LncRNA RAD51-AS1/miR-29b/c-3p/NDRG2 crosstalk repressed proliferation, invasion and glycolysis of colorectal cancer

Emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in enzymes related intracellular metabolic pathways in cancer biology

Metabolic reprogramming plays critical roles in the development and progression of tumor by providing cancer cells with a sufficient supply of nutrients and other factors needed for fast-proliferating. Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the initiation of metastasis via regulating the metabolic reprogramming in various cancers. In this paper, we aim to summarize that lncRNAs could participate in intracellular nutrient metabolism including glucose, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide, regardless of whether lncRNAs have tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressor function. Meanwhile, modulation of lncRNAs in glucose metabolic enzymes in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer is reviewed. We also discuss therapeutic strategies targeted at interfering with enzyme activity to decrease the utilization of glucoses, amino acid, nucleotide acid and lipid in tumor cells. This review focuses on our current understanding of lncRNAs participating in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, paving the way for further investigation into the combination of such approaches with existing anti-cancer therapies.

Long non-coding RNA RAD51-AS1 promotes the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer by elevating EIF5A2 expression

PURPOSE

The present study aims to determine the molecular mechanism mediated by RAD51 antisense RNA 1 (RAD51-AS1) in ovarian cancer (OvCA).

METHODS

The data associated with RAD51-AS1 in OvCA were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Relative expression of RAD51-AS1 was detected. Determination of cell proliferation, metastasis, and invasion was performed by cell counting, colony formation, would-healing, and transwell invasion assays. Protein levels were detected by western blotting. The molecular mechanism mediated by RAD51-AS1 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Subcutaneous tumorigenesis models were used to confirm the function of RAD51-AS1 in vivo.

RESULTS

Data from TCGA and GEO showed that RAD51-AS1 was associated with poor prognosis in OvCA patients and DNA repair, cell cycle, focal adhesion, and apoptosis in SKOV3.ip cells. High levels of RAD51-AS1 were detected in OvCA cells. Overexpressing RAD51-AS1 enhanced the proliferative, invading, and migratory capabilities of OvCA cells in vitro while silencing RAD51-AS1 exhibited the opposite effects. Mechanically, RAD51-AS1 elevated eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2 (EIF5A2) expression as a sponge for microRNA (miR)-140-3p. Finally, the role of RAD51-AS1 was verified by subcutaneous tumorigenesis models.

CONCLUSION

RAD51-AS1 promoted OvCA progression by the regulation of the miR-140-3p/EIF5A2 axis, which illustrated the potential therapeutic target for OvCA.

Non-coding RNAs as Biomarkers for Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high incidence and fatality rate worldwide. It ranks second concerning death worldwide. Cancer patients are diagnosed with the disease at a later stage due to the absence of early diagnostic methods, which leads to increased death. With the help of recent advancements in the fields of diagnosis and therapy, the development of novel methods using new targets could be helpful for the long-term survival of CRC patients when CRC is detected early. However, the prognosis for the advanced stage of CRC is abysmal. New biomarkers are emerging as promising alternatives since they can be utilized for early detection of CRC, are simple to use, and non-invasive. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been seen to have an aberrant expression in the development of many malignancies, including CRC. In the past two decades, much research has been done on non-coding RNAs, which may be valuable as biomarkers and targets for antitumor therapy. Non-coding RNAs can be employed in detecting and treating CRC. Non-coding RNAs play an essential role in regulating gene expression. This article reviews ncRNAs and their expression levels in CRC patients that could be used as potential biomarkers. Various ncRNAs have been associated with CRC, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, etc. The expression of these non-coding RNAs may provide insights into the stages of cancer and the prognosis of cancer patients and therefore proper precautionary measures can be taken to decrease cancer-related deaths.

Phytochemicals targeting glycolysis in colorectal cancer therapy: effects and mechanisms of action

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world, and it is prone to recurrence and metastasis during treatment. Aerobic glycolysis is one of the main characteristics of tumor cell metabolism in CRC. Tumor cells rely on glycolysis to rapidly consume glucose and to obtain more lactate and intermediate macromolecular products so as to maintain growth and proliferation. The regulation of the CRC glycolysis pathway is closely associated with several signal transduction pathways and transcription factors including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), myc, and p53. Targeting the glycolytic pathway has become one of the key research aspects in CRC therapy. Many phytochemicals were shown to exert anti-CRC activity by targeting the glycolytic pathway. Here, we review the effects and mechanisms of phytochemicals on CRC glycolytic pathways, providing a new method of drug development.

Long noncoding RNAs, glucose metabolism and cancer (Review)

Cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, which, despite numerous advances over several decades, remains a challenge to treat that challenging to detect at an early stage or treat during the later stages. Long noncoding RNAs are >200 nucleotides long and do not possess protein-coding capacity, instead regulating cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, maturation, apoptosis, metastasis, and sugar metabolism. Several studies have shown the role of lncRNAs and glucose metabolism in regulating several key glycolytic enzymes and the activity of multiple functional signaling pathways during tumor progression. Thus, it is possible to further learn about the effects of lncRNA and glycolytic metabolism on tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis through a thorough investigation of the lncRNA expression profiles and glycolytic metabolism in tumors. This may provide a novel strategy for improving the management of several types of cancer.

Functional importance of glucose transporters and chromatin epigenetic factors in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM): possible therapeutics

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer affecting glial cells and is chemo- and radio-resistant. Glucose is considered the most vital energy source for cancer cell proliferation. During metabolism, hexose molecules will be transported into the cells via transmembrane proteins known as glucose transporter (GLUT). Among them, GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 play pivotal roles in glucose transport in GBM. Knockdown studies have established the role of GLUT-1, and GLUT-3 mediated glucose transport in GBM cells, providing insight into GLUT-mediated cancer signaling and cancer aggressiveness. This review focussed on the vital role of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 proteins, which regulate glucose transport. Recent studies have identified the role of GLUT inhibitors in effective cancer prevention. Several of them are in clinical trials. Understanding and functional approaches towards glucose-mediated cell metabolism and chromatin epigenetics will provide valuable insights into the mechanism of cancer aggressiveness, cancer stemness, and chemo-resistance in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). This review summarizes the role of GLUT inhibitors, micro-RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs that aid in inhibiting glucose uptake by the GBM cells and other cancer cells leading to the identification of potential therapeutic, prognostic as well as diagnostic markers. Furthermore, the involvement of epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, in regulating glycolytic genes was demonstrated.

Construction and validation of a metabolic-associated lncRNA risk index for predicting colorectal cancer prognosis

Background

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the most important events in the development of tumors. Similarly, long non-coding RNAs are closely related to the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there is still a lack of systematic research on metabolism-related lncRNA in CRC.

Methods

Expression data of metabolism-related genes and lncRNA were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Hub metabolism-related genes (HMRG) were screened out by differential analysis and univariate Cox analysis; a metabolism-related lncRNA risk index (MRLncRI) was constructed by co-expression analysis, univariate Cox regression analysis, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Survival curves were drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method. The ssGSEA method assessed the tumor microenvironment of the sample, and the IPS assessed the patient’s response to immunotherapy. “Oncopredict” assessed patient sensitivity to six common drugs.

Results

MRLncRI has excellent predictive ability for CRC prognosis. Based on this, we also constructed a nomogram that is more suitable for clinical applications. Most immune cells and immune-related terms were higher in the high-risk group. IPS scores were higher in the high-risk group. In addition, the high-risk and low-risk groups were sensitive to different drugs.

Conclusion

MRLncRI can accurately predict the prognosis of CRC patients, is a promising biomarker, and has guiding significance for the clinical treatment of CRC.

Identification of a novel small-molecule inhibitor of miR-29b attenuates muscle atrophy

Muscle atrophy is debilitating and can be induced by several stressors. Unfortunately, there are no effective pharmacological treatment until now. MicroRNA (miR)-29b is an important target that we identified to be commonly involved in multiple types of muscle atrophy. Although sequence-specific inhibition of miR-29b has been developed, in this study, we report a novel small-molecule miR-29b inhibitor that targets miR-29b hairpin precursor (pre-miR-29b) (Targapremir-29b-066 [TGP-29b-066]) considering both its three-dimensional structure and the thermodynamics of interaction between pre-miR-29b and the small molecule. This novel small-molecule inhibitor has been demonstrated to attenuate muscle atrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), dexamethasone (Dex), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in C2C12 myotubes, as evidenced by increase in the diameter of myotube and decrease in the expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Moreover, it can also attenuate Ang II-induced muscle atrophy in mice, as evidenced by a similar increase in the diameter of myotube, reduced Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression, AKT-FOXO3A-mTOR signaling activation, and decreased apoptosis and autophagy. In summary, we experimentally identified and demonstrated a novel small-molecule inhibitor of miR-29b that could act as a potential therapeutic agent for muscle atrophy.

LncRNAs in colorectal cancer: Biomarkers to therapeutic targets

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women worldwide. As early detection is associated with lower mortality, novel biomarkers are urgently needed for timely diagnosis and appropriate management of patients to achieve the best therapeutic response. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play essential roles in CRC progression. Accordingly, the regulatory roles of lncRNAs should be better understood in general and for identifying diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC specifically. In this review, the latest advances on the potential diagnostic and prognostic lncRNAs as biomarkers in CRC samples were highlighted, Current knowledge on dysregulated lncRNAs and their potential molecular mechanisms were summarized. The potential therapeutic implications and challenges for future and ongoing research in the field were also discussed. Finally, novel insights on the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs were examined as to their potential role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in CRC. This review may be used to design future studies and advanced investigations on lncRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy in CRC.

LncRNA RAD51-AS1 Regulates Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Interaction with YBX1 to Ameliorate Osteoporosis

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a new key regulatory molecule in the occurrence of osteoporosis, but its research is still in the primary stage. In order to study the role and mechanism of lncRNA in the occurrence of osteoporosis, we reannotated the GSE35956 datasets, compared and analyzed the differential expression profiles of lncRNAs between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) from healthy and osteoporotic patients, and then screened a lncRNA RAD51-AS1 with low expression in hBMSCs from osteoporotic patients, and its role in the occurrence of osteoporosis has not been studied. We confirmed that the expression level of lncRNA RAD51-AS1 in hBMSCs from patients with osteoporosis was significantly lower than those from healthy donors. A nuclear cytoplasmic separation experiment and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that RAD51-AS1 was mainly located in the nucleus. RAD51-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and significantly increased their apoptosis, while RAD51-AS1 overexpression significantly promoted the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and ectopic bone formation of hBMSCs. Mechanistically, we found that RAD51-AS1 banded to YBX1 and then activated the TGF-β signal pathway by binding to Smad7 and Smurf2 mRNA to inhibit their translation and transcription up-regulated PCNA and SIVA1 by binding to their promoter regions. In conclusion, RAD51-AS1 promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by binding YBX1, inhibiting the translation of Smad7 and Smurf2, and transcriptionally up-regulated PCNA and SIVA1.

BDE-47, -99, -209 and Their Ternary Mixture Disrupt Glucose and Lipid Metabolism of Hepg2 Cells at Dietary Relevant Concentrations: Mechanistic Insight through Integrated Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals implied as flame retardants. Humans are mainly exposed to BDE-47, -99, and -209 congeners by diet. PBDEs are metabolic disruptors with the liver as the main target organ. To investigate their mode of action at a human-relevant concentration, we exposed HepG2 cells to these congeners and their mixture at 1 nM, analyzing their transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. KEGG pathways and GSEA Hallmarks enrichment analyses evidenced that BDE-47 disrupted the glucose metabolism and hypoxia pathway; all the congeners and the MIX affected lipid metabolism and signaling Hallmarks regulating metabolism as mTORC1 and PI3K/AKT/MTOR. These results were confirmed by glucose secretion depletion and increased lipid accumulation, especially in BDE-47 and -209 treated cells. These congeners also affected the EGFR/MAPK signaling; further, BDE-47 enriched the estrogen pathway. Interestingly, BDE-209 and the MIX increased ERα gene expression, whereas all the congeners and the MIX induced ERβ and PPARα. We also found that PBDEs modulated several lncRNAs and that HNRNAP1 represented a central hub in all the four interaction networks. Overall, the PBDEs investigated affected glucose and lipid metabolism with different underlying modes of action, as highlighted by the integrated omics analysis, at a dietary relevant concentration. These results may support the mechanism-based risk assessment of these compounds in relation to liver metabolism disruption.

Long non-coding RNAs play an important regulatory role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression through aerobic glycolysis

Compared to normal cells, cancer cells generate ATP mainly through aerobic glycolysis, which promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with little or without evident protein-encoding function. LncRNAs are involved in the ten hallmarks of cancer, interestingly, they are also closely associated with aerobic glycolysis. However, the mechanism of this process is non-transparent to date. Demonstrating the mechanism of lncRNAs regulating tumorigenesis and tumor progression through aerobic glycolysis is particularly critical for cancer therapy, and may provide novel therapeutic targets or strategies in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs and aerobic glycolysis in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and further explore their interaction, in hope to provide a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Emerging role of non-coding RNAs in glucose metabolic reprogramming and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer

Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC). It contributes to CRC by shaping metabolic phenotypes and causing uncontrolled proliferation of CRC cells. Glucose metabolic reprogramming is common in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Growing evidence has implicated the modifying effects of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in glucose metabolic reprogramming and chemoresistance in CRC. In this review, we have summarized currently published studies investigating the role of ncRNAs in glucose metabolic alterations and chemoresistance in CRC. Elucidating the interplay between ncRNAs and glucose metabolic reprogramming provides insight into exploring novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of CRC.

Effect of miR-488 on Colon Cancer Biology and Clinical Applications

Objective

To explore the expression levels of miR-488, miR-29c-3p, and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in colon cancer tissue and analyze their relationship with clinicopathological features in patients with colon cancer.

Methods

The study was conducted from November 2012 to November 2020. A total of 200 patients with colon cancer were treated in our hospital during this period. During the operation, the colon cancer tissues and the adjacent tissues whose distance from the cancer tissues were more than 5 cm were collected, and the expression levels of miR-488, miR-29c-3p, and GDF15 mRNA in colon cancer tissues were detected by qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative). The relationship between them and the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with colon cancer were analyzed and discussed.

Results

The level of miR-488 in colon cancer tissues was lower than that in adjacent tissues, but the levels of miR-29c-3p and GDF15 mRNA in colon cancer tissues were higher than those in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). Compared with paracancerous tissues, the expression rates of miR-29c-3p and GDF15 protein were higher in colon cancer tissues (P < 0.05). There was no difference in age, sex, tumor location, and tumor diameter between high expression of miR-488 group and low expression of miR-488 group (P > 0.05). The degree of differentiation, depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and other factors have a direct impact on the level of miR-488 and the expression of miR-29c-3p (P < 0.05). The depth of invasion, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis could affect the expression of GDF15 in patients with colon cancer (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

miR-488, miR-29c-3p, and GDF15 in colon cancer tissue are related to the clinicopathological features of patients in varying degrees and may become markers after early warning of colon cancer, which can provide effective guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer: Their Functions and Mechanisms

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy with high mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC remain unclear. Controversies over the exact functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the progression of CRC have been prevailing for multiple years. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in various human cancers, including CRC. The intracellular signaling pathways by which ncRNAs act on tumor cells have been explored, and in CRC, various studies have identified numerous dysregulated ncRNAs that serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the process of tumorigenesis through diverse mechanisms. In this review, we have summarized the functions and mechanisms of ncRNAs (mainly lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs) in the tumorigenesis of CRC. We also discuss the potential applications of ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as therapeutic targets in CRC. This review details strategies that trigger the recognition of CRC-related ncRNAs, as well as the methodologies and challenges of studying these molecules, and the forthcoming clinical applications of these findings.

MicroRNA-363-3p, negatively regulated by long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5, inhibits tumor progression by targeting Aurora kinase A in colorectal cancer

MicroRNA-363-3p (miR-363-3p), reportedly, exhibits a tumor-suppressive role in human malignancies. Herein, our research was designed to further explain the functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-363-3p in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). With in vitro models, this study found that miR-363-3p was markedly under-expressed in CRC tissues and cells, and its overexpression suppressed the viability, migration, and invasion of CRC cells, and promoted cell apoptosis, whereas inhibiting miR-363-3p expression exhibited an opposite role. Additionally, aurora kinase A (AURKA), capable of counteracting the impacts of miR-363-3p on malignant biological behaviors of CRC cells, was identified as a direct target of miR-363-3p. Besides, miR-363-3p was sponged by long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5), which suppressed miR-363-3p expression. This research shows that SNHG5/miR-363-3p/AURKA axis partakes in CRC progression.

The Regulatory Network of MicroRNA in the Metabolism of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world. During the progression of CRC, the entire metabolic network undergoes reprogramming, including marked changes in the regulation of glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) account for only 1% of the entire human genome, they play an important role in almost all physiological and pathological processes in the body. MiRNAs can react directly with key enzymes in the metabolic processes. MiRNAs also interact with other ncRNAs, as a member of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), to form their own regulatory network in various oncogenic pathways of CRC metabolism. The progression of colorectal cancer is closely related to the intestinal flora, where miRNAs act as important mediators. Understanding how miRNAs act in the regulatory network of CRC metabolism is helpful to elucidate the characteristics of tumor occurrence, proliferation, metastasis and drug resistance. This review summarizes the role of miRNAs in the metabolism of CRC and how miRNAs interact with key enzymes, ncRNA and intestinal flora to further discuss how miRNAs affect CRC and realize some new strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Dietary Patterns and Associated Microbiome Changes that Promote Oncogenesis

The recent increases in cancer incidences have been linked to lifestyle changes that result in obesity and metabolic syndrome. It is now evident that these trends are associated with the profound changes that occur in the intestinal microbiome, producing altered microbial population signatures that interact, directly or indirectly, with potentially pro-carcinogenic molecular pathways of transcription, proliferation, and inflammation. The effects of the entire gut microbial population on overall health are complex, but individual bacteria are known to play important and definable roles. Recent detailed examinations of a large number of subjects show a tight correlation between habitual diets, fecal microbiome signatures, and markers of metabolic health. Diets that score higher in healthfulness or diversity such as plant-based diets, have altered ratios of specific bacteria, including an increase in short-chain fatty acid producers, which in turn have been linked to improved metabolic markers and lowered cancer risk. Contrarily, numerous studies have implicated less healthy, lower-scoring diets such as the Western diet with reduced intestinal epithelial defenses and promotion of specific bacteria that affect carcinogenic pathways. In this review, we will describe how different dietary patterns affect microbial populations in the gut and illustrate the subsequent impact of bacterial products and metabolites on molecular pathways of cancer development, both locally in the gut and systemically in distant organs.

Interplay between Epigenetics and Cellular Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer

Cellular metabolism alterations have been recognized as one of the most predominant hallmarks of colorectal cancers (CRCs). It is precisely regulated by many oncogenic signaling pathways in all kinds of regulatory levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Among these regulatory factors, epigenetics play an essential role in the modulation of cellular metabolism. On the one hand, epigenetics can regulate cellular metabolism via directly controlling the transcription of genes encoding metabolic enzymes of transporters. On the other hand, epigenetics can regulate major transcriptional factors and signaling pathways that control the transcription of genes encoding metabolic enzymes or transporters, or affecting the translation, activation, stabilization, or translocation of metabolic enzymes or transporters. Interestingly, epigenetics can also be controlled by cellular metabolism. Metabolites not only directly influence epigenetic processes, but also affect the activity of epigenetic enzymes. Actually, both cellular metabolism pathways and epigenetic processes are controlled by enzymes. They are highly intertwined and are essential for oncogenesis and tumor development of CRCs. Therefore, they are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of CRCs. In recent years, both epigenetic and metabolism inhibitors are studied for clinical use to treat CRCs. In this review, we depict the interplay between epigenetics and cellular metabolism in CRCs and summarize the underlying molecular mechanisms and their potential applications for clinical therapy.

Comprehensive Analysis of GLUT1 Immune Infiltrates and ceRNA Network in Human Esophageal Carcinoma

Background

Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is encoded by the solute carrier family 2A1 (SLC2A1) gene and is one of the glucose transporters with the greatest affinity for glucose. Abnormal expression of GLUT1 is associated with a variety of cancers. However, the biological role of GLUT1 in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) remains to be determined.

Methods

We analyzed the expression of GLUT1 in pan-cancer and ESCA as well as clinicopathological analysis through multiple databases. Use R and STRING to perform GO/KEGG function enrichment and PPI analysis for GLUT1 co-expression. TIMER and CIBERSORT were used to analyze the relationship between GLUT1 expression and immune infiltration in ESCA. The TCGA ESCA cohort was used to analyze the relationship between GLUT1 expression and m6A modification in ESCA, and to construct a regulatory network in line with the ceRNA hypothesis.

Results

GLUT1 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors including ESCA, and is closely related to histological types and histological grade. GO/KEGG functional enrichment analysis revealed that GLUT1 is closely related to structural constituent of cytoskeleton, intermediate filament binding, cell-cell adheres junction, epidermis development, and P53 signaling pathway. PPI shows that GLUT1 is closely related to TP53, GIPC1 and INS, and these three proteins all play an important role in tumor proliferation. CIBERSORT analysis showed that GLUT1 expression is related to the infiltration of multiple immune cells. When GLUT1 is highly expressed, the number of memory B cells decreases. ESCA cohort analysis found that GLUT1 expression was related to 7 m6A modifier genes. Six possible crRNA networks in ESCA were constructed by correlation analysis, and all these ceRNA networks contained GLUT1.

Conclusion

GLUT1 can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of ESCA, and is related to tumor immune infiltration, m6A modification and ceRNA network.

Involvement of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Glucose Metabolism in Cancer

The rapid and uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells is supported by metabolic reprogramming. Altered glucose metabolism supports cancer growth and progression. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells show increased glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis and lactate production. Byproducts of adjusted glucose metabolism provide additional benefits supporting hallmark capabilities of cancer cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length. They regulate numerous cellular processes, primarily through physical interaction with other molecules. Dysregulated lncRNAs are involved in all hallmarks of cancer including metabolic alterations. They may upregulate metabolic enzymes, modulate the expression of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive genes and disturb metabolic signaling pathways favoring cancer progression. Thus, lncRNAs are not only potential clinical biomarkers for cancer diagnostics and prediction but also possible therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the lncRNAs involved in cancer glucose metabolism and highlights their underlying molecular mechanisms.