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Pulmonary toxicants and fibrosis: innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115272. [PMID: 33031836 PMCID: PMC9960630 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by destruction and remodeling of the lung due to an accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix components in the tissue. This results in progressive irreversible decreases in lung capacity, impaired gas exchange and eventually, hypoxemia. A number of inhaled and systemic toxicants including bleomycin, silica, asbestos, nanoparticles, mustard vesicants, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone, and ionizing radiation have been identified. In this article, we review the role of innate and adaptive immune cells and mediators they release in the pathogenesis of fibrotic pathologies induced by pulmonary toxicants. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for patients with these debilitating and largely irreversible chronic diseases.
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Long-term Respiratory Effects of Mustard Vesicants. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:168-174. [PMID: 31698045 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard and related vesicants are cytotoxic alkylating agents that cause severe damage to the respiratory tract. Injury is progressive leading, over time, to asthma, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, airway stenosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. As there are no specific therapeutics available for victims of mustard gas poisoning, current clinical treatments mostly provide only symptomatic relief. In this article, the long-term effects of mustards on the respiratory tract are described in humans and experimental animal models in an effort to define cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to lung injury and disease pathogenesis. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying pulmonary toxicity induced by mustards may help in identifying potential targets for the development of effective clinical therapeutics aimed at mitigating their adverse effects.
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Sunil VR, Vayas KN, Abramova EV, Rancourt R, Cervelli JA, Malaviya R, Goedken M, Venosa A, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Lung injury, oxidative stress and fibrosis in mice following exposure to nitrogen mustard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 387:114798. [PMID: 31678244 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause acute lung injury which progresses to fibrosis. Herein, we developed a murine model of NM-induced pulmonary toxicity with the goal of assessing inflammatory mechanisms of injury. C57BL/6J mice were euthanized 1-28 d following intratracheal exposure to NM (0.08 mg/kg) or PBS control. NM caused progressive alveolar epithelial thickening, perivascular inflammation, bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial fibroplasia and fibrosis, peaking 14 d post exposure. Enlarged foamy macrophages were also observed in the lung 14 d post NM, along with increased numbers of microparticles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Following NM exposure, rapid and prolonged increases in BAL cells, protein, total phospholipids and surfactant protein (SP)-D were also detected. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD11b+Ly6G-F4/80+Ly6Chi proinflammatory macrophages accumulated in the lung after NM, peaking at 3 d. This was associated with macrophage expression of HMGB1 and TNFα in histologic sections. CD11b+Ly6G-F4/80+Ly6Clo anti-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic macrophages also increased in the lung after NM peaking at 14 d, a time coordinate with increases in TGFβ expression and fibrosis. NM exposure also resulted in alterations in pulmonary mechanics including increases in tissue elastance and decreases in compliance and static compliance, most prominently at 14 d. These findings demonstrate that NM induces structural and inflammatory changes in the lung that correlate with aberrations in pulmonary function. This mouse model will be useful for mechanistic studies of mustard lung injury and for assessing potential countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Raymond Rancourt
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Michael Goedken
- Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854;, United States of America.
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
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Duke KS, Bonner JC. Mechanisms of carbon nanotube-induced pulmonary fibrosis: a physicochemical characteristic perspective. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10:e1498. [PMID: 28984415 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with numerous beneficial applications. However, they could pose a risk to human health from occupational or consumer exposures. Rodent models demonstrate that exposure to CNTs via inhalation, instillation, or aspiration results in pulmonary fibrosis. The severity of the fibrogenic response is determined by various physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial such as residual metal catalyst content, rigidity, length, aggregation status, or surface charge. CNTs are also increasingly functionalized post-synthesis with organic or inorganic agents to modify or enhance surface properties. The mechanisms of CNT-induced fibrosis involve oxidative stress, innate immune responses of macrophages, cytokine and growth factor production, epithelial cell injury and death, expansion of the pulmonary myofibroblast population, and consequent extracellular matrix accumulation. A comprehensive understanding of how physicochemical properties affect the fibrogenic potential of various types of CNTs should be considered in combination with genetic variability and gain or loss of function of specific genes encoding secreted cytokines, enzymes, or intracellular cell signaling molecules. Here, we cover the current state of the literature on mechanisms of CNT-exposed pulmonary fibrosis in rodent models with a focus on physicochemical characteristics as principal drivers of the mechanisms leading to pulmonary fibrosis. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Duke
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - James C Bonner
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Weinberger B, Malaviya R, Sunil VR, Venosa A, Heck DE, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Mustard vesicant-induced lung injury: Advances in therapy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:1-11. [PMID: 27212445 PMCID: PMC5119915 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most mortality and morbidity following exposure to vesicants such as sulfur mustard is due to pulmonary toxicity. Acute injury is characterized by epithelial detachment and necrosis in the pharynx, trachea and bronchioles, while long-term consequences include fibrosis and, in some instances, cancer. Current therapies to treat mustard poisoning are primarily palliative and do not target underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. New knowledge about vesicant-induced pulmonary disease pathogenesis has led to the identification of potentially efficacious strategies to reduce injury by targeting inflammatory cells and mediators including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, proteases and proinflammatory/cytotoxic cytokines. Therapeutics under investigation include corticosteroids, N-acetyl cysteine, which has both mucolytic and antioxidant properties, inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, liposomes containing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and/or tocopherols, protease inhibitors, and cytokine antagonists such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody and pentoxifylline. Antifibrotic and fibrinolytic treatments may also prove beneficial in ameliorating airway obstruction and lung remodeling. More speculative approaches include inhibitors of transient receptor potential channels, which regulate pulmonary epithelial cell membrane permeability, non-coding RNAs and mesenchymal stem cells. As mustards represent high priority chemical threat agents, identification of effective therapeutics for mitigating toxicity is highly significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Weinberger
- Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, School of Public Health, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Gustafsson A, Jonasson S, Sandström T, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A. Genetic variation influences immune responses in sensitive rats following exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles. Toxicology 2014; 326:74-85. [PMID: 25456268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the immunological responses in rats following inhalation to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), in naïve rats and in rats with induced allergic airway disease. The responses of two different inbred rat strains were compared: the Dark Aguoti (DA), susceptible to chronic inflammatory disorders, and the Brown Norwegian (BN), susceptible to atopic allergic inflammation. Naïve rats were exposed to an aerosol of TiO2 NPs once daily for 10 days. Another subset of rats was sensitized to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) in order to induce airway inflammation. These sensitized rats were exposed to TiO2 NPs before and during the allergen challenge. Naïve rats exposed to TiO2 NPs developed an increase of neutrophils and lymphocytes in both rat strains. Airway hyperreactivity and production of inflammatory mediators typical of a T helper 1 type immune response were significantly increased, only in DA rats. Sensitization of the rats induced a prominent OVA-specific-IgE and IgG response in the BN rat while DA rats only showed an increased IgG response. Sensitized rats of both strains developed airway eosinophilia following allergen challenge, which declined upon exposure to TiO2 NPs. The level of neutrophils and lymphocytes increased upon exposure to TiO2 NPs in the airways of DA rats but remained unchanged in the airways of BN rats. In conclusion, the responses to TiO2 NPs were strain-dependent, indicating that genetics play a role in both immune and airway reactivity. DA rats were found to be higher responder compared to BN rats, both when it comes to responses in naïve and sensitized rats. The impact of genetically determined factors influencing the inflammatory reactions pinpoints the complexity of assessing health risks associated with nanoparticle exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Gustafsson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johnny C Lorentzen
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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