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Association of low-frequency and rare coding variants with information processing speed. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:613. [PMID: 34864818 PMCID: PMC8643353 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measures of information processing speed vary between individuals and decline with age. Studies of aging twins suggest heritability may be as high as 67%. The Illumina HumanExome Bead Chip genotyping array was used to examine the association of rare coding variants with performance on the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) in community-dwelling adults participating in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. DSST scores were available for 30,576 individuals of European ancestry from nine cohorts and for 5758 individuals of African ancestry from four cohorts who were older than 45 years and free of dementia and clinical stroke. Linear regression models adjusted for age and gender were used for analysis of single genetic variants, and the T5, T1, and T01 burden tests that aggregate the number of rare alleles by gene were also applied. Secondary analyses included further adjustment for education. Meta-analyses to combine cohort-specific results were carried out separately for each ancestry group. Variants in RNF19A reached the threshold for statistical significance (p = 2.01 × 10-6) using the T01 test in individuals of European descent. RNF19A belongs to the class of E3 ubiquitin ligases that confer substrate specificity when proteins are ubiquitinated and targeted for degradation through the 26S proteasome. Variants in SLC22A7 and OR51A7 were suggestively associated with DSST scores after adjustment for education for African-American participants and in the European cohorts, respectively. Further functional characterization of its substrates will be required to confirm the role of RNF19A in cognitive function.
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2
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Ma Y, Qi Q, He Q, Gilyazova NS, Ibeanu G, Li PA. Neuroprotection by B355252 against Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Murine Hippocampal HT-22 Cells Is Associated with Activation of ERK3 Signaling Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1662-1669. [PMID: 34719643 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate differentially affects the levels extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and ERK3 and the protective effect of B355252, an aryl thiophene compound, 4-chloro-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-5-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)phenoxy)thiophene-2-sulfonamide, is associated with suppression of ERK1/2. The objectives of this study were to further investigate the impact of B355252 on ERK3 and its downstream signaling pathways affected by glutamate exposure in the mouse hippocampal HT-22 neuronal cells. Murine hippocampal HT22 cells were incubated with glutamate and treated with B355252. Cell viability was assessed, protein levels of pERK3, ERK3, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-5 (MAPKAPK-5), steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3), p-S6 and S6 were measured using Western blotting, and immunoreactivity of p-S6 was determined by immunocytochemistry. The results reveal that glutamate markedly diminished the protein levels of p-ERK3 and its downstream targets MK-5 and SRC-3 and increased p-S6, an indicator for mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Conversely, treatment with B355252 protected the cells from glutamate-induced damage and prevented the glutamate-caused declines of p-ERK3, MK-5 and SRC-3 and increase of p-S6. Our study demonstrates that one of the mechanisms that glutamate mediates its cytotoxicity is through suppression of ERK3 and that B355252 rescues the cells from glutamate toxicity by reverting ERK3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University.,The Julis Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute (BBRI), North Carolina Central University
| | - Qingping He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - Nailya S Gilyazova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - Gordon Ibeanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
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3
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Sun W, Shi A, Ma D, Bolscher JGM, Nazmi K, Veerman ECI, Bikker FJ, Lin H, Wu G. All-trans retinoic acid and human salivary histatin-1 promote the spreading and osteogenic activities of pre-osteoblasts in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:396-406. [PMID: 31957262 PMCID: PMC7050254 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell‐based bone tissue engineering techniques utilize both osteogenic cells and biomedical materials, and have emerged as a promising approach for large‐volume bone repair. The success of such techniques is highly dependent on cell adhesion, spreading, and osteogenic activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of co‐administration of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and human salivary peptide histatin‐1 (Hst1) on the spreading and osteogenic activities of pre‐osteoblasts on bio‐inert glass surfaces. Pre‐osteoblasts (MC3T3‐E1 cell line) were seeded onto bio‐inert glass slides in the presence and absence of ATRA and Hst1. Cell spreading was scored by measuring surface areas of cellular filopodia and lamellipodia using a point‐counting method. The distribution of fluorogenic Hst1 within osteogenic cells was also analyzed. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of retinoic acid receptors α, β, and γ, such as ER‐50891, LE‐135, and MM‐11253, were added to identify the involvement of these receptors. Cell metabolic activity, DNA content, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were assessed to monitor their effects on osteogenic activities. Short‐term (2 h) co‐administration of 10 μm ATRA and Hst1 to pre‐osteoblasts resulted in significantly higher spreading of pre‐osteoblasts compared to ATRA or Hst1 alone. ER‐50891 and LE‐135 both nullified these effects of ATRA. Co‐administration of ATRA and Hst1 was associated with significantly higher metabolic activity, DNA content, and ALP activity than either ATRA or Hst1 alone. In conclusion, co‐administration of Hst1 with ATRA additively stimulated the spreading and osteogenicity of pre‐osteoblasts on bio‐inert glass surfaces in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), The Netherlands
| | - Andi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), The Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), The Netherlands
| | - Enno C I Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), The Netherlands
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), The Netherlands
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), The Netherlands
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Ma F, Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhou Q, Hong X, Qu C, Feng X, Zhang Y, Ding Q, Zhao J, Hou J, Zhong M, Zhuo H, Zhong L, Ye Z, Xie W, Liu Y, Xiong Y, Chen H, Piao D, Sun B, Gao Z, Li Q, Zhang Z, Qiu X, Zhang Z. Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 3 Loss Activates Purine Metabolism and Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression. Hepatology 2019; 70:1785-1803. [PMID: 31066068 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells metabolize different energy sources to generate biomass rapidly. The purine biosynthetic pathway was recently identified as an important source of metabolic intermediates for these processes. However, very little was known about the regulatory mechanisms of purine metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We explored the role of dual-specificity tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation-regulated kinase 3 (Dyrk3) in HCC metabolism. Dyrk3 was significantly down-regulated in HCC compared with normal controls. Its introduction in HCC cells markedly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft tumor models. Mass spectrometric analysis of metabolites suggests that the effect of Dyrk3 on HCC occurred at least partially through down-regulating purine metabolism, as evidenced by the fact that inhibiting purine synthesis reverted the HCC progression mediated by the loss of Dyrk3. We further provide evidence that this action of Dyrk3 knockdown requires nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCOA3), which has been shown to be a coactivator of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) to target purine pathway genes for transcriptional activation. Mechanistically, Dyrk3 directly phosphorylated NCOA3 at Ser-1330, disrupting its binding to ATF4 and thereby causing the inhibition of ATF4 transcriptional activity. However, the phosphorylation-resistant NCOA3-S1330A mutant has the opposite effect. Interestingly, the promoter activity of Dyrk3 was negatively regulated by ATF4, indicating a double-negative feedback loop. Importantly, levels of Dyrk3 and phospho-NCOA3-S1330 inversely correlate with the expression of ATF4 in human HCC specimens. Conclusion: Our findings not only illustrate a function of Dyrk3 in reprograming HCC metabolism by negatively regulating NCOA3/ATF4 transcription factor complex but also identify NCOA3 as a phosphorylation substrate of Dyrk3, suggesting the Dyrk3/NCOA3/ATF4 axis as a potential candidate for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- The affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Yuekun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xing Feng
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Yiyun Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Qingbin Ding
- Department of Operation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiabao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingjing Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengya Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huiqin Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lifeng Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhijian Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yubo Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Daxun Piao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy (Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research), Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- The affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Anhui of Harbin Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xingfeng Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- The affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Department of Surgery, Robert-Wood-Johnson Medical School University Hospital, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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The E3 ubiquitin protein ligase MDM2 dictates all-trans retinoic acid-induced osteoblastic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells by modulating the degradation of RARα. Oncogene 2016; 35:4358-67. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Zhao KN, Masci PP, Chen J, Lavin MF. Calcium prevents retinoic acid-induced disruption of the spectrin-based cytoskeleton in keratinocytes through the Src/PI3K-p85α/AKT/PKCδ/β-adducin pathways. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Nan Zhao
- Centre for Kidney Disease--Venomics Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Antoon JW, Bratton MR, Guillot LM, Wadsworth S, Salvo VA, Burow ME. Inhibition of p38-MAPK alters SRC coactivation and estrogen receptor phosphorylation. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1026-33. [PMID: 22825349 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.20992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) is known to promote cell survival, endocrine therapy resistance and hormone independent breast cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, we utilized the novel p38 inhibitor RWJ67657 to investigate the relevance of targeting this pathway in the ER (+) breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Our results show that RWJ67657 inhibits both basal and estrogen stimulated phosphorylation of p38α, resulting in decreased activation of the downstream p38α targets hsp27 and MAPAPK. Furthermore, inhibition of p38α by RWJ67657 blocks clonogenic survival of MCF-7 cells with little effect on non-cancerous breast epithelial cells. Even though p38α is known to phosphorylate ERα at residue within ER's hinge region at Thr311, resulting in increased ERα transcriptional activation, our results suggest RWJ67657 inhibits the p38α-induced activation of ER by targeting both the AF-1 and AF-2 activation domains within ERα. We further show that RWJ67657 decreases the transcriptional activity of the ER coactivators SRC-1, SRC-2 and SRC-3. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that in addition to phosphorylating Thr311 within ERα, p38α indirectly activates the ER by phosphorylation and stimulation of the known ERα coactivators, SRC-1, -2 and-3. Overall, our data underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting the p38 MAPK pathway in the treatment of ER (+) breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Antoon
- Department Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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8
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The many faces of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in progenitor/stem cell differentiation. Biochem J 2012; 445:1-10. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of stem cells is essential for development and adult tissue homoeostasis. The proper control of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation maintains organ physiology, and disruption of such a balance results in disease. There are many mechanisms that have been established as stem cell regulators, such as Wnt or Notch signals. However, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate and integrate these signals are not well understood. A new intracellular pathway that has been reported to be involved in the regulation of many stem cell types is that of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). In particular, p38α is essential for the proper differentiation of many haematopoietic, mesenchymal and epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Many reports have shown that disruption of this kinase pathway has pathological consequences in many organs. Understanding the extracellular cues and downstream targets of p38α in stem cell regulation may help to tackle some of the pathologies associated with improper differentiation and regulation of stem cell function. In the present review we present a vision of the current knowledge on the roles of the p38α signal as a regulator of stem/progenitor cells in different tissues in physiology and disease.
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Plotnikov A, Zehorai E, Procaccia S, Seger R. The MAPK cascades: signaling components, nuclear roles and mechanisms of nuclear translocation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1619-33. [PMID: 21167873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK cascades are central signaling pathways that regulate a wide variety of stimulated cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and stress response. Therefore, dysregulation, or improper functioning of these cascades, is involved in the induction and progression of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and developmental abnormalities. Many of these physiological, and pathological functions are mediated by MAPK-dependent transcription of various regulatory genes. In order to induce transcription and the consequent functions, the signals transmitted via the cascades need to enter the nucleus, where they may modulate the activity of transcription factors and chromatin remodeling enzymes. In this review, we briefly cover the composition of the MAPK cascades, as well as their physiological and pathological functions. We describe, in more detail, many of the important nuclear activities of the MAPK cascades, and we elaborate on the mechanisms of ERK1/2 translocation into the nucleus, including the identification of their nuclear translocation sequence (NTS) binding to the shuttling protein importin7. Overall, the nuclear translocation of signaling components may emerge as an important regulatory layer in the induction of cellular processes, and therefore, may serve as targets for therapeutic intervention in signaling-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Plotnikov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Isreal
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Meng QY, Chen XN, Zhao J, Swaab DF, Zhou JN. Distribution of retinoic acid receptor-α immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2010; 174:132-42. [PMID: 21130848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids, a family of molecules that is derived from vitamin A, are involved in a complex signaling pathway that regulates gene expression and controls neuronal differentiation in the central nervous system. The physiological actions of retinoids are mainly mediated by retinoic acid receptors. Here we describe the distribution of retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) in the human hypothalamus by immunohistochemistry. RARα immunoreactivity showed a widespread pattern throughout the hypothalamus, with high density in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), infundibular nucleus and medial mamillary nucleus. No staining was observed in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of preoptic area, tuberomamillary nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. RARα was co-localized with vasopressin (AVP) neurons in the SCN, PVN and SON, and co-localized with corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the PVN. These findings provide a neurobiological basis for the participation of retinoids in the regulation of various hypothalamic functions. As shown earlier, the co-localization of RARα in CRH neurons suggests that retinoids might directly modulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in the PVN, which may have implications for the stress response and its involvement in mood disorders. Functional studies in the other sites of RARα localization have to follow in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-Y Meng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, Anhui, PR China
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Leonarduzzi G, Sottero B, Poli G. Targeting tissue oxidative damage by means of cell signaling modulators: The antioxidant concept revisited. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:336-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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