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Patel S. Plant-derived cardiac glycosides: Role in heart ailments and cancer management. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1036-1041. [PMID: 27780131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides, the cardiotonic steroids such as digitalis have been in use as heart ailment remedy since ages. They manipulate the renin-angiotensin axis to improve cardiac output. However; their safety and efficacy have come under scrutiny in recent times, as poisoning and accidental mortalities have been observed. In order to better understand and exploit them as cardiac ionotropes, studies are being pursued using different cardiac glycosides such as digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain, oleandrin etc. Several cardiac glycosides as peruvoside have shown promise in cancer control, especially ovary cancer and leukemia. Functional variability of these glycosides has revealed that not all cardiac glycosides are alike. Apart from their specific affinity to sodium-potassium ATPase, their therapeutic dosage and behavior in poly-morbidity conditions needs to be considered. This review presents a concise account of the key findings in recent years with adequate elaboration of the mechanisms. This compilation is expected to contribute towards management of cardiac, cancer, even viral ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Chen MD, Dong SS, Cai NY, Fan MD, Gu SP, Zheng JJ, Yin HM, Zhou XH, Wang LX, Li CY, Zheng C. Efficacy and safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:28. [PMID: 26822790 PMCID: PMC4731899 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) for patients with heart failure (HF) and diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search for controlled studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of MRAs in patients with DM and HF. Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched. Two reviewers independently identified citations, extracted data and evaluated quality. Risk estimations were abstracted and pooled where appropriate. RESULTS Four observational studies were included. MRAs use was associated with reduced mortality compared with controls (RR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69-0.88; I(2) = 0%; P < 0.001). Increased risk of developing hyperkalaemia was observed in those patients taking MRAs (RR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.27-2.38; I(2) = 0%; P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS The current cumulative evidence suggests that MRAs can improve clinical outcomes but increase the risk of hyperkalaemia in patients with DM and HF. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015025690 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Die Chen
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Si-Si Dong
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ning-Yu Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Meng-Di Fan
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Su-Ping Gu
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jin-Jue Zheng
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hai-Min Yin
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xin-He Zhou
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liang-Xue Wang
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chun-Ying Li
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chao Zheng
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 West Xueyuan Road, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Lang F, Ritz E, Alesutan I, Voelkl J. Impact of aldosterone on osteoinductive signaling and vascular calcification. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128:40-5. [PMID: 25377380 DOI: 10.1159/000368268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is frequently found already in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and is associated with high cardiovascular risk. The process of vascular calcification is not considered a passive phenomenon but involves, at least in part, phenotypical transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Following exposure to excessive extracellular phosphate concentrations, VSMCs undergo a reprogramming into osteo-/chondroblast-like cells. Such 'vascular osteoinduction' is characterized by expression of osteogenic transcription factors and triggered by increased phosphate concentrations. A key role in this process is assigned to cellular phosphate transporters, most notably the type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter Pit1. Pit1 expression is stimulated by mineralocorticoid receptor activation. Therefore, aldosterone participates in the phenotypical transformation of VSMCs. In preclinical models, aldosterone antagonism reduces vascular osteoinduction. Patients with CKD suffer from hyperphosphatemia predisposing to vascular osteogenic transformation, potentially further fostered by concomitant hyperaldosteronism. Clearly, additional research is required to define the role of aldosterone in the regulation of osteogenic signaling and the consecutive vascular calcification in CKD, but more generally also other diseases associated with excessive vascular calcification and even in individuals without overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Classical effects of mineralocorticoids include stimulation of Na(+) reabsorption and K(+) secretion in the kidney and other epithelia including colon and several glands. Moreover, mineralocorticoids enhance the excretion of Mg(2+) and renal tubular H(+) secretion. The renal salt retention following mineralocorticoid excess leads to extracellular volume expansion and hypertension. The increase of blood pressure following mineralocorticoid excess is, however, not only the result of volume expansion but may result from stiff endothelial cell syndrome impairing the release of vasodilating nitric oxide. Beyond that, mineralocorticoids are involved in the regulation of a wide variety of further functions, including cardiac fibrosis, platelet activation, neuronal function and survival, inflammation as well as vascular and tissue fibrosis and calcification. Those functions are briefly discussed in this short introduction to the special issue. Beyond that, further contributions of this special issue amplify on mineralocorticoid-induced sodium appetite and renal salt retention, the role of mineralocorticoids in the regulation of acid-base balance, the involvement of aldosterone and its receptors in major depression, the mineralocorticoid stimulation of inflammation and tissue fibrosis and the effect of aldosterone on osteoinductive signaling and vascular calcification. Clearly, still much is to be learned about the various ramifications of mineralocorticoid-sensitive physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Dorrance AM. Interfering with mineralocorticoid receptor activation: the past, present, and future. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:61. [PMID: 25165560 PMCID: PMC4126546 DOI: 10.12703/p6-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is a potent mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland. Aldosterone binds to and activates the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in a plethora of tissues, but the cardiovascular actions of aldosterone are of primary interest clinically. Although MR antagonists were developed as antihypertensive agents, they are now considered to be important therapeutic options for patients with heart failure. Specifically, blocking only the MR has proven to be a difficult task because of its similarity to other steroid receptors, including the androgen and progesterone receptors. This lack of specificity caused the use of the first-generation mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists to be fraught with difficulty because of the side effects produced by drug administration. However, in recent years, several advances have been made that could potentially increase the clinical use of agents that inhibit the actions of aldosterone. These will be discussed here along with some examples of the beneficial effects of these new therapeutic agents.
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Lee PH, Calhoun ML, Stewart DW, Cross LB. Transition of Care in Patients With Heart Failure. HOME HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1084822313499774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) affects 6 million Americans, has an expected increasing prevalence in the next 20 years, and has a 5-year mortality rate of 50%. It represents the number one reason for hospitalization in patients older than 65 years. Recent legislation has increased the accountability of care of patients with HF, specifically readmission rates for HF in less than 30 days. This increased focus on HF readmission rates has led many health care organizations to reassess transition-of-care issues (i.e., from home to hospital, from hospital to home) and possible interventions to positively impact these readmission rates. During this process, home health care providers play an integral role and should be aware of possible issues to ensure optimum care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H. Lee
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
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Milfred-LaForest SK, Chow SL, DiDomenico RJ, Dracup K, Ensor CR, Gattis-Stough W, Heywood JT, Lindenfeld J, Page RL, Patterson JH, Vardeny O, Massie BM. Clinical Pharmacy Services in Heart Failure: An Opinion Paper from the Heart Failure Society of America and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Cardiology Practice and Research Network. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:529-48. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheryl L. Chow
- College of Pharmacy; Western University of Health Sciences; Pomona California
| | | | - Kathleen Dracup
- School of Nursing; University of California; San Francisco California
| | | | - Wendy Gattis-Stough
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Department of Clinical Research; Campbell University; Buies Creek North Carolina
| | | | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Heart Transplantation Program; Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora Colorado
| | - Robert L. Page
- Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora Colorado
| | - J. Herbert Patterson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Orly Vardeny
- Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Barry M. Massie
- School of Medicine; University of California, and San Francisco VA Medical Center; San Francisco California
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Clinical Pharmacy Services in Heart Failure: An Opinion Paper From the Heart Failure Society of America and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Cardiology Practice and Research Network. J Card Fail 2013; 19:354-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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