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Koss KM, Son T, Li C, Hao Y, Cao J, Churchward MA, Zhang ZJ, Wertheim JA, Derda R, Todd KG. Toward discovering a novel family of peptides targeting neuroinflammatory states of brain microglia and astrocytes. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3386-3414. [PMID: 37171455 PMCID: PMC10640667 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune-derived cells critical to the development and healthy function of the brain and spinal cord, yet are implicated in the active pathology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. A range of functional phenotypes associated with the healthy brain or disease states has been suggested from in vivo work and were modeled in vitro as surveying, reactive, and primed sub-types of primary rat microglia and mixed microglia/astrocytes. It was hypothesized that the biomolecular profile of these cells undergoes a phenotypical change as well, and these functional phenotypes were explored for potential novel peptide binders using a custom 7 amino acid-presenting M13 phage library (SX7) to identify unique peptides that bind differentially to these respective cell types. Surveying glia were untreated, reactive were induced with a lipopolysaccharide treatment, recovery was modeled with a potent anti-inflammatory treatment dexamethasone, and priming was determined by subsequently challenging the cells with interferon gamma. Microglial function was profiled by determining the secretion of cytokines and nitric oxide, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. After incubation with the SX7 phage library, populations of SX7-positive microglia and/or astrocytes were collected using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, SX7 phage was amplified in Escherichia coli culture, and phage DNA was sequenced via next-generation sequencing. Binding validation was done with synthesized peptides via in-cell westerns. Fifty-eight unique peptides were discovered, and their potential functions were assessed using a basic local alignment search tool. Peptides potentially originated from proteins ranging in function from a variety of supportive glial roles, including synapse support and pruning, to inflammatory incitement including cytokine and interleukin activation, and potential regulation in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Koss
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - T Son
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Y Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - J Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - M A Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Z J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - J A Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - K G Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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2
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Wulf MJ, Tom VJ. Consequences of spinal cord injury on the sympathetic nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:999253. [PMID: 36925966 PMCID: PMC10011113 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.999253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages multiple structures at the lesion site, including ascending, descending, and propriospinal axons; interrupting the conduction of information up and down the spinal cord. Additionally, axons associated with the autonomic nervous system that control involuntary physiological functions course through the spinal cord. Moreover, sympathetic, and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the spinal cord. Thus, depending on the level of an SCI, autonomic function can be greatly impacted by the trauma resulting in dysfunction of various organs. For example, SCI can lead to dysregulation of a variety of organs, such as the pineal gland, the heart and vasculature, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Indeed, it is becoming more apparent that many disorders that negatively affect quality-of-life for SCI individuals have a basis in dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we will review how SCI impacts the sympathetic nervous system and how that negatively impacts target organs that receive sympathetic innervation. A deeper understanding of this may offer potential therapeutic insight into how to improve health and quality-of-life for those living with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica J. Tom
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Düzenli N, Ülker S, Şengül G, Kayhan B, Önal A. Effects of cyanocobalamin and its combination with morphine on neuropathic rats and the relationship between these effects and thrombospondin-4 expression. Korean J Pain 2022; 35:66-77. [PMID: 34966013 PMCID: PMC8728557 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2022.35.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) upregulates in the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury and contributes to the development of neuropathic pain (NP). We investigated the effects of cyanocobalamin alone or in combination with morphine on pain and the relationship between these effects and spinal TSP4 expression in neuropathic rats. Methods NP was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Cyanocobalamin (5 and 10 mg/kg/day) was administered 15 days before CCI and then for 4 and 14 postoperative days. Morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day) was administered only post-CCI. Combination treatment included cyanocobalamin and morphine, 10 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally. Nociceptive thresholds were detected by esthesiometer, analgesia meter, and plantar test, and TSP4 expression was assessed by western blotting and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Results CCI decreased nociceptive thresholds in all tests and induced TSP4 expression on the 4th postoperative day. The decrease in nociceptive thresholds persisted except for the plantar test, and the increased TSP4 expression reversed on the 14th postoperative day. Cyanocobalamin and low-dose morphine alone did not produce any antinociceptive effects. High-dose morphine improved the decreased nociceptive thresholds in the esthesiometer when administered alone but combined with cyanocobalamin in all tests. Cyanocobalamin and morphine significantly induced TSP4 expression when administered alone in both doses for 4 or 14 days. However, this increase was less when the two drugs are combined. Conclusions The combination of cyanocobalamin and morphine is more effective in antinociception and partially decreased the induced TSP4 expression compared to the use of either drug alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Düzenli
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ülker
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülgün Şengül
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Buse Kayhan
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aytül Önal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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El-Awaad E, Pryymachuk G, Fried C, Matthes J, Isensee J, Hucho T, Neiss WF, Paulsson M, Herzig S, Zaucke F, Pietsch M. Direct, gabapentin-insensitive interaction of a soluble form of the calcium channel subunit α 2δ-1 with thrombospondin-4. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16272. [PMID: 31700036 PMCID: PMC6838084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The α2δ‐1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels binds to gabapentin and pregabalin, mediating the analgesic action of these drugs against neuropathic pain. Extracellular matrix proteins from the thrombospondin (TSP) family have been identified as ligands of α2δ‐1 in the CNS. This interaction was found to be crucial for excitatory synaptogenesis and neuronal sensitisation which in turn can be inhibited by gabapentin, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Here, we provide information on the biochemical properties of the direct TSP/α2δ-1 interaction using an ELISA-style ligand binding assay. Our data reveal that full-length pentameric TSP-4, but neither TSP-5/COMP of the pentamer-forming subgroup B nor TSP-2 of the trimer-forming subgroup A directly interact with a soluble variant of α2δ-1 (α2δ-1S). Interestingly, this interaction is not inhibited by gabapentin on a molecular level and is not detectable on the surface of HEK293-EBNA cells over-expressing α2δ‐1 protein. These results provide biochemical evidence that supports a specific role of TSP-4 among the TSPs in mediating the binding to neuronal α2δ‐1 and suggest that gabapentin does not directly target TSP/α2δ-1 interaction to alleviate neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab El-Awaad
- Institute II for Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Galyna Pryymachuk
- Department of Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, D-50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cora Fried
- Institute II for Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Matthes
- Institute II for Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Experimental Anaesthesiology and Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 10, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Experimental Anaesthesiology and Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 10, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram F Neiss
- Department of Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, D-50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Centre for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Herzig
- Institute II for Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.,President of TH Köln, TH Köln (University of Applied Sciences), Claudiusstr. 1, D-50678, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Centre for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.,Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital, Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstr. 2, D-60528, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II for Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Park JF, Yu YP, Gong N, Trinh VN, Luo ZD. The EGF-LIKE domain of thrombospondin-4 is a key determinant in the development of pain states due to increased excitatory synaptogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16453-16463. [PMID: 30194282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-regulation of thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) or voltage-gated calcium channel subunit α2δ1 (Cavα2δ1) proteins in the spinal cord contributes to neuropathic pain development through an unidentified mechanism. We have previously shown that TSP4 interacts with Cavα2δ1 to promote excitatory synaptogenesis and the development of chronic pain states. However, the TSP4 determinants responsible for these changes are not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the Cavα2δ1-binding domains of TSP4 are synaptogenic and pronociceptive. We mapped the major Cavα2δ1-binding domains of TSP4 within the coiled-coil and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains in vitro Intrathecal injection of TSP4 fragment proteins containing the EGF-like domain (EGF-LIKE) into naïve rodents was sufficient for inducing behavioral hypersensitivity similar to that produced by an equal molar dose of full-length TSP4. Gabapentin, a drug that binds to Cavα2δ1, blocked EGF-LIKE-induced behavioral hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner, supporting the notion that EGF-LIKE interacts with Cavα2δ1 and thereby mediates behavioral hypersensitivity. This notion was further supported by our findings that a peptide within EGF-LIKE (EGFD355-369) could block TSP4- or Cavα2δ1-induced behavioral hypersensitivity after intrathecal injections. Furthermore, only TSP4 proteins that contained EGF-LIKE could promote excitatory synaptogenesis between sensory and spinal cord neurons, which could be blocked by peptide EGFD355-369. Together, these findings indicate that EGF-LIKE is the molecular determinant that mediates aberrant excitatory synaptogenesis and chronic pain development. Blocking interactions between EGF-LIKE and Cavα2δ1 could be an alternative approach in designing target-specific pain medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nian Gong
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Van Nancy Trinh
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Z David Luo
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and .,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Yu YP, Gong N, Kweon TD, Vo B, Luo ZD. Gabapentin prevents synaptogenesis between sensory and spinal cord neurons induced by thrombospondin-4 acting on pre-synaptic Ca v α 2 δ 1 subunits and involving T-type Ca 2+ channels. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2348-2361. [PMID: 29338087 PMCID: PMC5980510 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nerve injury induces concurrent up-regulation of the voltage-gated calcium channel subunit Cav α2 δ1 and the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal spinal cord, leading to the development of a neuropathic pain state. Interactions of these proteins promote aberrant excitatory synaptogenesis that contributes to neuropathic pain state development through unknown mechanisms. We investigated the contributions of Cav α2 δ1 subunits and TSP4 to synaptogenesis, and the pathways involved in vitro, and whether treatment with gabapentin could block this process and pain development in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A co-culture system of sensory and spinal cord neurons was used to study the contribution from each protein to synaptogenesis and the pathway(s) involved. Anti-synaptogenic actions of gabapentin were studied in TSP4-injected mice. KEY RESULTS Only presynaptic, but not postsynaptic, Cav α2 δ1 subunits interacted with TSP4 to initiate excitatory synaptogenesis through a pathway modulated by T-type calcium channels. Cav α2 δ1 /TSP4 interactions were not required for maintenance of already formed synapses. In vivo, early, but not delayed, treatment with low-dose gabapentin blocked this pathway and the development of the pain state. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cav α2 δ1 /TSP4 interactions were critical for the initiation, but not for the maintenance, of abnormal synapse formation between sensory and spinal cord neurons. This process was blocked by early, but was not reversed by delayed, treatment with gabapentin. Early intervention with gabapentin may prevent the development of injury-induced chronic pain, resulting from Cav α2 δ1 /TSP4-initiated abnormal synapse formation. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Peter Yu
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Nian Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative CareUniversity of California, Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Tae Dong Kweon
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative CareUniversity of California, Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Benjamin Vo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative CareUniversity of California, Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Z David Luo
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative CareUniversity of California, Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCAUSA
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Crosby ND, Winkelstein BA. Spinal Astrocytic Thrombospondin-4 Induced by Excitatory Neuronal Signaling Mediates Pain After Facet Capsule Injury. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3215-3224. [PMID: 27160673 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) is a synaptogenic molecule that is upregulated in the spinal cord after painful facet joint injury and may contribute to spinal hyperexcitability. However, the mechanisms leading to increased spinal TSP4 are unclear. Because primary afferent activity is critical in the development of spinal hyperexcitability after facet joint injury, this study evaluated the role of afferent firing in the increase of spinal TSP4 and excitatory synapses. Intra-articular bupivacaine was administered immediately or 4 days after painful facet joint injury in male Holtzman rats, and TSP4 and excitatory synapses were quantified in the spinal cord at day 7. Immediate, but not delayed bupivacaine treatment, prevents the injury-induced increase in TSP4 and excitatory synapses in the dorsal horn (p < 0.0001). Preliminary in vitro experiments suggest that the excitatory signaling molecules ATP and glutamate may stimulate astrocytic TSP4 expression (p ≤ 0.04). Collectively, these results suggest that afferent activity early after facet joint injury is critical for the induction of spinal TSP4. This study advances the understanding of the timing and role of afferent activity in TSP4 expression after injury, which is critical for the therapeutic targeting of TSP4 to treat persistent pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Crosby
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6321, USA
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6321, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Crosby ND, Zaucke F, Kras JV, Dong L, Luo ZD, Winkelstein BA. Thrombospondin-4 and excitatory synaptogenesis promote spinal sensitization after painful mechanical joint injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 264:111-20. [PMID: 25483397 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Facet joint injury induces persistent pain that may be maintained by structural plasticity in the spinal cord. Astrocyte-derived thrombospondins, especially thrombospondin-4 (TSP4), have been implicated in synaptogenesis and spinal sensitization in neuropathic pain, but the TSP4 response and its relationship to synaptic changes in the spinal cord have not been investigated for painful joint injury. This study investigates the role of TSP4 in the development and maintenance of persistent pain following injurious facet joint distraction in rats and tests the hypothesis that excitatory synaptogenesis contributes to such pain. Painful facet joint loading induces dorsal horn excitatory synaptogenesis along with decreased TSP4 in the DRG and increased astrocytic release of TSP4 in the spinal cord, all of which parallel the time course of sustained tactile allodynia. Blocking injury-induced spinal TSP4 expression with antisense oligonucleotides or reducing TSP4 activity at its neuronal receptor in the spinal cord with gabapentin treatment both attenuate the allodynia and dorsal horn synaptogenesis that develop after painful facet joint loading. Increased spinal TSP4 also facilitates the development of allodynia and spinal hyperexcitability, even after non-painful physiological loading of the facet joint. These results suggest that spinal TSP4 plays an important role in the development and maintenance of persistent joint-mediated pain by inducing excitatory synaptogenesis and facilitating the transduction of mechanical loading of the facet joint that leads to spinal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Crosby
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeffrey V Kras
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Z David Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Irvine, CA 92868, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Irvine, CA 92868, United States
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Chatterjee A, Villarreal G, Rhee DJ. Matricellular proteins in the trabecular meshwork: review and update. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:447-63. [PMID: 24901502 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important modifiable risk factor. IOP is a function of aqueous humor production and aqueous humor outflow, and it is thought that prolonged IOP elevation leads to optic nerve damage over time. Within the trabecular meshwork (TM), the eye's primary drainage system for aqueous humor, matricellular proteins generally allow cells to modulate their attachments with and alter the characteristics of their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). It is now well established that ECM turnover in the TM affects outflow facility, and matricellular proteins are emerging as significant players in IOP regulation. The formalized study of matricellular proteins in TM has gained increased attention. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), myocilin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and thrombospondin-1 and -2 (TSP-1 and -2) have been localized to the TM, and a growing body of evidence suggests that these matricellular proteins play an important role in IOP regulation and possibly the pathophysiology of POAG. As evidence continues to emerge, these proteins are now seen as potential therapeutic targets. Further study is warranted to assess their utility in treating glaucoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio
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10
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Li KW, Kim DS, Zaucke F, Luo ZD. Trigeminal nerve injury-induced thrombospondin-4 up-regulation contributes to orofacial neuropathic pain states in a rat model. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:489-95. [PMID: 24019258 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury to the trigeminal nerve often results in the development of chronic pain states including tactile allodynia, or hypersensitivity to light touch, in orofacial area, but its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Peripheral nerve injury has been shown to cause up-regulation of thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) in dorsal spinal cord that correlates with neuropathic pain development. In this study, we examined whether injury-induced TSP4 is critical in mediating orofacial pain development in a rat model of chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve. METHODS Orofacial sensitivity to mechanical stimulation was examined in a unilateral infraorbital nerve ligation rat model. The levels of TSP4 in trigeminal ganglia and associated spinal subnucleus caudalis and C1/C2 spinal cord (Vc/C2) from injured rats were examined at time points correlating with the initiation and peak orofacial hypersensitivity. TSP4 antisense and mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides were intrathecally injected into injured rats to see if antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment could reverse injury-induced TSP4 up-regulation and orofacial behavioural hypersensitivity. RESULTS Our data indicated that trigeminal nerve injury induced TSP4 up-regulation in Vc/C2 at a time point correlated with orofacial tactile allodynia. In addition, intrathecal treatment with TSP4 antisense, but not mismatch, oligodeoxynucleotides blocked both injury-induced TSP4 up-regulation in Vc/C2 and behavioural hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our data support that infraorbital nerve injury leads to TSP4 up-regulation in trigeminal spinal complex that contributes to orofacial neuropathic pain states. Blocking this pathway may provide an alternative approach in management of orofacial neuropathic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Li
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, USA
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