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Klainbart S, Grabarnik M, Kelmer E, Chai O, Cuneah O, Segev G, Aroch I. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 39 cats. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1633. [PMID: 35437770 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphates and carbamates are important sources of intoxication for humans and animals. However, large-scale studies of these intoxications in cats are unavailable. METHODS The medical records of 39 cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Mortality in intoxicated cats was 15%. Low respiratory rate and low rectal temperature at presentation were associated with death. Other common clinical signs included weakness, ataxia, apathy, recumbency, anorexia and bradycardia, but these were unassociated with the outcome. The common biochemical abnormalities included decreased serum butyryl-choline esterase activity, acidaemia, hypercarbaemia and total hypocalcaemia, and increased creatine kinase activity and total plasma protein concentration. There were no significant differences in haematological, biochemical and blood gas analytes between survivors and non-survivors. Common medications and treatments included 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl-chloride-pralidoxime (2-PAM) (74%), metoclopramide (64%), antibiotics (64%), diphenhydramine (59%) and atropine sulphate (54%). There were no significant drug and treatment differences between survivors and non-survivors. The secondary complications of the intoxication included pneumonia (10%), acute kidney injury (10%) and pancreatitis (8%). CONCLUSIONS Acute cholinergic crisis due to organophosphate or carbamate intoxication has a fair prognosis in cats. Low respiratory rate and low rectal temperature at presentation were associated with death. The most commonly used specific medications in this study included 2-PAM, diphenhydramine and atropine sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Klainbart
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meital Grabarnik
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Department of Small Animal Neurology, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga Cuneah
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Figueroa-Villar JD, Petronilho EC, Kuca K, Franca TCC. Review about Structure and Evaluation of Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited with Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1422-1442. [PMID: 32334495 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200425213215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the Organophosphates (OPs) capable of restricting the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn, controls the nerve impulse transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic oximes. However, until today, it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs. For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately, this task usually requires a relatively long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also display a limited capacity of permeating the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their capacity to reactivating AChE inside the nervous system. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of effective antidotes against those compounds. RESULTS Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for the new agents' development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs. CONCLUSION To develop these new agents, the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics), organic synthesis, spectroscopic methodologies, biology, biochemical and biophysical information, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daniel Figueroa-Villar
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Petronilho
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
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Thakur A, Patwa J, Sharma A, Flora SJ. Synthesis, Molecular Docking, BSA, and in-vitro reactivation study of imidazopyridine oxime against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Med Chem 2021; 18:273-287. [PMID: 33563155 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210208223240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To synthesize and evaluate the fused heterocyclic imidazopyridine oxime as a reactivator against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. BACKGROUND Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) include parathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, and diazinon which are commonly used in agriculture for enhancing agricultural productivity via killing crop-damaging pests. However, people may get exposed to OPs pesticides unintentionally/intentionally via ingestion, inhalation or dermal. The current treatment regimen includes reactivator such as mono or bis-pyridinium oximes along with anticholinergic and an anticonvulsant drugs are recommended for the treatment of OP poisoning. Unfortunately, the drawback of the existing reactivator is that owing to the permanent charge present on the pyridinium makes them inefficient to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reactivate OP-inhibited central nervous system (CNS) acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, there is a need of reactivator that could cross the BBB and reactivate the OP inhibited acetylcholinesterase. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were synthesis, molecular docking, BSA binding and in-vitro estimation of oximes of various substituted imidazo [1,2-a]pyridine against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. METHOD The reactivators were synthesized in three steps and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Molecular docking study was performed on 2WHP and 3ZLV PDB using Autodock tool. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of oximes was calculated experimentally and drug-likeness properties of the oximes were calculated In silico using mole inspiration and Swiss ADME software. The binding of oximes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The reactivation potential of the oximes was determined by in vitro enzymatic assay. RESULT in-silico study inferred that synthesized molecules fulfilled the parameters that required for a successful CNS drug candidate. Further, in-vitro enzymatic assay indicated reasonable reactivation potential of the oximes against paraoxon-inhibited AChE. The binding of oximes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed static quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by oxime. The binding constant value and number of binding sites were found 0.24 mol-1 and 1 respectively. CONCLUSION The results of study concluded that this scaffold could be used for further designing of more efficient uncharged reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Thakur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
| | - Jayant Patwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
| | - Swaran Jeet Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
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Zhang L, Murata H, Amitai G, Smith PN, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Catalytic Detoxification of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents by Butyrylcholinesterase-Polymer-Oxime Bioscavengers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3867-3877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhang
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gabriel Amitai
- Wohl Drug Discovery Institute, Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Paige N. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Spampanato J, Pouliot W, Bealer SL, Roach B, Dudek FE. Antiseizure and neuroprotective effects of delayed treatment with midazolam in a rodent model of organophosphate exposure. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1387-1398. [PMID: 31125451 PMCID: PMC6662604 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to organophosphates (OPs) and OP nerve agents (NAs) causes status epilepticus (SE) and irreversible brain damage. Rapid control of seizure activity is important to minimize neuronal injury and the resulting neurological and behavioral disorders; however, early treatment will not be possible after mass release of OPs or NAs. METHODS We utilized a delayed-treatment model of OP exposure in adult rats by administration of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) to study the relationship between the antiseizure and neuroprotective effects of the "standard-of-care" benzodiazepine, midazolam (MDZ), when given at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after SE onset. After electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, neural damage in serial brain sections was studied with Fluoro-Jade B staining. RESULTS MDZ-induced seizure suppression was equivalent in magnitude regardless of treatment delay (ie, seizure duration). When assessed globally (ie, normalized across 10 different brain regions) for each treatment delay, MDZ administration resulted in only nonsignificant reductions in neuronal death. However, when data for MDZ treatment were combined from all three delay times, a small but significant reduction in global neuronal death was detected when compared to vehicle treatment, which indicated that the substantive MDZ-induced seizure suppression led to only a small reduction in neuronal death. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, MDZ significantly reduced DFP-induced SE intensity when treatment was delayed 30, 60, and even up to 120 minutes; however, this reduction in seizure intensity had no detectable effect on neuronal death at each individual delay time. These data show that although MDZ suppressed seizures, additional neuroprotective therapies are needed to mitigate the effects of OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Spampanato
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wendy Pouliot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Steven L Bealer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bonnie Roach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Francis Edward Dudek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Atropine counteracts the depressive-like behaviour elicited by acute exposure to commercial chlorpyrifos in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 71:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Maraković N, Maček Hrvat N, Zandona A, Novotny M, Skarka A, Andrys R, Benkova M, Soukup O, Katalinić M, Kuca K, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Pyridinium Oximes with Ortho-Positioned Chlorine Moiety Exhibit Improved Physicochemical Properties and Efficient Reactivation of Human Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Several Nerve Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10753-10766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kandpal N, Dewangan HK, Nagwanshi R, Ghosh KK, Satnami ML. Micellar-accelerated hydrolysis of organophosphate and thiophosphates by pyridine oximate. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kandpal
- School of Studies in Chemistry; Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University; Raipur India
| | - Hitesh K. Dewangan
- School of Studies in Chemistry; Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University; Raipur India
| | - Rekha Nagwanshi
- Department of Chemistry; Govt. Madhav Science P. G. College; Ujjain India
| | - Kallol K. Ghosh
- School of Studies in Chemistry; Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University; Raipur India
| | - Manmohan L. Satnami
- School of Studies in Chemistry; Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University; Raipur India
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9
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Catalytic bioscavengers as countermeasures against organophosphate nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 292:50-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The formation of oximes and hydrazones is employed in numerous scientific fields as a simple and versatile conjugation strategy. This imine-forming reaction is applied in fields as diverse as polymer chemistry, biomaterials and hydrogels, dynamic combinatorial chemistry, organic synthesis, and chemical biology. Here we outline chemical developments in this field, with special focus on the past ∼10 years of developments. Recent strategies for installing reactive carbonyl groups and α-nucleophiles into biomolecules are described. The basic chemical properties of reactants and products in this reaction are then reviewed, with an eye to understanding the reaction's mechanism and how reactant structure controls rates and equilibria in the process. Recent work that has uncovered structural features and new mechanisms for speeding the reaction, sometimes by orders of magnitude, is discussed. We describe recent studies that have identified especially fast reacting aldehyde/ketone substrates and structural effects that lead to rapid-reacting α-nucleophiles as well. Among the most effective new strategies has been the development of substituents near the reactive aldehyde group that either transfer protons at the transition state or trap the initially formed tetrahedral intermediates. In addition, the recent development of efficient nucleophilic catalysts for the reaction is outlined, improving greatly upon aniline, the classical catalyst for imine formation. A number of uses of such second- and third-generation catalysts in bioconjugation and in cellular applications are highlighted. While formation of hydrazone and oxime has been traditionally regarded as being limited by slow rates, developments in the past 5 years have resulted in completely overturning this limitation; indeed, the reaction is now one of the fastest and most versatile reactions available for conjugations of biomolecules and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik K Kölmel
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric T Kool
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Masson P, Nachon F. Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:26-40. [PMID: 28542985 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus agents (OPs) irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing a major cholinergic syndrome. The medical counter-measures of OP poisoning have not evolved for the last 30 years with carbamates for pretreatment, pyridinium oximes-based AChE reactivators, antimuscarinic drugs and neuroprotective benzodiazepines for post-exposure treatment. These drugs ensure protection of peripheral nervous system and mitigate acute effects of OP lethal doses. However, they have significant limitations. Pyridostigmine and oximes do not protect/reactivate central AChE. Oximes poorly reactivate AChE inhibited by phosphoramidates. In addition, current neuroprotectants do not protect the central nervous system shortly after the onset of seizures when brain damage becomes irreversible. New therapeutic approaches for pre- and post-exposure treatments involve detoxification of OP molecules before they reach their molecular targets by administrating catalytic bioscavengers, among them phosphotriesterases are the most promising. Novel generation of broad spectrum reactivators are designed for crossing the blood-brain barrier and reactivate central AChE. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, Cédex, France
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Kassa J, Misik J, Hatlapatkova J, Zdarova Karasova J. A comparison of neuroprotective efficacy of two novel reactivators of acetylcholinesterase called K920 and K923 with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:236-243. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1275907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hatlapatkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Horova A, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K305, K307) with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Berberich JA, Stouch TR, Manepalli S, Esposito EX, Madura JD. Biological Testing of Organophosphorus-Inactivated Acetylcholinesterase Oxime Reactivators Identified via Virtual Screening. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1534-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Berberich
- Department
of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering
and Computing, Miami University, 64 P Engineering Building, 650 East
High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Terry R. Stouch
- Science For Solutions, LLC, 6211
Kaityln Court, Princeton Junction, New Jersey 08550, United States
| | - Sankar Manepalli
- Center for Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | | | - Jeffry D. Madura
- Center for Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Pouliot W, Bealer SL, Roach B, Dudek FE. A rodent model of human organophosphate exposure producing status epilepticus and neuropathology. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:196-203. [PMID: 27527991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphates (OPs) often results in seizures and/or status epilepticus (SE) that produce neural damage within the central nervous system (CNS). Early control of SE is imperative for minimizing seizure-related CNS neuropathology. Although standard therapies exist, more effective agents are needed to reduce OP-induced SE and neuronal loss, particularly therapies with efficacy when administered 10's of minutes after the onset of SE. To evaluate novel antiseizure compounds, animal models should simulate the CNS effects of OP exposure observed in humans. We characterized in rats the effects of the OP, diisopropyl flourophosphate (DFP) as a function of dose and route of administration of supporting agents (pyridostigmine, 2-PAM, atropine); outcome measures were mortality, electrographic seizure activity during SE, and subsequent CNS neuropathology. Doses of DFP between 3 and 7mg/kg consistently caused SE, and the latency to behavioral tremors and to subsequent initiation of SE were dose related. In distinction, all doses of DFP that resulted in electrographic SE (3-7mg/kg) produced seizures of similar intensity and duration, and similar CNS neuropathology (i.e., the effects were all-or-none). Although SE was similar across doses, mortality progressively increased with higher doses of DFP. Mortality was significantly lower when the route of administration of therapeutic agents was intramuscular compared to intraperitoneal. This rodent model of OP poisoning demonstrates pathological characteristics similar to those observed in humans, and thus begins to validate this model for investigating potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pouliot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-9999, United States
| | - S L Bealer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-9999, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah School of Medicine and College of Pharmacy, United States.
| | - B Roach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-9999, United States
| | - F E Dudek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-9999, United States
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Voicu VA, Medvedovici AV, Sakurada K, Ohta H, Rădulescu FȘ, Miron DS. The forgotten or underestimated relevance of biopharmaceutical-based assessments for the oral absorption studies of oxime reactivators. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:743-52. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1179282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Voicu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Psychopharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davilla’, Bucharest, Romania
- Medical Science Section, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Koichi Sakurada
- Department of Forensic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikoto Ohta
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, Toxicology Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, National Police Agency, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Dalia Simona Miron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Synthesis and in-vitro reactivation screening of imidazolium aldoximes as reactivators of sarin and VX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:85-92. [PMID: 27138243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-treatment of organophosphate (OP) poisoning involves the application of oxime reactivator as an antidote. Structurally different oximes are widely studied to examine their kinetic and mechanistic behavior against OP-inhibited cholinesterase enzyme. A series of structurally related 1,3-disubstituted-2-[(hydroxyiminomethyl)alkyl]imidazolium halides (5a-5e, 9a-9c) were synthesized and further evaluated for their in-vitro reactivation ability to reactivate sarin- and VX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). The observed results were compared with the reactivation efficacy of standard reactivators; 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6. Amongst the synthesized oximes, 5a, 9a and 9b were found to be most potent reactivators against sarin-inhibited hAChE while in case of VX only 9a exhibited comparable reactivity with 2-PAM. Incorporation of pyridinium ring to the imidazole ring resulted in substantial increase in the reactivation strength of prepared reactivator. Physicochemical properties of synthesized reactivators have also been evaluated.
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18
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Gersner R, Ekstein D, Dhamne S, Schachter S, Rotenberg A. Huperzine A prophylaxis against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats is associated with increased cortical inhibition. Epilepsy Res 2015; 117:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Horova A, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K920, K923) with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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20
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Miller SL, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Figueiredo TH, Prager EM, Almeida-Suhett CP, Apland JP, Braga MFM. A rat model of nerve agent exposure applicable to the pediatric population: The anticonvulsant efficacies of atropine and GluK1 antagonists. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:204-16. [PMID: 25689173 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after nerve agent exposure induces status epilepticus (SE), which causes brain damage or death. The development of countermeasures appropriate for the pediatric population requires testing of anticonvulsant treatments in immature animals. In the present study, exposure of 21-day-old (P21) rats to different doses of soman, followed by probit analysis, produced an LD50 of 62μg/kg. The onset of behaviorally-observed SE was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in brain AChE activity; rats who did not develop SE had significantly less reduction of AChE activity in the basolateral amygdala than rats who developed SE. Atropine sulfate (ATS) at 2mg/kg, administered 20 min after soman exposure (1.2×LD50), terminated seizures. ATS at 0.5mg/kg, given along with an oxime within 1 min after exposure, allowed testing of anticonvulsants at delayed time-points. The AMPA/GluK1 receptor antagonist LY293558, or the specific GluK1 antagonist UBP302, administered 1h post-exposure, terminated SE. There were no degenerating neurons in soman-exposed P21 rats, but both the amygdala and the hippocampus were smaller than in control rats at 30 and 90days post-exposure; this pathology was not present in rats treated with LY293558. Behavioral deficits present at 30 days post-exposure, were also prevented by LY293558 treatment. Thus, in immature animals, a single injection of atropine is sufficient to halt nerve agent-induced seizures, if administered timely. Testing anticonvulsants at delayed time-points requires early administration of ATS at a low dose, sufficient to counteract only peripheral toxicity. LY293558 administered 1h post-exposure, prevents brain pathology and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Eric M Prager
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Camila P Almeida-Suhett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - James P Apland
- Neurotoxicology Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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21
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Karamtzioti P, Papastergiou A, Stefanakis JG, Koumbis AE, Anastasiou I, Koffa M, Fylaktakidou KC. O-Benzoyl pyridine aldoxime and amidoxime derivatives: novel efficient DNA photo-cleavage agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine oxime esters are effective DNA photocleavers, causing single-/double-stranded DNA cleavage at concentrations as low as 1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Karamtzioti
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - Asterios Papastergiou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - John G. Stefanakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Chemistry Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - Alexandros E. Koumbis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Chemistry Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - Ioanna Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - Konstantina C. Fylaktakidou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
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22
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Voicu V, Rădulescu FŞ, Medvedovici A. Relationships between the antidotal efficacy and structure, PK/PD parameters and bio-relevant molecular descriptors of AChE reactivating oximes: inclusion and integration to biopharmaceutical classification systems. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:95-109. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.980813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Voicu
- 1Romanian Academy, Medical Sciences Section, Calea Victoriei no. 125, Bucharest – 010071, Romania
- 2University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Psychopharmacology, Şcoala Floreasca Street no. 8, Bucharest - 011643, Romania
| | - Flavian Ştefan Rădulescu
- 3University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Traian Vuia Street no. 6, Bucharest-020956, Romania
| | - Andrei Medvedovici
- 4University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Panduri Ave., no. 90, Bucharest- 050663, Romania
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23
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Petroianu GA. Oxime treatment for organophosphorus compound exposure: Getting it (into the brain) might not be that good for you, after all. J Appl Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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24
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Tumova M, Horova A, Musilek K. A Comparison of the Reactivating and Therapeutic Efficacy of Two Newly Developed Oximes (K727 and K733) with Oxime K203 and Trimedoxime in Tabun-Poisoned Rats and Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:367-71. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Martina Tumova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Anna Horova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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25
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Gupta B, Singh N, Sharma R, Foretić B, Musilek K, Kuca K, Acharya J, Satnami ML, Ghosh KK. Assessment of antidotal efficacy of cholinesterase reactivators against paraoxon: In vitro reactivation kinetics and physicochemical properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4743-4748. [PMID: 25190468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The search of proficient oximes as reactivators of irreversibly inhibited-AChE by organophosphate poisoning necessitates an appropriate assessment of their physicochemical properties and reactivation kinetics. Therefore, herein acid dissociation constant; pKa, lipophilicity; logP, polar surface area, hydrogen bond donor and acceptor counts of structurally different oximes (two tertiary oximes and thirteen pyridinium aldoxime derivatives) have been evaluated. The experimentally obtained data for pKa has been comparatively analyzed by using non-linear regression. Further the tested oximes were screened through in vitro reactivation kinetics against paraoxon-inhibited AChE. The pKa values of all the examined oximes were within the range of 7.50-9.53. pKa values of uncharged and mono-pyridinium oximes were in good correlation with their reactivation potency. The high negative logP values of pyridinium oxime reactivators indicate their high hydrophilic character; hence oximes with improved lipophilicity should be designed for the development of novel and more potent antidotes. Propane and butane linked oximes were superior reactivators than xylene linked bis-oxime reactivators. It is concluded from the present study that pKa value is not only ruled by the position of oximino functionality in the pyridinium ring, but also by the position of linker. Although, pyridinium oximes are proved to be better reactivators but their lipophilicity has to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanushree Gupta
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.) 492010, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.) 492010, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.) 492010, India
| | - Blaženka Foretić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zargreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University Hospital, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jyotiranjan Acharya
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - M L Satnami
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.) 492010, India
| | - Kallol K Ghosh
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.) 492010, India.
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26
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Petroianu GA, Athauda G, Darvas F, Kalasz H, Lorke DE. K-OXIME (K-27): PHOSPHYLATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN LOGP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2014.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Voicu V, Sârbu C, Tache F, Micăle F, Rădulescu ŞF, Sakurada K, Ohta H, Medvedovici A. Lipophilicity indices derived from the liquid chromatographic behavior observed under bimodal retention conditions (reversed phase/hydrophilic interaction): Application to a representative set of pyridinium oximes. Talanta 2014; 122:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Esposito EX, Stouch TR, Wymore T, Madura JD. Exploring the physicochemical properties of oxime-reactivation therapeutics for cyclosarin, sarin, tabun, and VX inactivated acetylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:99-110. [PMID: 24443939 DOI: 10.1021/tx400350b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphorus agent (OP) compounds is a serious problem regardless of how the individual was exposed. The reactivation of OP-inactivated AChE is dependent on the OP conjugate, and commonly a specific oxime is better at reactivating a specific OP conjugate than several diverse OP conjugates. The presented research explores the physicochemical properties needed for the reactivation of OP-inactivated AChE. Four different OPs, cyclosarin, sarin, tabun, and VX, were analyzed using the same set of oxime reactivators. A trial descriptor pool of semiempirical, traditional, and molecular interaction field descriptors was used to construct an ensemble of QSAR models for each OP-conjugate pair. Based on the molecular information and the cross-validation ability, individual QSAR models were selected to be part of an OP-conjugate consensus model. The OP-conjugate specific models provide important insight into the physicochemical properties required to reactivate the OP conjugates of interest. The reactivation of AChE inactivated with either cyclosarin or tabun requires the oxime therapeutic to possess an overall polar-positive surface area. Oxime therapeutics for the reactivation of sarin-inactivated AChE are conformationally dependent while oxime reverse therapeutics for VX require a compact region with a highly hydrophilic region and two positively charged pyridine rings.
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29
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Žďárová Karasová J, Zemek F, Kassa J, Kuča K. Entry of oxime K027 into the different parts of rat brain: Comparison with obidoxime and oxime HI-6. J Appl Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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30
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Arivazhagan M, Jeyavijayan S, Geethapriya J. Conformational stability, vibrational spectra, molecular structure, NBO and HOMO-LUMO analysis of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime based on DFT calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 104:14-25. [PMID: 23274252 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime (NFAO) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1), respectively. The total energies of different conformations have been obtained from DFT (B3LYP) with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set calculations. The computational results identify the most stable conformer of NFAO as the C1 form. Utilizing the observed FTIR and FT-Raman data, a complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the compound were carried out. The optimum molecular geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman scattering activities, were calculated by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of NFAO is also reported based on total energy distribution (TED). Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions, charge delocalization have been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Besides, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), HOMO and LUMO analysis, and several thermodynamic properties were performed by the DFT method. Mulliken's net charges have been calculated and compared with the natural atomic charges. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum of the title molecule has also been calculated using TD-DFT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arivazhagan
- Department of Physics, A.A. Govt. Arts College, Musiri 621 211, India.
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31
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Sterner TR, Ruark CD, Covington TR, Yu KO, Gearhart JM. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the oxime TMB-4: simulation of rodent and human data. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:661-80. [PMID: 23314320 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple oximes have been synthesized and evaluated for use as countermeasures against chemical warfare nerve agents. The current U.S. military and civilian oxime countermeasure, 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-1-methylpyridin-1-ium chloride (2-PAM), is under consideration for replacement with a more effective acetylcholinesterase reactivator, 1,1'-methylenebis{4-hydroxyiminomethyl}pyridinium dimethanesulfonate (MMB-4). Kinetic data in the scientific literature for MMB-4 are limited; therefore, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for a structurally related oxime, 1,1'-trimethylenebis{4-hydroximinomethyl}pyridinium dibromide. Based on a previous model structure for the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate, the model includes key sites of acetylcholinesterase inhibition (brain and diaphragm), as well as fat, kidney, liver, rapidly perfused tissues and slowly perfused tissues. All tissue compartments are diffusion limited. Model parameters were collected from the literature, predicted using quantitative structure-property relationships or, when necessary, fit to available pharmacokinetic data from the literature. The model was parameterized using rat plasma, tissue and urine time course data from intramuscular administration, as well as human blood and urine data from intravenous and intramuscular administration; sensitivity analyses were performed. The PBPK model successfully simulates rat and human data sets and has been evaluated by predicting intravenous mouse and intramuscular human data not used in the development of the model. Monte Carlo analyses were performed to quantify human population kinetic variability in the human evaluation data set. The model identifies potential pharmacokinetic differences between rodents and humans, indicated by differences in model parameters between species. The PBPK model can be used to optimize the dosing regimen to improve oxime therapeutic efficacy in a human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Sterner
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 2729 R Street, Bldg 837, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-5707, USA.
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Abstract
Diagnosis of nerve agent intoxication is based on anamnestic data, clinical signs and laboratory examination. For acute poisoning, cholinesterase activity in the blood (erythrocyte AChE, plasma/serum BuChE) is sensitive, simple and most frequent laboratory examination performed in biochemical laboratories. Specialized examinations to precise treatment (reactivation test) or to make retrospective diagnosis (fluoride induced reactivation etc.) can be conducted. Other sophisticated methods are available, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Bajgar
- University of Defence, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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33
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Voicu V, Rădulescu FŞ, Medvedovici A. Toxicological considerations of acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:31-50. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.736489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Bajgar J, Hajek P, Kassa J, Slizova D, Krs O, Karasova JZ, Fusek J, Capek L, Voicu VA. Combined approach to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity changes in the rat brain following tabun intoxication and its treatment. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 22:60-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.596231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Timperley CM, Banks RE, Young IM, Haszeldine RN. Synthesis of some fluorine-containing pyridinealdoximes of potential use for the treatment of organophosphorus nerve-agent poisoning. J Fluor Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Karasova JZ, Chladek J, Hroch M, Josef F, Hnidkova D, Kuca K. Pharmacokinetic study of two acetylcholinesterase reactivators, trimedoxime and newly synthesized oxime K027, in rat plasma. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:18-23. [PMID: 21717485 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
K027 [1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-propane dibromide] is a promising new reactivator of organophosphate- or organophosphonate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with low acute toxicity and broad spectrum efficacy. The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of both compounds. Male Wistar rats (body weight = 320 ± 10 g) were administered a single intramuscular dose of K027 (22.07 mg kg(-1)) and an equimolar dose of trimedoxime. Blood was collected at various time intervals until 180 min. Plasma samples were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The recovery of both oximes from the plasma was approximately 90% and a linear relationship (R(2) > 0.998) was observed between the peak areas and concentrations of calibrated standards in the range 1-100 µg ml(-1). Near-identical plasma profiles were obtained for both compounds. No differences were found in the mean ± SD values of C(max) (18.6 ± 2.5 vs 20.0 ± 6.3 µg ml(-1), P = 0.72) and AUC(0-180min) (2290 ± 304 vs 2269 ± 197 min µg ml(-1), P = 0.84). However, the percentage coefficient of variation of the first-order rate constant of absorption (k(a)) was 3-fold higher (P < 0.01) providing evidence for more erratic absorption of intramuscular trimedoxime as compared with K027. In conclusion, oxime K027 might have superior pK properties that may be translated in its faster absorption and subsequent tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Defence University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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37
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Partition of bispyridinium oximes (trimedoxime and K074) administered in therapeutic doses into different parts of the rat brain. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:1082-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fišar Z, Hroudová J, Korábečný J, Musílek K, Kuča K. In vitro effects of acetylcholinesterase reactivators on monoamine oxidase activity. Toxicol Lett 2011; 201:176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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