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Duarte LM, Aredes RS, Amorim TL, de Carvalho Marques FF, de Oliveira MAL. Determination of α- and β-acids in hops by liquid chromatography or electromigration techniques: A critical review. Food Chem 2022; 397:133671. [PMID: 35908460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hop plays an essential role in brewing beer and its study and analysis is of paramount importance. - and -acids are considered two of the most important hop components. While -acids are associated with the bitter flavor, -acids have antimicrobial effects. This work aims to critically review the published analytical methods for - and -acids determination in hops employing separation methods in liquid medium: liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The types of hop samples, the optimized protocols to extract the hop acids, and the main instrumental conditions for both LC and CE techniques are highlighted and discussed. Specific and critical aspects of the - and β-acids separation by LC and CE and some challenges in this field are raised. Several key aspects discussed in this review may be of practical importance for brewers, whether in the microbrewery or industry and for researchers in the brewing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mattos Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ-UFF) - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rafaella Silva Aredes
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ-UFF) - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Lima Amorim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ferreira de Carvalho Marques
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ-UFF) - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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McMurrough I, Cleary K, Murray F. Applications of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Control of Beer Bitterness. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-44-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. McMurrough
- Research and Development Department, Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - K. Cleary
- Research and Development Department, Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - F. Murray
- Research and Development Department, Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
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Knudson EJ, Siebert KJ. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Hop Bittering Components in Hops, Hop Extracts, Wort, and Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-41-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Irwin AJ, Murray CR, Thompson DJ. An Investigation of the Relationships between Hopping Rate, Time of Boil, and Individual Alpha-Acid Utilization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-43-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Irwin
- Labatt Brewing Company Ltd., Production Research Department, 150 Simcoe Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
| | - C. R. Murray
- Labatt Brewing Company Ltd., Production Research Department, 150 Simcoe Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
| | - D. J. Thompson
- Labatt Brewing Company Ltd., Production Research Department, 150 Simcoe Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
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Verzele M, Dewaele C, Van Kerrebroeck M, Strating J, Verhagen L. Fast High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Hop Bitter Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-41-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Verzele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S. 4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C. Dewaele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S. 4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M. Van Kerrebroeck
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S. 4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J. Strating
- Technical Center of Heineken Breweries, Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
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Cieslak ME. Current Trends in High Performance Liquid Chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-41-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Cieslak
- Miller Brewing Company Technical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53201
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Verzele M, Dewaele C, Van Kerrebroeck M, Strating J, Verhagen L. Fast High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Hop Bitter Compounds: Correction and Addendum. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-42-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Verzele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S.4), B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C. Dewaele
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S.4), B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. Van Kerrebroeck
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, State University of Ghent, Krijgslaan, 281 (S.4), B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. Strating
- Heineken Technisch Beheer, Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands
| | - L. Verhagen
- Heineken Technisch Beheer, Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands
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Moir M. Hops—A Millennium Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-58-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moir
- Scottish Courage Brewing Limited, 160 Canongate, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Silvester DJ. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF α, β AND ISO-α ACIDS IN HOPS AND HOP PRODUCTS. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1984.tb04283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Buckee GK. ESTIMATION OF α-, β- AND ISO-α-ACIDS IN HOPS, HOP PRODUCTS AND BEER USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1985.tb04319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Verzele M, Steenbeke G, Verhagen LC, Strating J. Improved analysis by liquid chromatography of iso-alpha acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240131206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Verzele M, Use L, Van Kerrebroeck M. Problem of the internal standard in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Verzele M, Van Kerrebroeck M, Dewaele C, Strating J, Verhagen L. High-performance liquid chromatography of α- and β-acids in beer. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Separation of α-, β- and iso-α-acids in hop products and beer by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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