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Duarte LM, Aredes RS, Amorim TL, de Carvalho Marques FF, de Oliveira MAL. Determination of α- and β-acids in hops by liquid chromatography or electromigration techniques: A critical review. Food Chem 2022; 397:133671. [PMID: 35908460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hop plays an essential role in brewing beer and its study and analysis is of paramount importance. - and -acids are considered two of the most important hop components. While -acids are associated with the bitter flavor, -acids have antimicrobial effects. This work aims to critically review the published analytical methods for - and -acids determination in hops employing separation methods in liquid medium: liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The types of hop samples, the optimized protocols to extract the hop acids, and the main instrumental conditions for both LC and CE techniques are highlighted and discussed. Specific and critical aspects of the - and β-acids separation by LC and CE and some challenges in this field are raised. Several key aspects discussed in this review may be of practical importance for brewers, whether in the microbrewery or industry and for researchers in the brewing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mattos Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ-UFF) - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rafaella Silva Aredes
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ-UFF) - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Lima Amorim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ferreira de Carvalho Marques
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ-UFF) - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Duarte LM, Amorim TL, Adriano LHC, Oliveira MAL. Baseline separation of α and β‐acids homologues and isomers in hop (
Humulus lupulus L
.) by CD‐MEKC‐UV. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1779-1786. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Duarte
- GQAQ: Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Departament of ChemistryUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Tatiane L. Amorim
- GQAQ: Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Departament of ChemistryUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Luiz H. C. Adriano
- GQAQ: Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Departament of ChemistryUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Marcone A. L. Oliveira
- GQAQ: Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Departament of ChemistryUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
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3
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Duarte LM, Adriano LHC, de Oliveira MAL. Capillary electrophoresis in association with chemometrics approach for bitterness hop (Humulus lupulus L
.) classification. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1399-1409. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mattos Duarte
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria - GQAQ, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora; University city; Juiz de Fora MG Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Cantarino Adriano
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria - GQAQ, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora; University city; Juiz de Fora MG Brazil
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria - GQAQ, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora; University city; Juiz de Fora MG Brazil
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Horiuchi S, Murakami A. New Japanese Hop Varieties with High α-Acid Content. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-50-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoo Horiuchi
- Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., Plant Laboratory, 3377 Kitsuregawa-Machi, Shioya-Gun, Tochigi-Ken 329-14, Japan
| | - Atsushi Murakami
- Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., Plant Laboratory, 3377 Kitsuregawa-Machi, Shioya-Gun, Tochigi-Ken 329-14, Japan
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5
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Verzele M, Dewaele C. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Beer Bitter Acids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-39-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Verzele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 271 (S.4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C. Dewaele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 271 (S.4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Haunold A, Nickerson GB. Development of a Hop with European Aroma Characteristics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-45-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Haunold
- USDA-ARS and Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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McMurrough I, Cleary K, Murray F. Applications of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Control of Beer Bitterness. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-44-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. McMurrough
- Research and Development Department, Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - K. Cleary
- Research and Development Department, Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - F. Murray
- Research and Development Department, Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Knudson EJ, Siebert KJ. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Hop Bittering Components in Hops, Hop Extracts, Wort, and Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-41-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ono M, Kakudo Y, Yamamoto Y, Nagami K, Kumada J. Quantitative Analysis of Hop Bittering Components and its Application to Hop Evaluation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-42-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ono
- Central Research Institute of SUNTORY Ltd., Osaka 618, Japan
| | - Y. Kakudo
- Central Research Institute of SUNTORY Ltd., Osaka 618, Japan
| | - Y. Yamamoto
- Central Research Institute of SUNTORY Ltd., Osaka 618, Japan
| | - K. Nagami
- Central Research Institute of SUNTORY Ltd., Osaka 618, Japan
| | - J. Kumada
- Central Research Institute of SUNTORY Ltd., Osaka 618, Japan
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Irwin AJ, Murray CR, Thompson DJ. An Investigation of the Relationships between Hopping Rate, Time of Boil, and Individual Alpha-Acid Utilization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-43-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Irwin
- Labatt Brewing Company Ltd., Production Research Department, 150 Simcoe Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
| | - C. R. Murray
- Labatt Brewing Company Ltd., Production Research Department, 150 Simcoe Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
| | - D. J. Thompson
- Labatt Brewing Company Ltd., Production Research Department, 150 Simcoe Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
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11
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Haunold A, Nickerson GB. Mt. Hood, a New American Noble Aroma Hop. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-48-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Haunold
- USDA-ARS, Department of Crop Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Gail B. Nickerson
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Nickerson GB, Williams PA, Haunold A. Varietal Differences in the Proportions of Cohumulone, Adhumulone, and Humulone in Hops. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-44-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gail B. Nickerson
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Peggy A. Williams
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Alfred Haunold
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Department of Crop Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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Verzele M, Dewaele C, Van Kerrebroeck M, Strating J, Verhagen L. Fast High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Hop Bitter Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-41-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Verzele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S. 4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C. Dewaele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S. 4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M. Van Kerrebroeck
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S. 4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J. Strating
- Technical Center of Heineken Breweries, Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
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Schulze WG, Ting PL, Henckel LA, Goldstein H. Separation of Humulinic Acids by Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-39-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. G. Schulze
- Miller Brewing Company, Technical Cente., Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - P. L. Ting
- Miller Brewing Company, Technical Cente., Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - L. A. Henckel
- Miller Brewing Company, Technical Cente., Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - H. Goldstein
- Miller Brewing Company, Technical Cente., Milwaukee, WI 53201
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Haunold A, Nickerson GB, Gampert U, Whitney PA, Hampton RO. Agronomic and Quality Characteristics of Native North American Hops. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-51-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Haunold
- USDA-ARS, Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - G. B. Nickerson
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - U. Gampert
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - P. A. Whitney
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - R. O. Hampton
- USDA-ARS, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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De Keukeleire D. A Happy, Hoppy Odyssey: From a Flavorsome Hobby to a Dream Job. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2017-4795-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Silvester DJ. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF α, β AND ISO-α ACIDS IN HOPS AND HOP PRODUCTS. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1984.tb04283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Lance DG, Kavanagh TE, Clarke BJ. THE DETERMINATION OF α- AND β-ACIDS IN HOPS AND HOP PRODUCTS USING HPLC. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1981.tb04019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kaneda H, Tsuchiya Y, Kano Y, Kamimura M, Osawa T, Kawakishi S. EVALUATION OF STORAGE STABILITY OF HOP PELLETS BY CHEMILUMINESCENCE ANALYSIS. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1990.tb01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Sharpe FR, Ormrod IHL. FAST ISOMERISATION OF HUMULONE BY PHOTO-REACTION: PREPARATION OF AN HPLC STANDARD. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1991.tb01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Pethybridge SJ, Hay FS, Barbara DJ, Eastwell KC, Wilson CR. Viruses and Viroids Infecting Hop: Significance, Epidemiology, and Management. PLANT DISEASE 2008; 92:324-338. [PMID: 30769682 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-3-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Pethybridge
- Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research (TIAR), University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Frank S Hay
- Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research (TIAR), University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dez J Barbara
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth C Eastwell
- Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - Calum R Wilson
- TIAR - University of Tasmania, New Town Research Laboratories, New Town, Tasmania, Australia
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Sanchez NB, Lederer CL, Nickerson GB, Libbey LM, McDaniel MR. Sensory and Analytical Evaluation of Hop Oil Oxygenated Fractions. DEVELOPMENTS IN FOOD SCIENCE 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-88834-1.50036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Silica surface controversies, strong adsorption sites, their blockage and removal. Part I. Chromatographia 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02274570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Verzele M, Steenbeke G, Verhagen LC, Strating J. Improved analysis by liquid chromatography of iso-alpha acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240131206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schuddinck G, Verzele M. Avoidance of trace metal activity with micro-liquid chromatography in the analysis of hop and beer bitter acids. J Chromatogr A 1987; 407:159-69. [PMID: 3429505 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)92613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Packed fused-silica columns (250 X 0.32 mm I.D.) or micro-liquid chromatographic (LC) and more usual columns in stainless steel (250 X 4.6 mm I.D.) or "conventional LC" are compared for the quantitation of hop and beer bitter compounds. For the hop alpha- and beta-acids the difference is not significant. A slight preference for micro-LC can be argumented on the fact that this system will more readily show the presence of deoxy-alpha-acids. For the iso-alpha-acids the inert character of micro-LC using packed fused-silica columns is essential for good results. It is believed that the inert character of micro-LC would benefit many other analytical problems of complex natural organic compound mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schuddinck
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Verzele M, Use L, Van Kerrebroeck M. Problem of the internal standard in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Verzele M, Van Kerrebroeck M, Dewaele C, Strating J, Verhagen L. High-performance liquid chromatography of α- and β-acids in beer. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Verzele M, Vewaele C, Van Kerrebroeck M. Analysis of beer iso-α-acids by high-performance liquid chromatography without sample pre-treatment. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Verzele M, Dewaele C. Stationary phase characterization in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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