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Mock J, Schühle K, Linne U, Mock M, Heider J. A Synthetic Pathway for the Production of Benzylsuccinate in Escherichia coli. Molecules 2024; 29:415. [PMID: 38257328 PMCID: PMC10818641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(R)-Benzylsuccinate is generated in anaerobic toluene degradation by the radical addition of toluene to fumarate and further degraded to benzoyl-CoA by a β-oxidation pathway. Using metabolic modules for benzoate transport and activation to benzoyl-CoA and the enzymes of benzylsuccinate β-oxidation, we established an artificial pathway for benzylsuccinate production in Escherichia coli, which is based on its degradation pathway running in reverse. Benzoate is supplied to the medium but needs to be converted to benzoyl-CoA by an uptake transporter and a benzoate-CoA ligase or CoA-transferase. In contrast, the second substrate succinate is endogenously produced from glucose under anaerobic conditions, and the constructed pathway includes a succinyl-CoA:benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase that activates it to the CoA-thioester. We present first evidence for the feasibility of this pathway and explore product yields under different growth conditions. Compared to aerobic cultures, the product yield increased more than 1000-fold in anaerobic glucose-fermenting cultures and showed further improvement under fumarate-respiring conditions. An important bottleneck to overcome appears to be product excretion, based on much higher recorded intracellular concentrations of benzylsuccinate, compared to those excreted. While no export system is known for benzylsuccinate, we observed an increased product yield after adding an unspecific mechanosensitive channel to the constructed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mock
- Fachbereich Biologe, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Synmikro Center Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Karola Schühle
- Fachbereich Biologe, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Linne
- Synmikro Center Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mock
- Fachbereich Biologe, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Johann Heider
- Fachbereich Biologe, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Synmikro Center Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Manutsyan T, Blbulyan S, Vassilian A, Semashko T, Kirakosyan G, Gabrielyan L, Trchounian K, Poladyan A. Gold nanoparticles activate hydrogenase synthesis and improve heterotrophic growth of Ralstonia eutropha H16. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnad138. [PMID: 38167703 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia eutropha is a facultative chemolithoautotrophic aerobic bacterium that grows using organic substrates or H2 and CO2. Hydrogenases (Hyds) are synthesized under lithoautotrophic, or energy-limited heterotrophic conditions and are used in enzyme fuel cells (EFC) as anodic catalysts. The effects of chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) on R. eutropha H16 growth, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) kinetics, and H2-oxidizing Hyd activity were investigated in this study. Atomic force microscopy showed that thin, plate-shaped Au-NPs were in the nanoscale range with an average size of 5.68 nm. Compared with growth in medium without Au-NPs (control), the presence of Au-NPs stimulated growth, and resulted in a decrease in ORP to negative values. H2-oxidizing activity was not detected in the absence of Au-NPs, but activity was significantly induced (12 U/g CDW) after 24 h of growth with 18 ng/ml, increasing a further 4-fold after 72 h of growth. The results demonstrate that Au-NPs primarily influence the membrane-bound Hyd. In contrast to R. eutropha, Au-NPs had a negligible or negative effect on the growth, Hyd activity, and H2 production of Escherichia coli. The findings of this study offer new perspectives for the production of oxygen-tolerant Hyds and the development of EFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatevik Manutsyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Syuzanna Blbulyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anait Vassilian
- Research Institute of Biology, Biology Faculty, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoukian Str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Lilit Gabrielyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karen Trchounian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
- Research Institute of Biology, Biology Faculty, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoukian Str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anna Poladyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
- Research Institute of Biology, Biology Faculty, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoukian Str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
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Iskandaryan M, Blbulyan S, Sahakyan M, Vassilian A, Trchounian K, Poladyan A. L-amino acids affect the hydrogenase activity and growth of Ralstonia eutropha H16. AMB Express 2023; 13:33. [PMID: 36932299 PMCID: PMC10023824 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia eutropha H16 is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium with O2-tolerant hydrogenase (Hyds) enzymes. Hyds are expressed in the presence of gas mixtures (H2, O2, CO2) or under energy limitation and stress conditions. O2-tolerant Hyds are promising candidates as anode biocatalysts in enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs). Supplementation of 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract to the fructose-nitrogen (FN) growth medium enhanced H2-oxidizing Hyd activity ~ sixfold. Our study aimed to identify key metabolites (L-amino acids (L-AAs) and vitamins) in yeast extract that are necessary for the increased synthesis and activity of Hyds. A decrease in pH and a reduction in ORP (from + 240 ± 5 mV to - 180 mV ± 10 mV values) after 24 h of growth in the presence of AAs were observed. Compared to the FN-medium control, supplementation of 7.0 μmol/ml of the L-AA mixture stimulated the growth of bacteria ~ 1.9 to 2.9 fold, after 72 h. The whole cells' H2-oxidizing Hyd activity was not observed in control samples, whereas the addition of L-AAs, mainly glycine resulted in a maximum of ~ 22 ± 0.5 and 15 ± 0.3 U, g CDW-1 activity after 24 h and 72 h, respectively. Our results suggest a correlation between ORP, pH, and function of Hyds in R. eutropha H16 in the presence of key L-AAs. L-AAs used in small amounts can be proposed as signaling molecules or key components of Hyd maturation. These results are important for the optimization of O2-tolerant Hyds production as anode biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Iskandaryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Syuzanna Blbulyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mayramik Sahakyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anait Vassilian
- Research Institute of Biology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karen Trchounian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia.,Research Institute of Biology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anna Poladyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia. .,Research Institute of Biology, Biology Faculty, YSU, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Formate hydrogenlyase, formic acid translocation and hydrogen production: dynamic membrane biology during fermentation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148919. [PMID: 36152681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Formate hydrogenlyase-1 (FHL-1) is a complex-I-like enzyme that is commonly found in gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme comprises a peripheral arm and a membrane arm but is not involved in quinone reduction. Instead, FHL-1 couples formate oxidation to the reduction of protons to molecular hydrogen (H2). Escherichia coli produces FHL-1 under fermentative conditions where it serves to detoxify formic acid in the environment. The membrane biology and bioenergetics surrounding E. coli FHL-1 have long held fascination. Here, we review recent work on understanding the molecular basis of formic acid efflux and influx. We also consider the structure and function of E. coli FHL-1, its relationship with formate transport, and pay particular attention to the molecular interface between the peripheral arm and the membrane arm. Finally, we highlight the interesting phenotype of genetic mutation of the ND1 Loop, which is located at that interface.
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Karapetyan L, Mikoyan G, Vassilian A, Valle A, Bolivar J, Trchounian A, Trchounian K. Escherichia coli Dcu C 4-dicarboxylate transporters dependent proton and potassium fluxes and F OF 1-ATPase activity during glucose fermentation at pH 7.5. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107867. [PMID: 34118553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During fermentation in Escherichia coli succinate is transported via Dcu transporters, encoded dcuA, dcuB, dcuC and dcuD although the role of DcuD protein has not been elucidated yet. It has been shown contribution of Dcu transporters in the N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) sensitive proton and potassium transport through the cytoplasmic membrane and membrane-associated ATPase activity. Total H± efflux was decreased ~ 40% while K± uptake was absent in dcuD mutant. DCCD-sensitive H± flux was absent in dcuD nevertheless it was increased ~ 3 fold in dcuACB. K± uptake in dcuACB was stimulated ~ 30% compared to wild type but in DCCD assays K± ions were effluxed with the rate of 0.15 mmol/min per 109 cells/ml. In dcuACB mutant membrane potential (ΔΨ) was ~ 30 mV higher than in wild type. dcuD gene expression was increased in the dcuACB mutant respect to wild type at pH 7.5 (~120%), suggesting that an increment of DcuD activity compensates the lack of DcuA, DcuC and DcuB carriers. It can be concluded that active DcuD is important for H± efflux via the FOF1-ATPase and K± uptake at pH 7.5. In addition, DcuA, DcuB and DcuC transporters are crucial for regulating DCCD-sensitive K± transport and ΔΨ in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karapetyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia; Scientific-Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia; Microbial Biotechnologies and Biofuel Innovation Center, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G Mikoyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia; Microbial Biotechnologies and Biofuel Innovation Center, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A Vassilian
- Scientific-Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A Valle
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Bolivar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - A Trchounian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia; Scientific-Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K Trchounian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia; Scientific-Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia; Microbial Biotechnologies and Biofuel Innovation Center, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
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Mikoyan G, Karapetyan L, Vassilian A, Trchounian A, Trchounian K. External succinate and potassium ions influence Dcu dependent FOF1-ATPase activity and H+ flux of Escherichia coli at different pHs. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:377-382. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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