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Wu X, Chen X, Jiang R, You J, Ouyang G. New insights into the photo-degraded polystyrene microplastic: Effect on the release of volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128523. [PMID: 35278949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of plastics leads to the ubiquity of plastic waste in the environment. Weathering can cause changes in the properties of plastics and lead to the release of various chemicals especially the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Possible photodegradation pathway of polystyrene (PS) microplastics (MPs) was proposed and verified by the detection of VOCs. Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was employed to investigate the release behavior of VOCs from PS MPs exposed to simulated ultraviolet (UV). Results indicated that although the physicochemical properties of the PS MPs showed no significantly change after UV-irradiation, a variety of toxic VOCs, such as benzene, toluene, and phenol were detected from the irradiated MPs. UV irradiation progressively enhanced the release amount of VOCs with total concentration up to 66 μg g-1 after 30 d of exposure, about 2.4 times higher than that stored in the darkness (27 μg g-1). Some compounds (e.g., benzene and toluene) showed an upward trend over irradiation time, while others (e.g., styrene and 2-propenylbenzene) reduced over time. Results also found that the size of MPs could affect the release amounts but without consistent pattern for different VOCs detected in the headspace of the vial. In general, current study provided a new insight on the photo-aging process of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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2
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Abouee-Mehrizi A, Rasoulzadeh Y, Mehdipour A, Alihemmati A, Rahimi E. Hepatotoxic effects caused by simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand white rabbits: a biochemical and histopathological study. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:154-163. [PMID: 33083967 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this experimental study was to investigate hepatotoxicity effects of noise and toluene, and in particular, to study hepatotoxicity effects of simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene by histopathological and biochemical experiments. To experiment hepatotoxicity effects of noise and toluene, 100 dB white noise and 1000 ppm toluene vapors were generated during two consecutive weeks in healthy male New Zealand White rabbits. Non-simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene increased liver enzymes and the serum levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity, and also decreased serum level of glutathione peroxidase. Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase levels increased by simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene. Furthermore, catalase and alkaline phosphatase level decreased by simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene. The hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) experiments indicated significant swelling, lipidosis, eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane in the liver tissue due to exposure to noise, toluene and simultaneous exposure to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Abouee-Mehrizi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yahya Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Mehdipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Alihemmati
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Demır M, Cicek M, Eser N, Yoldaş A, Sısman T. Effects of Acute Toluene Toxicity on Different Regions of Rabbit Brain. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2017; 2017:2805370. [PMID: 28458992 PMCID: PMC5385213 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2805370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute phase effects of toluene on the brain have been investigated in this study using rabbit brain via histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods. A total of 20 male rabbits were used as control and experimental groups. Moreover, nerve growth factor (NGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), dopamine (DA), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) tests were performed in order to designate the severity of the biochemical damage. In the biochemical evaluation of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and entorhinal cortex, the TNF-alpha levels in the brain were found to be significantly higher than in the control group. Levels of dopamine, secreted from the substantia nigra, nerve growth factor (NGF) developed from the hippocampal neurons, and GFAP, secreted from astrocyte cells, were detected to be significantly lower in the toluene-administration group than in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, areas of focal vacuolar degeneration (abscess formation), gliosis, and perivascular demyelination, many pyknotic cells and necrosis were observed. In the toluene-administration group compared to the control group, distinct excessive expansions of the blood vessels and severe degeneration in the structure of cells and also dispersed cell borders were observed. Furthermore, abnormal malformations of the nuclei structure of the oligodendrocyte cells were seen. Bodies of the sequential neurons of the hippocampus in the toluene-administration group were distinctly structurally damaged compared to the control group. In addition, cytoplasm of the cortex cell showed serious immune reactivity in the experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Demır
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kahramanmaraş, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cicek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kahramanmaraş, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Nadire Eser
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kahramanmaraş, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Atila Yoldaş
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kahramanmaraş, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Turgay Sısman
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Dick ALW, Lawrence AJ, Duncan JR. Chronic intermittent toluene inhalation initiated during adolescence in rats does not alter voluntary consumption of ethanol in adulthood. Alcohol 2014; 48:561-9. [PMID: 25212750 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary inhalation of organic solvents, such as toluene, is particularly prevalent in adolescent populations and is considered to be a contributing factor to substance use and dependence later in life. While inhalants are often the initial "drug" experienced during this period, alcohol is another substance readily abused by adolescent populations. Although both substances are thought to have similar actions within the brain, our understanding of the implications of adolescent inhalant abuse upon subsequent exposure to alcohol remains to be investigated. Thus, this study aimed to assess locomotor responses to acute ethanol and voluntary ethanol consumption following a period of toluene inhalation throughout adolescence/early adulthood. Adolescent male Wistar rats (postnatal day [PN] 27) inhaled air or toluene (3000 ppm) for 1 h/day, 3 days/week for 4 (PN 27-52) or 8 weeks (PN 27-80) to mimic the patterns observed in human inhalant abusers. Following the exposure period, cross-sensitization to acute ethanol challenge (0.5 g/kg, intra-peritoneally [i.p.]), and voluntary consumption of 20% ethanol in a chronic intermittent 2-bottle choice paradigm, were assessed. Hepatic ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism and liver histopathology were also investigated. Chronic intermittent toluene (CIT) exposure throughout adolescence for up to 8 weeks did not alter the behavioral response to acute ethanol or voluntary consumption of ethanol in adulthood, although an age-dependent effect on ethanol consumption was observed (p<0.05). Both liver function and pathology did not differ between treatment groups. Thus, in the paradigm employed, CIT exposure throughout adolescence and early adulthood did not predispose rats to subsequent locomotor sensitivity or voluntary consumption of ethanol in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec L W Dick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia.
| | - Jhodie R Duncan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia.
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Tas U, Ayan M, Kuloglu T, Suren M, Cakıl D, Ozyurt B, Bekar DA, Sarsılmaz M. Examination of Apoptotic Effects of High-Dose
Toluene on the Brain Cortex and Cerebellum Tissue During the Acute Phase: an experimental study. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ayan M, Tas U, Sogut E, Kuloglu T, Cayli S, Kocaman N, Karaca ZI, Sahin M. The apoptotic effect of a high dose of toluene on liver tissue during the acute phase: an experimental study. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:728-36. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712442731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the acute toxic effects of high-dose toluene and its mechanisms on the liver tissue of toluene-treated rats. In this study, 16 adult male Wistar albino rats (200–220 g) were divided into two equal groups. Group I was used as a control group, while group II was exposed to high dose of toluene, 5200 mg/kg (6 ml/kg per gavage). After the 3-hour experimental period, blood samples and liver tissues were taken from the euthanized animals. Serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels were assayed. Liver tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, then embedded in paraffin and sectioned (5 μm thickness). Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. A terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay was also done for the determination of apoptosis in liver tissues. For the determination of Bax and caspase-3 immunoreactivity, the sections were stained using avidin–biotin–peroxidase immunohistochemical method. The level of plasma transaminase was found to be increased in toluene administered rats. Additionally, slight degeneration of hepatocyte and mononuclear cell infiltration was observed in the liver tissue sections and a high (+++) immunoreactivity for Bax and caspase-3 protein was observed in the toluene group. This study showed that the high dose of toluene triggers apoptosis in the liver of rats via the mitochondrial pathway in acute period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ayan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Tas
- Department of Anatomy, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Erkan Sogut
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sevil Cayli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Nevin Kocaman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Zafer Ismail Karaca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
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Tas U, Ogeturk M, Kuloglu T, Sapmaz HI, Kocaman N, Zararsiz I, Sarsilmaz M. HSP70 immune reactivity and TUNEL positivity in the liver of toluene-inhaled and melatonin-treated rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:514-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712440138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toluene is a clear, colorless and volatile hydrocarbon that is metabolized in liver, produced free oxygen radicals and can mediate cellular damage. Melatonin which is a pineal gland hormone is a very potent antioxidant. It can make the cellular membrane more durable against oxidative attacks and protect nuclear DNA from oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate heat shock protein (HSP)70 immune reactivity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity (apoptotic activity) in the liver of toluene-inhaled and melatonin-treated rats. A total of 21 adult male Wistar albino rats were divided at random into 3 equal groups. Animals in group I were designated as control. The rats in group II were exposed to toluene (3000 ppm/1 h/day) for 30 days, while the rats in group III were treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) plus toluene inhalation. At the end of the 30-day experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation. Then the liver tissues of rats were removed and tissue specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks. The specimens were stained with periodic acid-schiff (PAS) following routine histological procedures. Sections obtained from paraffin blocks were used for immune detection of TUNEL and HSP70. In light microscopic observations of tissues from toluene-inhaled rats, massive hepatocyte degeneration, ballooning degeneration and decreased PAS positivity were observed. Increased TUNEL positivity and HSP70 immune reactivity were determined in toluene-inhaled group and melatonin treatment decreased all these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Tas
- Department of Anatomy, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Murat Ogeturk
- Department of Anatomy, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Nevin Kocaman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Kanter M. Protective effect of quercetin on liver damage induced by chronic toluene exposure in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:483-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711414613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of quercetin (QE) on liver injury caused by chronic toluene exposure in rats. The rats were randomly allotted into one of three experimental groups: control, toluene treated and toluene treated with QE; each group contained 10 animals. The control group received 1 ml physiologic serum, and toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene, for 8 h/day and 6 days/week for 12 weeks. The rats in the QE-treated groups were given QE (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) once a day for 12 weeks starting just after toluene exposure. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological investigation. To date, no histopathological changes in the liver of rats after chronic toluene exposure by QE treatment have been reported. Light microscopic evaluation of liver tissue samples of toluene-exposed rats revealed enlarged sinusoids filled with blood. In addition, some of the hepatocytes showed loss of cytoplasm, and some had a hyperchromatic nucleus. QE treatment attenuated alterations in liver histology. The alpha smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta-positive cells and the activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling in the toluene-treated group were observed to be reduced with QE treatment. The data indicate that QE attenuates toluene-induced liver injury, but further investigation is still absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Liu Z, Ma Y, Yang J, Qin H. Upregulated and Downregulated Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of Proteomic Profiling Studies. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:61-71. [PMID: 20726783 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Department of Surgery, the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Ma
- Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Department of Surgery, the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Department of Surgery, the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Department of Surgery, the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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