Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) in Amarone Wines: Influence of Aging, Withering, Grape Variety, and Geographical Origin

Occurrence of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a potent aroma compound accumulating during aging, was investigated in commercial and experimental Amarone wines. In commercial Amarone, DMS was observed in concentrations ranging from 2.9 to 64.3 μg/L. Model aging studies on experimental wines indicated that DMS in Amarone is strongly associated with aging and that wines from different vineyards can vary significantly in their ability to accumulate DMS during aging. The capacity of certain vineyards to give wines with higher DMS-forming potential was consistent across three consecutive vintages, representing a true terroir factor to be expressed with aging. Wine content of primary amino acids (PAN), a commonly analyzed enological parameter of grape must, was shown to be positively correlated with DMS accumulation during aging. Grape withering also increased DMS-forming potential mostly due to increased PAN resulting from concentration due to water loss. Increased pH due to withering also contributed to a higher DMS content of withered wines, but to a lower extent. In certain vineyard sites, an influence of vintage conditions on DMS-forming potential was also observed.

A new analytical method to measure S-methyl-l-methionine in grape juice reveals the influence of yeast on dimethyl sulfide production during fermentation

BACKGROUND

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a small sulfur-containing impact odorant, imparting distinctive positive and / or negative characters to food and beverages. In white wine, the presence of DMS at perception threshold is considered to be a fault, contributing strong odors reminiscent of asparagus, cooked cabbage, and creamed corn. The source of DMS in wine has long been associated with S-methyl-l-methionine (SMM), a derivative of the amino acid methionine, which is thought to break down into DMS through chemical degradation, particularly during wine ageing.

RESULTS

We developed and validated a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) to measure SMM in grape juice and wine. The application of this new method for quantitating SMM, followed by the quantitation of DMS using headspace-solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), confirmed that DMS can be produced in wine via the chemical breakdown of SMM to DMS, with greater degradation observed at 28 °C than at 14 °C. Further investigation into the role of grape juice and yeast strain on DMS formation revealed that the DMS produced from three different Sauvignon blanc grape juices, either from the SMM naturally present or SMM spiked at 50 mmol L^-1 , was modulated depending on each of the four strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast used for fermentation.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms the existence of a chemical pathway to the formation of DMS and reveals a yeast-mediated mechanism towards the formation of DMS from SMM during alcoholic fermentation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of nitrogen supplementation and Saccharomyces species on hydrogen sulfide and other volatile sulfur compounds in shiraz fermentation and wine

A Shiraz must with low yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) was supplemented with two increasing concentrations of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and fermented with one Saccharomyces cerevisiae and one Saccharomyces bayanus strain, with maceration on grape skins. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) was monitored throughout fermentation, and a total of 16 volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) were quantified in the finished wines. For the S. cerevisiae yeast strain, addition of DAP to a final YAN of 250 or 400 mg/L resulted in an increased formation of H(2)S compared to nonsupplemented fermentations (100 mg/L YAN). For this yeast, DAP-supplemented fermentations also showed prolonged formation of H(2)S into the later stage of fermentation, which was associated with increased H(2)S in the final wines. The S. bayanus strain showed a different H(2)S production profile, in which production was inversely correlated to initial YAN. No correlation was found between total H(2)S produced by either yeast during fermentation and H(2)S concentration in the final wines. For both yeasts, DAP supplementation yielded higher concentrations of organic VSCs in the finished wines, including sulfides, disulfides, mercaptans, and mercaptoesters. PCA analysis indicated that nitrogen supplementation before fermentation determined a much clearer distinction between the VSC profiles of the two yeasts compared to nonsupplemented fermentations. These results raise questions concerning the widespread use of DAP in the management of low YAN fermentations with respect to the formation of reductive characters in wine.