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Kahsay BN, Moeller L, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH, Gebre-Mariam T. Delivery of small hydrophilic molecules across the stratum corneum: Identification of model systems and parameters to study topical delivery of free amino acids. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124372. [PMID: 38909923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Free amino acids (FAAs) constitute the largest component (∼40 %) of the so-called natural moisturizing factors of the skin. Their level declines in dry skin conditions and one strategy to overcome this problem may involve the topical delivery of FAAs through appropriate strategy. The objective of the present study was therefore to identify alternative skin models and study the corneocyte-water partition coefficients (KCOR/W) and permeation coefficient (KP) of 18 FAAs. The KCOR/W was studied using standard protocols and the permeation studies were conducted using Franz diffusion cell. The results indicate that the FAAs have high partitioning behavior to the corneocytes. The KCOR/W values of the human COR and that of pig ear skin were better correlated with each other than that of keratin isolated from chicken feathers. The presence of lipid in the stratum corneum (SC), initial concentration of the FAAs, and permeation enhancers affect the KCOR/W. The FAAs have low permeation into the SC which suggests the need for permeation enhancers in designing dosage form containing these compounds. Even though the investigated mathematical models show good prediction of the Kp values, better prediction could be obtained by considering factors such as the possible entrapment of the FAAs by the CORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Nigusse Kahsay
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 23 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5 D-55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucie Moeller
- Department of Systemic Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Wohlrab
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard H H Neubert
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 23 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Tsige Gebre-Mariam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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2
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Thors L, Wigenstam E, Qvarnström J, Larsson A, Lindberg S, Öberg L, Rattfelt-Nyholm J, Bucht A. Comparison of skin decontamination strategies in the initial operational response following chemical exposures. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105539. [PMID: 36539105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mass casualty incidents including hazardous chemical skin exposure, decontamination is the primary intervention to avoid systemic uptake of the toxic compound. The protocol needs to be both simple and efficient to enable a rapid response and avoid delay of patient management. In the present study, decontamination strategies included in the initial operational response were evaluated following human skin exposure in vitro to four different contaminants. Results demonstrated that the efficacy of selected decontamination procedures was highly dependent on the chemical contaminant used. Dry removal of the sulfur mustard simulant methyl salicylate prior to wet decontamination was found beneficial compared to wet decontamination alone. Rapidly initiated wet decontamination was more efficient compared to dry and wet removal of the industrial chemical 2-butoxyethanol and the nerve agent tabun. Following VX-exposure, all wet decontamination procedures resulted in increased agent penetration compared to the control. In conclusion, challenges in establishing simple and efficient decontamination procedures for a broad-spectrum of chemicals have been demonstrated. The impact of including a dry removal step during decontamination was evidently agent specific. Despite the variation in efficacy, immediately initiated dry removal may facilitate patient management until wet decontamination resources are available and to reduce the risk of secondary contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Johanna Qvarnström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Larsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Öberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Zhang R, Li N, Li J, Zhao C, Luo Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Percutaneous absorption and exposure risk assessment of organophosphate esters in children's toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129728. [PMID: 35969952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration and exposure risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from children's toys remains largely unknown. Percutaneous penetration of OPEs was evaluated by EPISkin™ model. Chlorinated OPEs (Cl-OPEs) and alkyl OPEs, except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, exhibited a fast absorption rate and good dermal penetration ability with cumulative absorptions of 57.6-127 % of dosed OPEs. Cumulative absorptions of OPEs through skin cells were inversely associated with their molecular weight and log octanol-water partition coefficient. Additionally, a quantitative structure-activity relationship model indicated that topological charge and steric features of OPEs were closely related to the transdermal permeability of these chemicals. With the clarification of the factors affecting the transdermal penetration of OPEs, the level and exposure risk of OPEs in actual toys were studied. The summation of 18 OPE concentrations in 199 toy samples collected from China ranged from 6.82 to 228,254 ng/g, of which Cl-OPEs presented the highest concentration. Concentrations of OPEs in toys exhibited clear type differences. Daily exposure to OPEs via dermal, hand-to-mouth contact, and mouthing was evaluated, and dermal contact was a significant route for children's exposure to OPEs. Hazard quotients for noncarcinogenic risk assessment were below 1, indicating that the health risk of OPEs via toys was relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ningqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yadan Luo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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4
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Gorman Ng M, Cherrie JW, Sleeuwenhoek A, Stenzel M, Kwok RK, Engel LS, Cavallari JM, Blair A, Sandler DP, Stewart P. GuLF DREAM: A Model to Estimate Dermal Exposure Among Oil Spill Response and Clean-up Workers. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:i218-i233. [PMID: 31334553 PMCID: PMC8989037 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tens of thousands of individuals performed oil spill response and clean-up (OSRC) activities following the 'Deepwater Horizon' oil drilling rig explosion in 2010. Many were exposed to oil residues and dispersants. The US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences assembled a cohort of nearly 33 000 workers to investigate potential adverse health effects of oil spill exposures. Estimates of dermal and inhalation exposure are required for those individuals. Ambient breathing-zone measurements taken at the time of the spill were used to estimate inhalation exposures for participants in the GuLF STUDY (Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study), but no dermal measurements were collected. Consequently, a modelling approach was used to estimate dermal exposures. We sought to modify DREAM (DeRmal Exposure Assessment Method) to optimize the model for assessing exposure to various oil spill-related substances and to incorporate advances in dermal exposure research. Each DREAM parameter was reviewed in the context of literature published since 2000 and modified where appropriate. To reflect the environment in which the OSRC work took place, the model treatment of evaporation was expanded to include vapour pressure and wind speed, and the effect of seawater on exposure was added. The modified model is called GuLF DREAM and exposure is estimated in GuLF DREAM units (GDU). An external validation to assess the performance of the model for oils, tars, and fuels was conducted using available published dermal wipe measurements of heavy fuel oil (HFO) and dermal hand wash measurements of asphalt. Overall, measured exposures had moderate correlations with GDU estimates (r = 0.59) with specific correlations of -0.48 for HFO and 0.68 for asphalt. The GuLF DREAM model described in this article has been used to generate dermal exposure estimates for the GuLF STUDY. Many of the updates made were generic, so the updated model may be useful for other dermal exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gorman Ng
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John W Cherrie
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Anne Sleeuwenhoek
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Mark Stenzel
- Exposure Assessment Applications, LLC, Arlington, VA 22207, USA
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cavallari
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 27709, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Law RM, Ngo MA, Maibach HI. Twenty Clinically Pertinent Factors/Observations for Percutaneous Absorption in Humans. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020; 21:85-95. [PMID: 31677110 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-019-00480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At least 20 clinically relevant factors affect percutaneous absorption of drugs and chemicals: relevant physico-chemical properties, vehicle/formulation, drug exposure conditions (dose, duration, surface area, exposure frequency), skin appendages (hair follicles, glands) as sub-anatomical pathways, skin application sites (regional variation in penetration), population variability (premature, infants, and aged), skin surface conditions (hydration, temperature, pH), skin health and integrity (trauma, skin diseases), substantivity and binding to different skin components, systemic distribution and systemic toxicity, stratum corneum exfoliation, washing-off and washing-in, rubbing/massaging, transfer to others (human to human and hard surface to human), volatility, metabolic biotransformation/cutaneous metabolism, photochemical transformation and photosensitivity, excretion pharmacokinetics, lateral spread, and chemical method of determining percutaneous absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Law
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, H3440, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, N461 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
| | - Mai A Ngo
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 8800 Cal Center Drive, Sacramento, CA, 95826, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, N461 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
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6
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Zhang A, Jung EC, Zhu H, Zou Y, Hui X, Maibach H. Vehicle effects on human stratum corneum absorption and skin penetration. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:416-425. [PMID: 27436841 DOI: 10.1177/0748233716656119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of three vehicles-ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM)-on stratum corneum (SC) absorption and diffusion of the [14C]-model compounds benzoic acid and butenafine hydrochloride to better understand the transport pathways of chemicals passing through and resident in SC. Following application of topical formulations to human dermatomed skin for 30 min, penetration flux was observed for 24 h post dosing, using an in vitro flow-through skin diffusion system. Skin absorption and penetration was compared to the chemical-SC (intact, delipidized, or SC lipid film) binding levels. A significant vehicle effect was observed for chemical skin penetration and SC absorption. IPA resulted in the greatest levels of intact SC/SC lipid absorption, skin penetration, and total skin absorption/penetration of benzoic acid, followed by IPM and EtOH, respectively. For intact SC absorption and total skin absorption/penetration of butenafine, the vehicle that demonstrated the highest level of sorption/penetration was EtOH, followed by IPA and IPM, respectively. The percent doses of butenafine that were absorbed in SC lipid film and penetrated through skin in 24 h were greatest for IPA, followed by EtOH and IPM, respectively. The vehicle effect was consistent between intact SC absorption and total chemical skin absorption and penetration, as well as SC lipid absorption and chemical penetration through skin, suggesting intercellular transport as a main pathway of skin penetration for model chemicals. These results suggest the potential to predict vehicle effects on skin permeability with simple SC absorption assays. As decontamination was applied 30 min after chemical exposure, significant vehicle effects on chemical SC partitioning and percutaneous penetration also suggest that skin decontamination efficiency is vehicle dependent, and an effective decontamination method should act on chemical solutes in the lipid domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Zhang
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eui-Chang Jung
- 2 Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanjiang Zhu
- 2 Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ying Zou
- 3 Skin & Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Hui
- 2 Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- 2 Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Zhu H, Jung E, Phuong C, Hui X, Maibach H. Effects of soap–water wash on human epidermal penetration. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Eui‐Chang Jung
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Christina Phuong
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Xiaoying Hui
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco CA USA
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8
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Phuong C, Maibach HI. Recent knowledge: Concepts of dermal absorption in relation to skin decontamination. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:5-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Phuong
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Howard I. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
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9
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Zhu H, Jung EC, Hui X, Maibach H. Proposed human stratum corneum water domain in chemical absorption. J Appl Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26206725 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with varying physical and chemical properties may have different affinities to the stratum corneum (SC) and/or its intercellular lipids, keratin protein, and possible water domains. To better understand the mechanism of percutaneous absorption, we utilized 21 carbon-14 labeled chemicals, with wide hydrophilicity (log P = -0.05 to 6.17), and quantified their absorption/adsorption properties for a short incubation time (15 min) with regards to intact SC membrane, delipidized SC membrane and SC lipid. A facile method was developed for SC/lipid absorption, providing a more equivalent procedure and comparable data. SC lipid absorption of chemical solutes positively correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P). Differences between the percent dose of chemical absorption to intact SC and the total percent dose contributed by the protein and lipid domains suggest the possibility and significance of a water domain. Absorption rate experiments showed a longer lag time for intact SC than for delipidized SC or SC lipid, suggesting that the water domain may delay chemical binding to protein and lipid domains, and may be a factor in the resistance of many chemicals to current decontamination methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
| | - Eui-Chang Jung
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
| | - Xiaoying Hui
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
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Design and characterisation of a novel in vitro skin diffusion cell system for assessing mass casualty decontamination systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Treatment of sulphur mustard skin injury. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:491-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Brent J. Water-based solutions are the best decontaminating fluids for dermal corrosive exposures: A mini review. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51:731-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.838628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Surber C, Elsner P, Singh J. Howard I. Maibach: Extraordinary Leadership in Integrating Key Concepts Underpinning Our Understanding of Percutaneous Absorption and Occupational Dermatology. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:190-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000353622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present article is to briefly highlight some contributions of Prof. Howard I. Maibach to the field of dermatology. After a few introducing remarks regarding Howard's personal career, the article specifically reviews contributions to the understanding of percutaneous absorption and to occupational dermatology. He and his companions/coworkers established and introduced experimental prerequisites to better study and understand percutaneous absorption - both in vitro and in vivo. Not less influential was his contribution to occupational dermatology acting as a founding member of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group and coinaugurating the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. These groups have been very active ever since. As an academic teacher, he inspired young colleagues to perform original research work and to establish their own working groups. He has done this most successfully with many fellows who worked with him over the years, and who are now leading departments or companies dedicated to dermatological research all over the world. Probably this is his most important and lasting achievement.
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