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Cyclic Voltammetry in Biological Samples: A Systematic Review of Methods and Techniques Applicable to Clinical Settings. SIGNALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/signals2010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, but there is no accurate measurement of oxidative stress or antioxidants that has utility in the clinical setting. Cyclic Voltammetry is an electrochemical technique that has been widely used for analyzing redox status in industrial and research settings. It has also recently been applied to assess the antioxidant status of in vivo biological samples. This systematic review identified 38 studies that used cyclic voltammetry to determine the change in antioxidant status in humans and animals. It focusses on the methods for sample preparation, processing and storage, experimental setup and techniques used to identify the antioxidants responsible for the voltammetric peaks. The aim is to provide key information to those intending to use cyclic voltammetry to measure antioxidants in biological samples in a clinical setting.
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Hrbac J, Novak D, Knopf P, Svarc M, Vacek J. Carbon fiber on-line detector for monitoring human blood serum reductive capacity. A complex technical solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Panahi Y, Ghanei M, Vahedi E, Ghazvini A, Parvin S, Madanchi N, Bagheri M, Sahebkar A. Effect of recombinant human IFNγ in the treatment of chronic pulmonary complications due to sulfur mustard intoxication. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:72-7. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.797525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Square wave voltammetry on screen printed electrodes: comparison to ferric reducing antioxidant power in plasma from model laboratory animal (Grey Partridge) and comparison to standard antioxidants. J Appl Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-009-0032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Jain AK, Tewari-Singh N, Gu M, Inturi S, White CW, Agarwal R. Sulfur mustard analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-induced skin injury involves DNA damage and induction of inflammatory mediators, in part via oxidative stress, in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:293-301. [PMID: 21722719 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional alkyalating agent, sulfur mustard (SM)-induced cutaneous injury is characterized by inflammation and delayed blistering. Our recent studies demonstrated that 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a monofunctional analog of SM that can be used in laboratory settings, induces oxidative stress. This could be the major cause of the activation of Akt/MAP kinase and AP1/NF-κB pathways that are linked to the inflammation and microvesication, and histopathological alterations in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. To further establish a link between CEES-induced DNA damage and signaling pathways and inflammatory responses, skin samples from mice exposed to 2 mg or 4 mg CEES for 9-48 h were subjected to molecular analysis. Our results show a strong CEES-induced phosphorylation of H2A.X and an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NOS (iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels, indicating the involvement of DNA damage and inflammation in CEES-induced skin injury in male and female mice. Since, our recent studies showed reduction in CEES-induced inflammatory responses by glutathione (GSH), we further assessed the role of oxidative stress in CEES-related DNA damage and the induction of inflammatory molecules. Oral GSH (300 mg/kg) administration 1h before CEES exposure attenuated the increase in both CEES-induced H2A.X phosphorylation (59%) as well as expression of COX-2 (68%), iNOS (53%) and MMP-9 (54%). Collectively, our results indicate that CEES-induced skin injury involves DNA damage and an induction of inflammatory mediators, at least in part via oxidative stress. This study could help in identifying countermeasures that alone or in combination, can target the unveiled pathways for reducing skin injury in humans by SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Ghabili K, Agutter PS, Ghanei M, Ansarin K, Panahi Y, Shoja MM. Sulfur mustard toxicity: history, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:384-403. [PMID: 21329486 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.541224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) and similar bifunctional agents have been used as chemical weapons for almost 100 years. Victims of high-dose exposure, both combatants and civilians, may die within hours or weeks, but low-dose exposure causes both acute injury to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and other parts of the body, and chronic sequelae in these organs are often debilitating and have a serious impact on quality of life. Ever since they were first used in warfare in 1917, SM and other mustard agents have been the subjects of intensive research, and their chemistry, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxic action are now fairly well understood. In the present article we review this knowledge and relate the molecular-biological basis of SM toxicity, as far as it has been elucidated, to the pathological effects on exposure victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Ghabili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Pohanka M, Sobotka J, Stetina R. Sulfur mustard induced oxidative stress and its alteration by epigallocatechin gallate. Toxicol Lett 2010; 201:105-9. [PMID: 21172412 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; CAS: 505-60-2; abbreviated as HD) is a chemical warfare agent with not well understood mechanism of toxic effect. Deprivation of energy in cells and arising of oxidative stress appears during the exposure. Our experiment is based on investigation of 10mg or 20mg epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) dose prophylactic effect (1h before HD) in rats exposed to either 20mg or 80 mg of HD. Blood mass, plasma and liver were sampled. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reduced glutathione, thiobarbuturic acid reactive substances (TBARSs), glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and caspase 3 were assessed. Animals were sacrificed one day after exposure. We found significant deprivation of low molecular weight antioxidants due to EGCG but not due to HD. However, HD depleted reduced glutathione. EGCG has no effect to influence TBARS level. EGCG and HD up-regulated glutathione reductase and EGCG down regulated glutathione S-transferase in liver tissue. Regarding caspase, EGCG had anti apoptotic potency. We discuss potency to use EGCG to ameliorate redox balance after HD exposure. The data also appoints at difficulty in antioxidant therapy as prophylaxis to the oxidative stress related toxins exposure and ambivalent modulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Pohanka M, Sobotka J, Jilkova M, Stetina R. Oxidative stress after sulfur mustard intoxication and its reduction by melatonin: efficacy of antioxidant therapy during serious intoxication. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 34:85-91. [PMID: 20958112 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.505238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is an important chemical warfare agent. The mechanism of SM toxicity still has not been fully recognized. However, oxidative stress and following the damaging of macromolecules in the human body is considered one of the crucial steps in SM toxicity. Rats intoxicated with pure (i.e., distilled) SM were used as a model organism. The doses, 0 (control), 5, 20, and 80 mg/kg of body weight, were applied intradermally. A hormone with strong antioxidant potency, melatonin, was applied (25 and 50 mg/kg, subcutaneously) into the other group of rats exposed with the same doses of SM. Total plasma protein, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and plasma protein carbonyls were assayed in blood plasma. A significant decrease of total plasma proteins was found for control, and the lowest dose of SM was treated with melatonin. Melatonin was also able to enhance the production of low-molecular-weight antioxidants, as the SM-intoxicated rats had significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increasing FRAP levels after intoxication with SM in doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg, when compared to the control treated with melatonin. Melatonin also decreased TBARS level, representing reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO). However, LPO seems to be of less importance for SM toxic impact. The more reliable parameter was the level of total plasma protein carbonyls. The carbonyl levels were significantly increased due to SM, and the carbonylation was slowed due to melatonin intake. In conclusion, melatonin seems to be a prospective compound in reducing SM toxicity impact in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Center of Advanced Studies, University of Defence/Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Pohanka M, Karasova JZ, Musilek K, Kuca K, Jung YS, Kassa J. Changes of rat plasma total low molecular weight antioxidant level after tabun exposure and consequent treatment by acetylcholinesterase reactivators. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:93-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756361003733613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Jafari M, Ghanei M. Evaluation of plasma, erythrocytes, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid antioxidant defense system in sulfur mustard-injured patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:184-92. [PMID: 20397800 DOI: 10.3109/15563651003623297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sulfur mustard (SM) is a strong alkylating agent that causes acute and chronic effects on different organs following exposure. Main late respiratory complications are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, asthma, and bronchiolitis obliterans. It seems that oxidative stress plays a major role in pathogenesis of diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term effect of SM on plasma, erythrocytes, and brochoalveolar lavage fluid antioxidant defense system in SM-injured patients. METHODS Brochoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma, and erythrocyte samples were taken from 54 patients in the case group exposed to SM and 25 controls with chronic respiratory disease without a history of exposure to SM. RESULTS Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in lavage fluid, plasma, and erythrocytes were significantly higher in case group. The increased glutathione S-transferase activity in lavage fluid was associated with a depletion of glutathione and an increase of malondialdehyde levels. There was no significant change observed in glutathione reductase activity. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that oxidative damage might have an important role for patients exposed to SM. SM may induce an oxidative stress response by depleting the antioxidant defense systems and increasing lipid peroxidation in lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Pohanka M, Bandouchova H, Sobotka J, Sedlackova J, Soukupova I, Pikula J. Ferric reducing antioxidant power and square wave voltammetry for assay of low molecular weight antioxidants in blood plasma: performance and comparison of methods. SENSORS 2009; 9:9094-103. [PMID: 22291555 PMCID: PMC3260632 DOI: 10.3390/s91109094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to employ two methods—square wave voltammetry (SWV) performed on screen printed sensors and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)—as suitable tools for the assay of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (LMWAs). LMWAs were assayed by both methods and the resulting data were statistically compared. Plasma samples from five Cinereous vultures accidentally intoxicated with lead were used to represent real biological matrices with different levels of LMWAs. Blood was collected from the birds prior to and one month after treatment with Ca-EDTA. SWV resulted in two peaks. The first peak, with the potential value of 466 ± 15 mV, was recognized as ascorbic and uric acids, while the second one (743 ± 30 mV) represented glutathione, tocopherol, ascorbic acid and in a minor effect by uric acid, too. Contribution of individual antioxidants was recognized by separate assays of LMWA standards. Correlation between peaks 1 and 2 as well as the sum of the two peaks and FRAP was analysed. While peak 1 and the sum of peaks were in close correlation to FRAP results (correlation coefficient of 0.97), the relation between peak 2 and FRAP may be expressed using a correlation coefficient of 0.64. The determination of thiols by the Ellman assay confirmed the accuracy of SWV. Levels of glutathione and other similar structures were stable in the chosen model and it may be concluded that SWV is appropriate for assay of LMWAs in plasma samples. The methods employed in the study were advantageous in minimal sample volume consumption and fast acquisition of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Centre of Advanced Studies and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence / Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-973-251-519; Fax: +420-495-518-094
| | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.S.); (I.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jakub Sobotka
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.S.)
| | - Jana Sedlackova
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.S.); (I.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Ivana Soukupova
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.S.); (I.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.S.); (I.S.); (J.P.)
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Pohanka M, Novotný L, Misík J, Kuca K, Zdarova-Karasova J, Hrabinova M. Evaluation of cholinesterase activities during in vivo intoxication using an electrochemical sensor strip - correlation with intoxication symptoms. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:3627-34. [PMID: 22412329 PMCID: PMC3297120 DOI: 10.3390/s90503627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterase activity in blood of laboratory rats was monitored. Rats were intoxicated with paraoxon at dosis of 0 - 65 - 125 - 170 - 250 - 500 nmol. The 250 nmol dose was found to be the LD(50). An electrochemical sensor was found useful to provide information about cholinesterase activity. The decrease of cholinesterase activity was correlated to intoxication symptoms and mortality level. It was found that the symptoms of intoxication are not observed while at least 50% of cholinesterase activity in blood remains. The minimal cholinesterase activity essential to survival is around 10%, when compared with the initial state. No changes in levels of low moleculary weight antioxidants were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Ladislav Novotný
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
| | - Jan Misík
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Jana Zdarova-Karasova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
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