, Kuo BJ, Lo YC. Structural and Biochemical Basis for Higher-Order Assembly between A20-Binding Inhibitor of NF-κB 1 (ABIN1) and M1-Linked Ubiquitins. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167116. [PMID: 34161781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyubiquitination is important in controlling NF-κB signaling. Excessive NF-κB activity has been linked to inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases, while ABIN1 could attenuate NF-κB activation to maintain immune homeostasis by utilizing UBAN to recognize linear (M1)-linked polyubiquitinated NF-κB activation mediators, including NEMO, IRAK1 and RIP1. PolyUb-mediated UBAN recruitment remains undetermined, since the recognition studies focused mostly on di-ubiquitin (diUb). Here we report three crystal structures of human ABIN1 UBAN (hABIN1UBAN) in complex with M1-linked diUb, triUb, and tetraUb, respectively. Notably, the hABIN1UBAN:diUb structure reveals that a diUb randomly binds one of the Ub-binding sites of the hABIN1UBAN dimer and leaves the other site vacant. Together with the ITC and gel-filtration analyses, we found that M1-triUb and M1-tetraUb adopt two unique conformations, instead of an elongated one, and they preferentially use the N-terminal two-Ub unit to bind the primary Ub-binding site of a hABIN1UBAN dimer and the C-terminal two-Ub unit to bind the secondary Ub-binding site of another hABIN1UBAN dimer. Especially, our results suggest that two ABIN1UBAN dimers cooperatively bind two UBAN-binding units of a tetraUb or vice versa. Since the UBAN family members share a conserved diUb-binding mode, our results suggest that M1-polyUb modification allows multiple copies of the two-tandem Ub unit to simultaneously coordinate multiple and/or different binding partners to increase their local concentrations and to facilitate the formation of a large signaling complex. Our study provides a structural-functional glimpse of M1-polyUb as a multiple-molecule binding platform to exert its intrinsic structural plasticity in mediating cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhen-Yi Hong
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chang Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Jiun Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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7
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Kitamura A, Numazawa R, Kinjo M. Conformational stabilization of optineurin by the dynamic interaction of linear polyubiquitin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 559:203-209. [PMID: 33951500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin produces intracellular multi-functions involving autophagy, vesicular trafficking, and negative regulation of inflammation signaling through interaction with various proteins such as ATG8/LC3, Rab8, and polyubiquitin. Optineurin is a component of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) in motor neurons from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and its mutation E478G, has been identified in patients with ALS. However, the mechanism by which polyubiquitin binding modulates the interaction partners of OPTN and ALS-associated IB formation is still unclear. To address this issue, we analyzed the interaction of Optineurin with Rab8 and LC3 in the absence and presence of linear polyubiquitin chains using fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and IB formation efficiency of the E478G mutant of Optineurin during Rab8 depletion using fluorescence microscopy. Here, we hypothesize that linear polyubiquitin binding to Optineurin dynamically induces LC3 association and Rab8 dissociation, likely through a conformational change of Optineurin, and the dynamic conformational change may prevent the aggregate formation of mutant Optineurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Rika Numazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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8
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Inagaki S, Kawase K, Funato M, Seki J, Kawase C, Ohuchi K, Kameyama T, Ando S, Sato A, Morozumi W, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Iejima D, Iwata T, Yamamoto T, Kaneko H, Hara H. Effect of Timolol on Optineurin Aggregation in Transformed Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived From Patient With Familial Glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 59:2293-2304. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inagaki
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kawase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michinori Funato
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Junko Seki
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chizuru Kawase
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohuchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kameyama
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shiori Ando
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Arisu Sato
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Wataru Morozumi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iejima
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideo Kaneko
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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9
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The Genetic and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Molecular Mechanisms of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114171. [PMID: 32545285 PMCID: PMC7312987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogenous, chronic, progressive group of eye diseases, which results in irreversible loss of vision. There are several types of glaucoma, whereas the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) constitutes the most common type of glaucoma, accounting for three-quarters of all glaucoma cases. The pathological mechanisms leading to POAG pathogenesis are multifactorial and still poorly understood, but it is commonly known that significantly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) plays a crucial role in POAG pathogenesis. Besides, genetic predisposition and aggregation of abrogated proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen and subsequent activation of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dependent unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway may also constitute important factors for POAG pathogenesis at the molecular level. Glaucoma is commonly known as a ‘silent thief of sight’, as it remains asymptomatic until later stages, and thus its diagnosis is frequently delayed. Thereby, detailed knowledge about the glaucoma pathophysiology is necessary to develop both biochemical and genetic tests to improve its early diagnosis as well as develop a novel, ground-breaking treatment strategy, as currently used medical therapies against glaucoma are limited and may evoke numerous adverse side-effects in patients.
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10
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Feng SM, Che CH, Feng SY, Liu CY, Li LY, Li YX, Huang HP, Zou ZY. Novel mutation in optineurin causing aggressive ALS+/-frontotemporal dementia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2377-2383. [PMID: 31838784 PMCID: PMC6917321 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mutations in optineurin (OPTN) have been identified in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We screened a cohort of Chinese patients for mutations in optineurin. We also performed an extensive literatures review of all mutations in optineurin identified previously to detect genotype–phenotype associations. Methods All 16 exons of the OPTN gene in a cohort of 15 familial ALS indexes and 275 sporadic ALS patients of Chinese origin were sequenced by targeted next generation sequencing. Results Two known heterozygous missense mutations in the OPTN, c.1481T> G (p.L494W), and c.1546G> C (p.E516Q), as well as one novel heterozygous missense mutation c.1690G> C (p.D564H) were each detected in one sporadic ALS patient. The patient carrying the p.E516Q mutation developed clinical features of ALS‐frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and the patient carrying the p.D564H mutation showed a phenotype of ALS. They both had an aggressive course, with a survival of 18 and 14 months respectively. Literature review showed that the clinical phenotypes in OPTN mutated ALS were not homogeneous, although some individuals showed a relatively slow progression and a long duration, some mutations carriers developed an aggressive progression and a short survival. Interpretation OPTN mutations contribute to ALS in Chinese population and account for 0.8% of sporadic ALS patients and 1.5% of familial ALS in the pooled Chinese ALS cohorts. Mutations in optineurin can cause aggressive ALS+/−FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Man Feng
- Department of Neurophysiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Chun-Hui Che
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Shu-Yan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Chang-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Liu-Yi Li
- Department of Neurophysiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yuan-Xiao Li
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hua-Pin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zhang-Yu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
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11
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The ICP0 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Downregulates Major Autophagy Adaptor Proteins Sequestosome 1 and Optineurin during the Early Stages of HSV-1 Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01258-19. [PMID: 31375597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01258-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects mucosal epithelial cells and establishes lifelong infections in sensory neurons. Following reactivation, the virus is transferred anterograde to the initial site of infection or to sites innervated by infected neurons, causing vesicular lesions. Upon immunosuppression, frequent HSV-1 reactivation can cause severe diseases, such as blindness and encephalitis. Autophagy is a process whereby cell components are recycled, but it also serves as a defense mechanism against pathogens. HSV-1 is known to combat autophagy through the functions of the γ134.5 protein, which prevents formation of the autophagophore by binding to Beclin 1, a key factor involved in the elongation of the isolation membrane, and by redirecting the protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α) to dephosphorylate the translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) to prevent host translational shutoff. Other viral proteins that counteract innate immunity negatively impact autophagy. Here, we present a novel strategy of HSV-1 to evade the host through the downregulation of the autophagy adaptor protein sequestosome (p62/SQSTM1) and of the mitophagy adaptor optineurin (OPTN). This down-modulation occurs during the early steps of the infection. We also found that infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of the virus mediates the down-modulation of the two autophagy adaptors in a mechanism independent of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Cells depleted of either p62 or OPTN were able to mount greater antiviral responses, whereas cells expressing exogenous p62 displayed decreased virus yields. We conclude that downregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and OPTN is a viral strategy to counteract the host.IMPORTANCE Autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism of cells to recycle components, as well as a defense mechanism to get rid of pathogens. Strategies that HSV-1 has developed to counteract autophagy have been described and involve inhibition of autophagosome formation or indirect mechanisms. Here, we present a novel mechanism that involves downregulation of two major autophagy adaptor proteins, sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) and optineurin (OPTN). These findings generate the question of why the virus targets two major autophagy adaptors if it has mechanisms to block autophagosome formation. P62/SQSTM1 and OPTN proteins have pleiotropic functions, including regulation of innate immunity, inflammation, protein sorting, and chromatin remodeling. The decrease in virus yields in the presence of exogenous p62/SQSTM1 suggests that these adaptors have an antiviral function. Thus, HSV-1 may have developed multiple strategies to incapacitate autophagy to ensure replication. Alternatively, the virus may target another antiviral function of these proteins.
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12
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Identification of a splice variant of optineurin which is defective in autophagy and phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1526-1538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Swarup G, Sayyad Z. Altered Functions and Interactions of Glaucoma-Associated Mutants of Optineurin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1287. [PMID: 29951055 PMCID: PMC6008547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) is an adaptor protein that is involved in mediating a variety of cellular processes such as signaling, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy. Certain mutations in OPTN (gene OPTN) are associated with primary open angle glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a fatal motor neuron disease. Glaucoma-associated mutations of OPTN are mostly missense mutations. OPTN mediates its functions by interacting with various proteins and altered interactions of OPTN mutants with various proteins primarily contribute to functional defects. It interacts with Rab8, myosin VI, Huntigtin, TBC1D17, and transferrin receptor to mediate various membrane vesicle trafficking pathways. It is an autophagy receptor that mediates cargo-selective as well as non-selective autophagy. Glaucoma-associated mutants of OPTN, E50K, and M98K, cause defective vesicle trafficking, autophagy, and signaling that contribute to death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Transgenic mice expressing E50K-OPTN show loss of RGCs and persistent reactive gliosis. TBK1 protein kinase, which mediates E50K-OPTN and M98K-OPTN induced cell death, is emerging as a potential drug target. Autoimmunity has been implicated in glaucoma but involvement of OPTN or its mutants in autoimmnity has not been explored. In this review, we highlight the main functions of OPTN and how glaucoma-associated mutants alter these functions. We also discuss some of the controversies, such as the role of OPTN in signaling to transcription factor NF-κB, interferon signaling, and use of RGC-5 cell line as a cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam Swarup
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Bansal M, Moharir SC, Swarup G. Autophagy receptor optineurin promotes autophagosome formation by potentiating LC3-II production and phagophore maturation. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-4. [PMID: 30083281 PMCID: PMC6067844 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1467189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential physiological process that maintains cellular homeostasis by eliminating harmful protein aggregates, damaged organelles and certain pathogens through lysosomal degradation. During autophagy specialized structures, known as autophagosomes are formed that recruit the cargo through autophagy receptors, and deliver it to lysosomes. Optineurin (Optn) is an autophagy receptor that mediates cargo selective autophagy. Recently, we have identified a novel function of Optn that promotes autophagosome formation during non-selective autophagy. Optn-deficient cells show reduced formation of autophagosomal protein LC3-II and lower number of autophagosomes as well as autolysosomes. Interestingly, formation of phagophores is increased in Optn-deficient cells. This suggests that Optn promotes autophagosome formation by potentiating LC3-II production and phagophore maturation. Phosphorylation of Optn at Ser-177 is required for promoting autophagosome formation. Here, we discuss various aspects of the role of Optn in the formation of autophagosomes and Atg16L1-positive vesicles. We also discuss the potential role of Rab1a-Optn interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Bansal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ghanshyam Swarup
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Bansal M, Moharir SC, Sailasree SP, Sirohi K, Sudhakar C, Sarathi DP, Lakshmi BJ, Buono M, Kumar S, Swarup G. Optineurin promotes autophagosome formation by recruiting the autophagy-related Atg12-5-16L1 complex to phagophores containing the Wipi2 protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:132-147. [PMID: 29133525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a quality-control mechanism that helps to maintain cellular homeostasis by removing damaged proteins and organelles through lysosomal degradation. During autophagy, signaling events lead to the formation of a cup-shaped structure called the phagophore that matures into the autophagosome. Recruitment of the autophagy-associated Atg12-5-16L1 complex to Wipi2-positive phagophores is crucial for producing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II), which is required for autophagosome formation. Here, we explored the role of the autophagy receptor optineurin (Optn) in autophagosome formation. Fibroblasts from Optn knock-out mouse showed reduced LC3-II formation and a lower number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes during both basal and starvation-induced autophagy. However, the number of Wipi2-positive phagophores was not decreased in Optn-deficient cells. We also found that the number of Atg12/16L1-positive puncta and recruitment of the Atg12-5-16L1 complex to Wipi2-positive puncta are reduced in Optn-deficient cells. Of note, Optn was recruited to Atg12-5-16L1-positive puncta, and interacted with Atg5 and also with Atg12-5 conjugate. A disease-associated Optn mutant, E478G, defective in ubiquitin binding, was also defective in autophagosome formation and recruitment to the Atg12-5-16L1-positive puncta. Moreover, we noted that Optn phosphorylation at Ser-177 was required for autophagosome formation but not for Optn recruitment to the phagophore. These results suggest that Optn potentiates LC3-II production and maturation of the phagophore into the autophagosome, by facilitating the recruitment of the Atg12-5-16L1 complex to Wipi2-positive phagophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Bansal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Shivranjani C Moharir
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - S Purnima Sailasree
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Kapil Sirohi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Cherukuri Sudhakar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - D Partha Sarathi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - B Jyothi Lakshmi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Mario Buono
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Satish Kumar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Ghanshyam Swarup
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India.
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Morrice JR, Gregory-Evans CY, Shaw CA. Necroptosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:347-353. [PMID: 27902929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Cell death in ALS and in general was previously believed to exist as a dichotomy between apoptosis and necrosis. Most research investigating cell death mechanisms in ALS was conducted before the discovery of programmed necrosis thus did not use selective cell death pathway-specific markers. Recently, a new form of programmed cell death, termed "necroptosis", has been characterized and has been recently implicated in ALS as a primary mechanism driving motor neuron cell death in different forms of ALS. The present review is aimed at summarizing cell death pathways that are currently implicated in ALS and highlighting the emerging evidence on necroptosis as a major driver of motor neuron cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Morrice
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, 828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L8, Canada
| | - Cheryl Y Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, 828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L8, Canada; Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Minegishi Y, Nakayama M, Iejima D, Kawase K, Iwata T. Significance of optineurin mutations in glaucoma and other diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:149-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Nakazawa S, Oikawa D, Ishii R, Ayaki T, Takahashi H, Takeda H, Ishitani R, Kamei K, Takeyoshi I, Kawakami H, Iwai K, Hatada I, Sawasaki T, Ito H, Nureki O, Tokunaga F. Linear ubiquitination is involved in the pathogenesis of optineurin-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12547. [PMID: 27552911 PMCID: PMC4999505 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) mutations cause neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and glaucoma. Although the ALS-associated E478G mutation in the UBAN domain of OPTN reportedly abolishes its NF-κB suppressive activity, the precise molecular basis in ALS pathogenesis still remains unclear. Here we report that the OPTN-UBAN domain is crucial for NF-κB suppression. Our crystal structure analysis reveals that OPTN-UBAN binds linear ubiquitin with homology to NEMO. TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation is enhanced in OPTN-knockout cells, through increased ubiquitination and association of TNF receptor (TNFR) complex I components. Furthermore, OPTN binds caspase 8, and OPTN deficiency accelerates TNF-α-induced apoptosis by enhancing complex II formation. Immunohistochemical analyses of motor neurons from OPTN-associated ALS patients reveal that linear ubiquitin and activated NF-κB are partially co-localized with cytoplasmic inclusions, and that activation of caspases is elevated. Taken together, OPTN regulates both NF-κB activation and apoptosis via linear ubiquitin binding, and the loss of this ability may lead to ALS. Mutations in optineurin are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, the authors report the structure of the ubiquitin binding domain of optineurin, which binds linear ubiquitin with homology to NEMO, and explore the function of this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshiru Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Shogoin, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kamei
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Izumi Takeyoshi
- Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideshi Kawakami
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Alsultan AA, Waller R, Heath PR, Kirby J. The genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current insights. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2016; 6:49-64. [PMID: 30050368 PMCID: PMC6053097 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s84956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in loss of the upper and lower motor neurons from motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. While the majority of cases are sporadic, approximately 10% show familial inheritance. ALS is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, although autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance do occur. To date, 24 of the genes at 26 loci have been identified; these include loci linked to ALS and to frontotemporal dementia-ALS, where family pedigrees contain individuals with frontotemporal dementia with/without ALS. The most commonly established genetic causes of familial ALS (FALS) to date are the presence of a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene (39.3% FALS) and mutation of SOD1, TARDBP, and FUS, with frequencies of 12%-23.5%, 5%, and 4.1%, respectively. However, with the increasing use of next-generation sequencing of small family pedigrees, this has led to an increasing number of genes being associated with ALS. This review provides a comprehensive review on the genetics of ALS and an update of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with these genes. Commonly implicated pathways have been established, including RNA processing, the protein degradation pathways of autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome system, as well as protein trafficking and cytoskeletal function. Elucidating the role genetics plays in both FALS and sporadic ALS is essential for understanding the subsequent cellular dysregulation that leads to motor neuron loss, in order to develop future effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan A Alsultan
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
| | - Rachel Waller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
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