Conquering cancer through discovery research

RILP inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC3 prostate cancer cells

RILP (Rab-interacting lysosomal protein) is a key regulator of lysosomal transport and a potential tumor suppressor. However, the role of RILP in prostate cancer and the underlying mechanism of RILP in regulating the proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells remain to be studied. In this study, we confirmed RalGDS (Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator) as the interaction partner of RILP in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that RILP recruits RalGDS to the lysosomal compartment. We found that RILP inhibits the activation of RalA and downstream effector RalBP1, and negatively regulates the downstream molecular phosphorylation of Ras. We showed that RILP inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC3 prostate cancer cells, which may give rise to novel ideas for cancer treatment.

[Exploiting the therapeutic potential of microRNAs in human cancer]

大量研究表明microRNAs（miRNAs）的异常调节与癌症的发生和进展相关。新近研究发现了若干在各种人类癌症中具有可作为治疗靶标巨大潜能的miRNAs。这些肿瘤miRNAs的抑制或过表达可调节相关基因的表达，从而抑制各种癌症的增殖或转移。一些miRNAs可逆转上皮-间质转化的表型，有些则可用于增强细胞对抗癌药物的敏感性。它们大部分的抗癌作用均已在临床前动物模型中得到验证。miRNA治疗的一个优点是它可靶向作用于不同信号通路中的许多基因，但同时亦伴有许多未知的脱靶效应的缺点。此外，对于有效的miRNA治疗来说，成功转运也是一个主要的挑战。然而，新近研究的发现及药物转运系统的高速发展为该领域的飞跃展现了一个乐观的前景。

[Proteome profiling for the identification of lung cancer signatures]

在新近蛋白质组学的发展中，对疾病蛋白质组的综合和深入研究已成为重要议题。已有研究报道了在包括肺癌在内的不同疾病中发现的一些生物标志物，有一些在肺癌诊断和预测中有潜在价值。然而，它们很少作为器官特异性生物标志物以充分比较不同肿瘤类别的模型。本文评价了最近发表的一项在不同基因工程小鼠模型中进行比较蛋白质组的研究，并阐明已发现标志物在人肺癌诊断中的有效性及应用。

MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets and their potential applications in cancer therapy

INTRODUCTION

The results of cancer-associated miRNA research have yielded surprising insights into the pathogenesis of a range of different cancers. Many of the dysregulated miRNAs are involved in the regulation of genes that are essential for carcinogenesis.

AREAS COVERED

This review discusses the latest discovery of miRNAs acting as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as the potential applications of miRNA regulations in cancer therapy. Several translational studies have demonstrated the feasibility of targeting oncogenic miRNAs and restoring tumor-suppressive miRNAs for cancer therapy using in vivo model systems.

EXPERT OPINION

miRNAs are extensive regulators of cancer progression. With increasing understanding of the miRNA target genes and the cellular behaviors influenced by them, modulating the miRNA activities may provide exciting opportunities for cancer therapy. Despite the hurdles incurred in acquiring effective systemic drug delivery systems, in vivo delivery of miRNAs for therapeutic purposes in preclinical animal models is rapidly developing. Accumulating evidences indicate that using miRNA expression alterations to influence molecular pathways has the potential of being translated into clinical applications.

Proteome profiling for the identification of lung cancer signatures

Comprehensive and in-depth discovery of the disease proteome is an important issue in recent proteomics developments. Previous studies have shown a number of biomarkers discovered in various diseases, including lung cancer. Some of them are potentially useful in lung cancer diagnostics and prognostics. However, few of them can act as organ-specific biomarkers to extensively compare multiple cancer models. This article evaluates a recently published study employing comparative proteomics on multiple genetically engineered mouse models and sheds light on the usefulness and application of the discovered marker panel for human lung cancer diagnostics.

[MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets for lung cancer]

肺癌是当今世界的主要致死原因之一，亟待新的治疗方法。近年来，microRNAs已成为调节基因表达的关键因子之一。许多研究表明，microRNAs几乎参与肺癌癌变过程的每一阶段，包括肿瘤的发展、细胞凋亡、癌细胞的侵袭和转移，以及抗癌药物的耐药。MicroRNA的强制表达或抑制可调节癌变过程中的生物学改变，表明了microRNAs在肺癌中具有治疗潜能。本社论总结调节肺癌癌变过程的一些重要microRNAs的最新报道，并阐释其作用机制，介绍一些调控microRNAs作用的方法，并探讨了microRNAs作为肺癌治疗靶标的前景。