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Laxmikeshav K, Rahman Z, Mahale A, Gurukkala Valapil D, Sharma P, George J, Phanindranath R, Dandekar MP, Kulkarni OP, Nagesh N, Shankaraiah N. Benzimidazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors: Design, synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129494. [PMID: 37797804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A new class of benzimidazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors has been designed and synthesized in this study. The in vitro anticancer profile of the developed molecules was reconnoitred on selected human cancer cells. The highest cytotoxicity was illustrated by compounds 7n and 7u with IC50 values ranging from 2.55 to 17.89 µM with specificity toward SK-Mel-28 cells. They displayed 5-fold less cytotoxicity towards normal rat kidney epithelial NRK52E cells, which implies that they are not harmful to normal, healthy cells. The cellular staining procedures like AO/EB, DCFDA, and DAPI were applied to comprehend the inherent mechanism of apoptosis which displayed nuclear and morphological alterations. The Annexin V binding and JC-1 studies were executed to evaluate the extent of apoptosis and the decline in mitochondrial transmembrane potential in SK-Mel-28 cell lines. Compound 7n dose-dependently arrested the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and the target-based outcomes proposed tubulin polymerization inhibition by 7n (IC50 of 5.05±0.13 μM). Computational studies were also conducted on the tubulin protein (PDB ID: 3E22) to investigate the stabilized binding interactions of compounds 7n and 7u with tubulin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Durgesh Gurukkala Valapil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Joel George
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Regur Phanindranath
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Onkar P Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
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Attia SM, Al-Hamamah MA, Alotaibi MR, Alasmari AF, Attia MS, Ahmad SF, Mahmoud MA, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Bakheet SA. Aneugenic and clastogenic alterations in the DBA/IJ mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 888:503635. [PMID: 37188433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, is associated with elevated risk of lymphoma. Rituximab, a treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, has been approved as a treatment for RA. We studied the effects of rituximab on chromosomal stability in collagen-induced arthritis DBA/1J animal models. Micronucleus levels were increased in the mouse models, mainly due to chromosome loss, as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization; rituximab-treated arthritic mice had significantly less micronucleus formation. Serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a DNA oxidative stress marker, was increased in the mice models but reduced following rituximab administration.
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3
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Laxmikeshav K, Sayali M, Devabattula G, Valapil DG, Mahale A, Sharma P, George J, Phanindranath R, Godugu C, Kulkarni OP, Nagesh N, Shankaraiah N. Triazolo-linked benzimidazoles as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and DNA intercalators: Design, synthesis, cytotoxicity, and docking studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200449. [PMID: 36807372 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple "click" protocol was employed in the quest of synthesizing 1,2,3-triazole-linked benzimidazoles as promising anticancer agents on various human cancer cell lines such as A549, HCT116, SK-Mel-28, HT-29, and MCF-7. Compound 12j demonstrated significant cytotoxic potential towards SK-Mel-28 cancer cells (IC50 : 4.17 ± 0.09 µM) and displayed no cytotoxicity (IC50 : > 100 µM) against normal human BEAS-2B cells inferring its safety towards normal healthy cells. Further to comprehend the underlying apoptosis mechanisms, AO/EB, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were performed, which revealed the nuclear and morphological alterations. Compound 12j displayed impairment in cellular migration and inhibited colony formation. The annexin V binding assay and JC-1 were implemented to evaluate the scope of apoptosis and the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in SK-Mel-28 cells. Cell-cycle analysis revealed that compound 12j arrested the cells at the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. Target-based assays established the inhibition of tubulin polymerization by 12j at an IC50 value of 5.65 ± 0.05 μM and its effective binding with circulating tumor DNA as a DNA intercalator. The detailed binding interactions of 12j with tubulin and DNA were examined by docking studies on PDB ID: 3E22 and DNA hexamer (PDB ID: 1NAB), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mone Sayali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Geetanjali Devabattula
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Durgesh G Valapil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Joel George
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Hyderabad, India
| | - Regur Phanindranath
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Onkar P Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Meng Z, Zhao R, Li X, Ma C, Xie C. Synthesis of acridones through the ring expansion of isatins with arynes oxidated by O2 in air. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Laxmikeshav K, Sharma P, Palepu M, Sharma P, Mahale A, George J, Phanindranath R, Dandekar MP, Kulkarni OP, Nagesh N, Shankaraiah N. Benzimidazole based bis-carboxamide derivatives as promising cytotoxic agents: Design, synthesis, in silico and tubulin polymerization inhibition. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sana S, Reddy VG, Srinivasa Reddy T, Tokala R, Kumar R, Bhargava SK, Shankaraiah N. Cinnamide derived pyrimidine-benzimidazole hybrids as tubulin inhibitors: Synthesis, in silico and cell growth inhibition studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104765. [PMID: 33677248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An approach in modern medicinal chemistry to discover novel bioactive compounds is by mimicking diverse complementary pharmacophores. In extension of this strategy, a new class of piperazine-linked cinnamide derivatives of benzimidazole-pyrimidine hybrids have been designed and synthesized. Their in vitro cytotoxicity profiles were explored on selected human cancer cell lines. Specifically, structural comparison of target hybrids with tubulin-DAMA-colchicine and tubulin-nocodazole complexes has exposed a deep position of benzimidazole ring into the αT5 loop. All the synthesized compounds were demonstrated modest to interesting cytotoxicity against different cancer cell lines. The utmost cytotoxicity has shown with an amine linker of benzimidazole-pyrimidine series, with specificity toward A549 (lung cancer) cell line. The most potent compound in this series was 18i, which inhibited cancer cell growth at micromolar concentrations ranging 2.21-7.29 µM. Flow cytometry studies disclosed that 18i inhibited the cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle. The potent antitumor activity of 18i resulted from enhanced microtubule disruption at a similar level as nocodazole on β-tubulin antibody, explored using immunofluorescence staining. The most active compound 18i also inhibited tubulin polymerization with an IC50 of 5.72 ± 0.51 µM. In vitro biological analysis of 18i presented apoptosis induction on A549 cells with triggering of ROS generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in DNA injury. In addition, 18i displayed impairment in cellular migration and inhibited the colony formation. Notably, the safety profile of most potent compound 18i was revealed by screening against normal human pulmonary epithelial cells (L132: IC50: 69.25 ± 5.95 μM). The detailed binding interactions of 18i with tubulin was investigated by employing molecular docking, superimposition and free energy analyses. Thus remarks made in this study established that pyrimidine-benzimidazole hybrids as a new class of tubulin polymerization inhibitors with significant anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Sana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Velma Ganga Reddy
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia.
| | - T Srinivasa Reddy
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Ramya Tokala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Suresh K Bhargava
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
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Horne EA, Diaz P, Cimino PJ, Jung E, Xu C, Hamel E, Wagenbach M, Kumasaka D, Wageling NB, Azorín DD, Winkler F, Wordeman LG, Holland EC, Stella N. A brain-penetrant microtubule-targeting agent that disrupts hallmarks of glioma tumorigenesis. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdaa165. [PMID: 33506204 PMCID: PMC7813200 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is sensitive to microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs), but most MTAs do not cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). To address this limitation, we developed the new chemical entity, ST-401, a brain-penetrant MTA. METHODS Synthesis of ST-401. Measures of MT assembly and dynamics. Cell proliferation and viability of patient-derived (PD) glioma in culture. Measure of tumor microtube (TM) parameters using immunofluorescence analysis and machine learning-based workflow. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and experimental toxicity in mice. In vivo antitumor activity in the RCAS/tv-a PDGFB-driven glioma (PDGFB-glioma) mouse model. RESULTS We discovered that ST-401 disrupts microtubule (MT) function through gentle and reverisible reduction in MT assembly that triggers mitotic delay and cell death in interphase. ST-401 inhibits the formation of TMs, MT-rich structures that connect glioma to a network that promotes resistance to DNA damage. PK analysis of ST-401 in mice shows brain penetration reaching antitumor concentrations, and in vivo testing of ST-401 in a xenograft flank tumor mouse model demonstrates significant antitumor activity and no over toxicity in mice. In the PDGFB-glioma mouse model, ST-401 enhances the therapeutic efficacies of temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation therapy (RT). CONCLUSION Our study identifies hallmarks of glioma tumorigenesis that are sensitive to MTAs and reports ST-401 as a promising chemical scaffold to develop brain-penetrant MTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Horne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Stella Therapeutics, Inc., Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philippe Diaz
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- DermaXon LLC, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Patrick J Cimino
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erik Jung
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Wagenbach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Debra Kumasaka
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Daniel D Azorín
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda G Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Whitwell J, Smith R, Chirom T, Watters G, Hargreaves V, Lloyd M, Phillips S, Clements J. Inclusion of an extended treatment with recovery improves the results for the human peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus assay. Mutagenesis 2019; 34:217-237. [PMID: 31209484 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus (IVMN) test was endorsed for regulatory genotoxicity testing with adoption of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (TG) 487 in 2010. This included two equally acceptable options for extended treatment in the absence of metabolic activation: a treatment for 1.5-2.0 cell cycles with harvest at the end of treatment (Option A) or treatment for 1.5-2.0 cell cycles followed by recovery for 1.5-2.0 cell cycles prior to harvest (Option B). Although no preferences were discussed, TG 487 cautions that Option B may not be appropriate for stimulated lymphocytes where exponential growth may be declining at 96 h after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Following revision of TG 487 in 2014 and 2016, emphasis has been placed on using Option A. Given the purpose of the IVMN assay is to determine both clastogenic and aneugenic potential, the authors believe the assay is compromised if an extended treatment with recovery is not included for sensitive detection of certain classes of chemical. In this study, average generation time (via bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) was measured up to 144 h after PHA stimulation. In addition, the HPBL micronucleus (MN) assay was performed using Option A and B treatment schedules. Cytotoxicity (replication index) and MN induction were determined following treatment with 14 chemicals. The data demonstrate that lymphocytes actively divide beyond 96 h after PHA stimulation. Furthermore, MN induction was only observed with some aneugenic chemicals and nucleoside analogues in HPBLs following extended treatment with a recovery period. For the majority of chemicals tested the magnitude of MN induction was generally greater and MN induction was observed across a wider concentration range following the Option B treatment schedule. In addition, steep concentration-related toxicity following treatment without recovery is more common, making selection of suitable concentrations (within regulatory toxicity limits) for MN analysis challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Whitwell
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Robert Smith
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Teresa Chirom
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Gary Watters
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Victoria Hargreaves
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Mel Lloyd
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Julie Clements
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
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9
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Arnst KE, Banerjee S, Chen H, Deng S, Hwang DJ, Li W, Miller DD. Current advances of tubulin inhibitors as dual acting small molecules for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1398-1426. [PMID: 30746734 DOI: 10.1002/med.21568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule (MT)-targeting agents are highly successful drugs as chemotherapeutic agents, and this is attributed to their ability to target MT dynamics and interfere with critical cellular functions, including, mitosis, cell signaling, intracellular trafficking, and angiogenesis. Because MT dynamics vary in the different stages of the cell cycle, these drugs tend to be the most effective against mitotic cells. While this class of drug has proven to be effective against many cancer types, significant hurdles still exist and include overcoming aspects such as dose limited toxicities and the development of resistance. Newer generations of developed drugs attack these problems and alternative approaches such as the development of dual tubulin and kinase inhibitors are being investigated. This approach offers the potential to show increased efficacy and lower toxicities. This review covers different categories of MT-targeting agents, recent advances in dual inhibitors, and current challenges for this drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsie E Arnst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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10
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Wilde S, Dambowsky M, Hempt C, Sutter A, Queisser N. Classification of in vitro genotoxicants using a novel multiplexed biomarker assay compared to the flow cytometric micronucleus test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:662-677. [PMID: 28940655 DOI: 10.1002/em.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory in vitro genotoxicity testing exhibits shortcomings in specificity and mode of action (MoA) information. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of the novel MultiFlow® assay composed of mechanistic biomarkers quantified in TK6 cells after treatment (4 and 24 hr): γH2AX (DNA double strand breaks), phosphorylated H3 (mitotic cells), translocated p53 (genotoxicity), and cleaved PARP1 (apoptosis). A reference dataset of 31 compounds with well-established MoA was studied using the MicroFlow® micronucleus assay. A positive call was raised following the earlier published criteria from Litron Laboratories. In the light of our data, these evaluation criteria should probably be adjusted since only 8/11 (73%) nongenotoxicants and 18/20 (90%) genotoxicants were correctly identified. Moreover, there is a need for new in vitro tools to delineate the predominant MoA as in the MicroFlow® assay only 5/9 (56%) aneugens and 4/11 (36%) clastogens were correctly classified. In contrast, the MultiFlow® assay provides more in-depth information about the MoA and therefore reliably discriminates clastogens, aneugens, and nongenotoxicants. By using a lab-specific, practical threshold for the aforementioned biomarkers, 10/11 (91%) nongenotoxicants and 19/20 genotoxicants (95%), 9/11 (82%) clastogens, and 8/9 (89%) aneugens were correctly categorized, suggesting a clear improvement over the MicroFlow® . Furthermore, the MultiFlow markers were benchmarked against established methods to assess the validity of the data. Altogether, these findings demonstrated good agreement between the MultiFlow® assay and the benchmarking methods. Finally, p21 may improve class discrimination given the correct identification of 4/4 (100%) aneugens and 2/5 (40%) clastogens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:662-677, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilde
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Hempt
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nina Queisser
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Yao YF, Wang ZC, Wu SY, Li QF, Yu C, Liang XY, Lv PC, Duan YT, Zhu HL. Identification of novel 1-indolyl acetate-5-nitroimidazole derivatives of combretastatin A-4 as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 137:10-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Bryce SM, Bernacki DT, Bemis JC, Spellman RA, Engel ME, Schuler M, Lorge E, Heikkinen PT, Hemmann U, Thybaud V, Wilde S, Queisser N, Sutter A, Zeller A, Guérard M, Kirkland D, Dertinger SD. Interlaboratory evaluation of a multiplexed high information content in vitro genotoxicity assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:146-161. [PMID: 28370322 PMCID: PMC5436310 DOI: 10.1002/em.22083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a multiplexed in vitro genotoxicity assay based on flow cytometric analysis of detergent-liberated nuclei that are simultaneously stained with propidium iodide and labeled with fluorescent antibodies against p53, γH2AX, and phospho-histone H3. Inclusion of a known number of microspheres provides absolute nuclei counts. The work described herein was undertaken to evaluate the interlaboratory transferability of this assay, commercially known as MultiFlow® DNA Damage Kit-p53, γH2AX, Phospho-Histone H3. For these experiments, seven laboratories studied reference chemicals from a group of 84 representing clastogens, aneugens, and nongenotoxicants. TK6 cells were exposed to chemicals in 96-well plates over a range of concentrations for 24 hr. At 4 and 24 hr, cell aliquots were added to the MultiFlow reagent mix and following a brief incubation period flow cytometric analysis occurred, in most cases directly from a 96-well plate via a robotic walk-away data acquisition system. Multiplexed response data were evaluated using two analysis approaches, one based on global evaluation factors (i.e., cutoff values derived from all interlaboratory data), and a second based on multinomial logistic regression that considers multiple biomarkers simultaneously. Both data analysis strategies were devised to categorize chemicals as predominately exhibiting a clastogenic, aneugenic, or nongenotoxic mode of action (MoA). Based on the aggregate 231 experiments that were performed, assay sensitivity, specificity, and concordance in relation to a priori MoA grouping were ≥ 92%. These results are encouraging as they suggest that two distinct data analysis strategies can rapidly and reliably predict new chemicals' predominant genotoxic MoA based on data from an efficient and transferable multiplexed in vitro assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:146-161, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria E Engel
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Zeller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Guérard
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
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Sun M, Xu Q, Xu J, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zuo D, Guan Q, Bao K, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhang W. Synthesis and bioevaluation of N,4-diaryl-1,3-thiazole-2-amines as tubulin inhibitors with potent antiproliferative activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174006. [PMID: 28333984 PMCID: PMC5363846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N,4-diaryl-1,3-thiazole-2-amines containing three aromatic rings with an amino linker were designed and synthesized as tubulin inhibitors and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity in three human cancer cell lines. Most of the target compounds displayed moderate antiproliferative activity, and N-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (10s) was determined to be the most potent compound. Tubulin polymerization and immunostaining experiments revealed that 10s potently inhibited tubulin polymerization and disrupted tubulin microtubule dynamics in a manner similar to CA-4. Moreover, 10s effectively induced SGC-7901 cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in both concentration- and time-dependent manners. The molecular docking results revealed that 10s could bind to the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qile Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yueting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Daiying Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (JW)
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (JW)
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14
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Ahmed RI, Osman EEA, Awadallah FM, El-Moghazy SM. Design, synthesis and molecular docking of novel diarylcyclohexenone and diarylindazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 32:176-188. [PMID: 27771966 PMCID: PMC6009925 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1244532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
New target compounds were designed as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization relying on using two types of ring B models (cyclohexenone and indazole) to replace the central ring in colchicine. Different functional groups (R1) were attached to manipulate their physicochemical properties and/or their biological activity. The designed compounds were assessed for their antitumor activity on HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compounds 4b, 5e and 5f exhibited comparable or higher potency than colchicine against colon HCT-116 and MCF-7 tumor cells. The mechanism of the antitumor activity was investigated through evaluating the tubulin inhibition potential of the active compounds. Compounds 4b, 5e and 5f showed percentage inhibition of tubulin in both cell line homogenates ranging from 79.72% to 89.31%. Cell cycle analysis of compounds 4b, 5e and 5f revealed cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Molecular docking revealed the binding mode of these new compounds into the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham I Ahmed
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Nahda University in Beni Suef , Kornish Al Nile , Beni Suef , Egypt
| | - Essam Eldin A Osman
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Fadi M Awadallah
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Samir M El-Moghazy
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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15
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Bryce SM, Bernacki DT, Bemis JC, Dertinger SD. Genotoxic mode of action predictions from a multiplexed flow cytometric assay and a machine learning approach. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:171-89. [PMID: 26764165 PMCID: PMC4792721 DOI: 10.1002/em.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Several endpoints associated with cellular responses to DNA damage as well as overt cytotoxicity were multiplexed into a miniaturized, "add and read" type flow cytometric assay. Reagents included a detergent to liberate nuclei, RNase and propidium iodide to serve as a pan-DNA dye, fluorescent antibodies against γH2AX, phospho-histone H3, and p53, and fluorescent microspheres for absolute nuclei counts. The assay was applied to TK6 cells and 67 diverse reference chemicals that served as a training set. Exposure was for 24 hrs in 96-well plates, and unless precipitation or foreknowledge about cytotoxicity suggested otherwise, the highest concentration was 1 mM. At 4- and 24-hrs aliquots were removed and added to microtiter plates containing the reagent mix. Following a brief incubation period robotic sampling facilitated walk-away data acquisition. Univariate analyses identified biomarkers and time points that were valuable for classifying agents into one of three groups: clastogenic, aneugenic, or non-genotoxic. These mode of action predictions were optimized with a forward-stepping process that considered Wald test p-values, receiver operator characteristic curves, and pseudo R(2) values, among others. A particularly high performing multinomial logistic regression model was comprised of four factors: 4 hr γH2AX and phospho-histone H3 values, and 24 hr p53 and polyploidy values. For the training set chemicals, the four-factor model resulted in 94% concordance with our a priori classifications. Cross validation occurred via a leave-one-out approach, and in this case 91% concordance was observed. A test set of 17 chemicals that were not used to construct the model were evaluated, some of which utilized a short-term treatment in the presence of a metabolic activation system, and in 16 cases mode of action was correctly predicted. These initial results are encouraging as they suggest a machine learning strategy can be used to rapidly and reliably predict new chemicals' genotoxic mode of action based on data from an efficient and highly scalable multiplexed assay.
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16
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Synthesis of arylpyrazole linked benzimidazole conjugates as potential microtubule disruptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1082-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Dominant lethal effects of nocodazole in germ cells of male mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 77:101-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Bryce SM, Bemis JC, Mereness JA, Spellman RA, Moss J, Dickinson D, Schuler MJ, Dertinger SD. Interpreting in vitro micronucleus positive results: simple biomarker matrix discriminates clastogens, aneugens, and misleading positive agents. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:542-555. [PMID: 24756928 DOI: 10.1002/em.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity assays is low, as they yield a high incidence of positive results that are not observed in animal genotoxicity and carcinogenicity tests, that is, "misleading" or "irrelevant" positives. We set out to develop a rapid and effective follow-up testing strategy that would predict whether apparent in vitro micronucleus-inducing effects are due to a clastogenic, aneugenic, or secondary irrelevant mode(s) of action. Priority was given to biomarkers that could be multiplexed onto flow cytometric acquisition of micronucleus frequencies, or that could be accomplished in parallel using a homogeneous-type assay. A training set of 30 chemicals comprised of clastogens, aneugens, and misleading positive chemicals was studied. These experiments were conducted with human TK6 cells over a range of closely spaced concentrations in a continuous exposure design. In addition to micronucleus frequency, the following endpoints were investigated, most often at time of harvest: cleaved Parp-positive chromatin, cleaved caspase 3-positive chromatin, ethidium monoazide bromide-positive chromatin, polyploid nuclei, phospho-histone H3-positive (metaphase) cells, tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester-negative cells, cellular ATP levels, cell cycle perturbation, and shift in γ-H2AX fluorescence relative to solvent control. Logistic regression was used to identify endpoints that effectively predict chemicals' a priori classification. Cross validation using a leave-one-out approach indicated that a promising base model includes γ-H2AX shift and change in phospho-histone H3-positive events (25/30 correct calls). Improvements were realized when one or two additional endpoints were included (26-30/30 correct calls). These models were further evaluated with a test set of 10 chemicals, and also by evaluating 3 chemicals at a collaborating laboratory. The resulting data support the hypothesis that a matrix of high throughput-compatible biomarkers can effectively delineate two important modes of genotoxic action as well as identify cytotoxicity that can lead to irrelevant positive results.
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Attia SM, Harisa GI, Abd-Allah AR, Ahmad SF, Bakheet SA. The Influence of Lentinan on the Capacity of Repair of DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Paclitaxel in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:370-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University; Riyadh; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University; Riyadh; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I activity and induction of apoptosis by thiazacridine derivatives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Lu Y, Chen J, Xiao M, Li W, Miller DD. An overview of tubulin inhibitors that interact with the colchicine binding site. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2943-71. [PMID: 22814904 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin dynamics is a promising target for new chemotherapeutic agents. The colchicine binding site is one of the most important pockets for potential tubulin polymerization destabilizers. Colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSI) exert their biological effects by inhibiting tubulin assembly and suppressing microtubule formation. A large number of molecules interacting with the colchicine binding site have been designed and synthesized with significant structural diversity. CBSIs have been modified as to chemical structure as well as pharmacokinetic properties, and tested in order to find a highly potent, low toxicity agent for treatment of cancers. CBSIs are believed to act by a common mechanism via binding to the colchicine site on tubulin. The present review is a synopsis of compounds that have been reported in the past decade that have provided an increase in our understanding of the actions of CBSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, 847 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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