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Han Z, Zhu Y, Cui Z, Guo P, Wei A, Meng Q. MicroRNA Let-7f-1-3p attenuates smoke-induced apoptosis in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells in vitro by targeting FOXO1. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172531. [PMID: 31301310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis is a vital step in smoke-induced lung injury. We investigated whether and how microRNA (miRNA) Let-7f-1-3p would regulate smoke-induced apoptosis in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. Human small airway epithelial cells (HSAEC) and human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) were cultured using an air-liquid interface cell culture system. These cells were treated with Let-7f-1-3p agomir or antagomir for 24 h before smoke exposure or sham operation, after which the cells were rinsed and cultured for 24 h before cell viability, apoptosis, cytolysis, Caspase-9/8/3 activity assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Bioinformatic and luciferase reporter assays were performed to predict or verify the target gene of Let-7f-1-3p. We found that smoke exposure significantly reduced Let-7f-1-3p expression level in HSAEC and HPAEpiC. Let-7f-1-3p agomir significantly attenuated cell apoptosis, cytolysis and Caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation while rescuing cell viability of smoke-exposed HSAEC and HPAEpiC. Let-7f-1-3p agomir downregulated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Fas ligand (FasL) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2)-like protein 11 (Bim) protein level in HSAEC and HPAEpiC. Forkhead box-O1 (FOXO1) was verified as a putative regulatory target of Let-7f-1-3p. Smoke exposure increased FOXO1 mRNA and protein level in HSAEC and HPAEpiC, which was attenuated by Let-7f-1-3p agomir treatment. FOXO1 inhibition by small-molecule drug partially attenuated the increase in smoke-exposed HSAEC and HPAEpiC apoptosis, cytolysis and the decrease in cell viability caused by Let-7f-1-3p antagomir treatment. We concluded Let-7f-1-3p attenuated smoke-induced apoptosis in HSAEC and HPAEpiC by targeting FOXO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Han
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yimeng Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengjun Cui
- Department of Burn and Repair Reconstruction Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Department of Burn and Repair Reconstruction Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aizhou Wei
- Department of Burn and Repair Reconstruction Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingnan Meng
- Department of Burn and Repair Reconstruction Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Toxicological Considerations, Toxicity Assessment, and Risk Management of Inhaled Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060929. [PMID: 27314324 PMCID: PMC4926462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel engineered nanoparticles (NPs), nanomaterial (NM) products and composites, are continually emerging worldwide. Many potential benefits are expected from their commercial applications; however, these benefits should always be balanced against risks. Potential toxic effects of NM exposure have been highlighted, but, as there is a lack of understanding about potential interactions of nanomaterials (NMs) with biological systems, these side effects are often ignored. NPs are able to translocate to the bloodstream, cross body membrane barriers effectively, and affect organs and tissues at cellular and molecular levels. NPs may pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and gain access to the brain. The interactions of NPs with biological milieu and resulted toxic effects are significantly associated with their small size distribution, large surface area to mass ratio (SA/MR), and surface characteristics. NMs are able to cross tissue and cell membranes, enter into cellular compartments, and cause cellular injury as well as toxicity. The extremely large SA/MR of NPs is also available to undergo reactions. An increased surface area of the identical chemical will increase surface reactivity, adsorption properties, and potential toxicity. This review explores biological pathways of NPs, their toxic potential, and underlying mechanisms responsible for such toxic effects. The necessity of toxicological risk assessment to human health should be emphasised as an integral part of NM design and manufacture.
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Hayes AJ, Bakand S. Toxicological perspectives of inhaled therapeutics and nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:933-47. [PMID: 24810077 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.916276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human respiratory system is an important route for the entry of inhaled therapeutics into the body to treat diseases. Inhaled materials may consist of gases, vapours, aerosols and particulates. In all cases, assessing the toxicological effect of inhaled therapeutics has many challenges. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of in vivo and in vitro models for testing the toxicity of inhaled therapeutics and nanoparticles implemented in drug delivery. Traditionally, inhalation toxicity has been performed on test animals to identify the median lethal concentration of airborne materials. Later maximum tolerable concentration denoted by LC0 has been introduced as a more ethically acceptable end point. More recently, in vitro methods have been developed, allowing the direct exposure of airborne material to cultured human target cells on permeable porous membranes at the air-liquid interface. EXPERT OPINION Modifications of current inhalation therapies, new pulmonary medications for respiratory diseases and implementation of the respiratory tract for systemic drug delivery are providing new challenges when conducting well-designed inhalation toxicology studies. In particular, the area of nanoparticles and nanocarriers is of critical toxicological concern. There is a need to develop toxicological test models, which characterise the toxic response and cellular interaction between inhaled particles and the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hayes
- The University of New South Wales, School of Chemistry , UNSW Sydney, 2052 , Australia +61 403 028747 ; +61 2 9385 6141 ;
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Burcham PC, Raso A, Henry PJ. Airborne acrolein induces keratin-8 (Ser-73) hyperphosphorylation and intermediate filament ubiquitination in bronchiolar lung cell monolayers. Toxicology 2014; 319:44-52. [PMID: 24594012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The combustion product acrolein is a key mediator of pulmonary edema in victims of smoke inhalation injury. Since studying acrolein toxicity in conventional in vitro systems is complicated by reactivity with nucleophilic culture media constituents, we explored an exposure system which delivers airborne acrolein directly to lung cell monolayers at the air-liquid interface. Calu-3 lung adenocarcinoma cells were maintained on membrane inserts such that the basal surface was bathed in nucleophile-free media while the upper surface remained in contact with acrolein-containing air. Cells were exposed to airborne acrolein for 30 min before they were allowed to recover in fresh media, with cell sampling at defined time points to allow evaluation of toxicity and protein damage. After prior exposure to acrolein, cell ATP levels remained close to controls for 4h but decreased in an exposure-dependent manner by 24h. A loss of transepithelial electrical resistance and increased permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran preceded ATP loss. Use of antibody arrays to monitor protein expression in exposed monolayers identified strong upregulation of phospho-keratin-8 (Ser(73)) as an early consequence of acrolein exposure. These changes were accompanied by chemical damage to keratin-8 and other intermediate filament family members, while acrolein exposure also resulted in controlled ubiquitination of high mass proteins within the intermediate filament extracts. These findings confirm the usefulness of systems allowing delivery of airborne smoke constituents to lung cell monolayers during studies of the molecular basis for acute smoke intoxication injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Burcham
- Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Albert Raso
- Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Henry
- Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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In vitro cytotoxicity and morphological assessment of smoke from polymer combustion in human lung derived cells (A549). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:320-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bakand S, Hayes A, Dechsakulthorn F. Nanoparticles: a review of particle toxicology following inhalation exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:125-35. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.642021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Bakand
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales,
Sydney, Australia
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Amanda Hayes
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales,
Sydney, Australia
| | - Finance Dechsakulthorn
- School of Risk and Safety Sciences, The University of New South Wales,
Sydney, Australia
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Adamson J, Azzopardi D, Errington G, Dickens C, McAughey J, Gaça MD. Assessment of an in vitro whole cigarette smoke exposure system: The Borgwaldt RM20S 8-syringe smoking machine. Chem Cent J 2011; 5:50. [PMID: 21867559 PMCID: PMC3180263 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-5-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have been many recent developments of in vitro cigarette smoke systems closely replicating in vivo exposures. The Borgwaldt RM20S smoking machine (RM20S) enables the serial dilution and delivery of cigarette smoke to exposure chambers for in vitro analyses. In this study we have demonstrated reliability and robustness testing of the RM20S in delivering smoke to in vitro cultures using an in-house designed whole smoke exposure chamber. Results The syringe precision and accuracy of smoke dose generated by the RM20S was assessed using a methane gas standard and resulted in a repeatability error of ≤9%. Differential electrical mobility particle spectrometry (DMS) measured smoke particles generated from reference 3R4F cigarettes at points along the RM20S. 53% ± 5.9% of particles by mass reached the chamber, the remainder deposited in the syringe or connecting tubing and ~16% deposited in the chamber. Spectrofluorometric quantification of particle deposition within chambers indicated a positive correlation between smoke concentration and particle deposition. In vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures (H292 lung epithelial cells), exposed to whole smoke (1:60 dilution (smoke:air, equivalent to ~5 μg/cm2)) demonstrated uniform smoke delivery within the chamber. Conclusions These results suggest this smoke exposure system is a reliable and repeatable method of generating and exposing ALI in vitro cultures to cigarette smoke. This system will enable the evaluation of future tobacco products and individual components of cigarette smoke and may be used as an alternative in vitro tool for evaluating other aerosols and gaseous mixtures such as air pollutants, inhaled pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Adamson
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
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Kaur N, Lacasse M, Roy JP, Cabral JL, Adamson J, Errington G, Waldron KC, Gaça M, Morin A. Evaluation of precision and accuracy of the Borgwaldt RM20S®smoking machine designed forin vitroexposure. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:1174-83. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.533840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bakand S, Hayes A. Troubleshooting methods for toxicity testing of airborne chemicals in vitro. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Burcham PC, Raso A, Thompson CA. Toxicity of smoke extracts towards A549 lung cells: role of acrolein and suppression by carbonyl scavengers. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:416-24. [PMID: 20015449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The noxious 3-carbon electrophile acrolein forms on combustion of diverse organic matter including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene. While known to play a key role in smoke inhalation injury (SII), the molecular basis for the pulmonary toxicity of high dose acrolein-containing smoke is unclear. As a result, drug interventions in SII are poorly directed against pathogenetic smoke toxicants such as acrolein. The first aim of this study was to confirm a role for acrolein in the acute toxicity of smoke extracts towards A549 lung cells by monitoring adduction of known acrolein targets and the expression of acrolein-inducible genes. A second aim was to evaluate carbonyl scavengers for their abilities to protect cell targets and block smoke extract toxicity. Extracts were prepared by bubbling smoke released by smouldering polyethylene through a buffered saline-trap. Acrolein levels in the extracts were estimated via HPLC after derivatisation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Extracts were highly toxic towards A549 cells, eliciting greater ATP depletion than an equivalent concentration of acrolein alone. The toxicity was accompanied by pronounced carbonylation of several cytoskeletal targets, namely vimentin and keratins-7, -8 and -18. Western blotting revealed that polyethylene combustion products also upregulated several acrolein-responsive protein markers, including GADD45beta, NQO1, HMOX, Hsp70, Nur77 and Egr1. Several carbonyl scavengers (bisulfite, d-penicillamine, hydralazine and 1-hydrazinoisoquinoline) strongly attenuated smoke extract toxicity, with bisulfite suppressing both the adduction and cross-linking of intermediate filament targets. Bisulfite also suppressed the cytotoxicity of smoke extracts when detected using real-time monitoring of cellular impedance. These findings confirm a key role for acrolein in smoke cytotoxicity and suggest drugs that block acrolein toxicity deserve further investigation as possible interventions against SII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Burcham
- Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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Holder AL, Lucas D, Goth-Goldstein R, Koshland CP. Cellular Response to Diesel Exhaust Particles Strongly Depends on the Exposure Method. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:108-15. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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KOMORI K, MURAI K, MIYAJIMA S, FUJII T, MOHRI S, ONO Y, SAKAI Y. Development of an in vitro Batch-type Closed Gas Exposure Device with an Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line, A549, for Toxicity Evaluations of Gaseous Compounds. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:957-62. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kikuo KOMORI
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
| | - Kenji MURAI
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
| | | | - Takao FUJII
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
| | - Shino MOHRI
- Department of Environmental & Civil Engineering, University of Okayama
| | - Yoshiro ONO
- Department of Environmental & Civil Engineering, University of Okayama
| | - Yasuyuki SAKAI
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo
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