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Tacrine Derivatives in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Molecular Mechanisms and Neurotherapeutic Potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7252882. [PMID: 36035218 PMCID: PMC9410840 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7252882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tacrine is a drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as a cognitive enhancer and inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, its clinical application has been restricted due to its poor therapeutic efficacy and high prevalence of detrimental effects. An attempt was made to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie tacrine and its analogues influence over neurotherapeutic activity by focusing on modulation of neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and regulatory role in gene and protein expression, energy metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis modulation, and osmotic regulation. Regardless of this, analogues of tacrine are considered as a model inhibitor of cholinesterase in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. The variety both in structural make-up and biological functions of these substances is the main appeal for researchers' interest in them. A new paradigm for treating neurological diseases is presented in this review, which includes treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease, as well as other neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease and the synthesis and biological properties of newly identified versatile tacrine analogues and hybrids. We have also shown that these analogues may have therapeutic promise in the treatment of neurological diseases in a variety of experimental systems.
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Scheide MR, Schneider AR, Jardim GAM, Martins GM, Durigon DC, Saba S, Rafique J, Braga AL. Electrochemical synthesis of selenyl-dihydrofurans via anodic selenofunctionalization of allyl-naphthol/phenol derivatives and their anti-Alzheimer activity. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4916-4921. [PMID: 32353091 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an eco-friendly, electrosynthetic approach for the intramolecular oxyselenylation of allyl-naphthol/phenol derivatives. This reaction proceeds with 0.2 equiv. of nBu4NClO4 as an electrolyte and Pt working electrodes in an undivided cell, resulting in the selenyl-dihydrofurans in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, several of the synthesized products presented a high percentage of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, highlighting their potential anti-Alzheimer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R Scheide
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Alex R Schneider
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme A M Jardim
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Daniele C Durigon
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas-CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Santo André, 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, 79074-460, MS, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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Konkoľová E, Hudáčová M, Hamuľaková S, Jendželovský R, Vargová J, Ševc J, Fedoročko P, Kožurková M. Tacrine-Coumarin Derivatives as Topoisomerase Inhibitors with Antitumor Effects on A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041133. [PMID: 33672694 PMCID: PMC7924348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A549 human lung carcinoma cell lines were treated with a series of new drugs with both tacrine and coumarin pharmacophores (derivatives 1a–2c) in order to test the compounds’ ability to inhibit both cancer cell growth and topoisomerase I and II activity. The ability of human topoisomerase I (hTOPI) and II to relax supercoiled plasmid DNA in the presence of various concentrations of the tacrine-coumarin hybrid molecules was studied with agarose gel electrophoresis. The biological activities of the derivatives were studied using MTT assays, clonogenic assays, cell cycle analysis and quantification of cell number and viability. The content and localization of the derivatives in the cells were analysed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. All of the studied compounds were found to have inhibited topoisomerase I activity completely. The effect of the tacrine-coumarin hybrid compounds on cancer cells is likely to be dependent on the length of the chain between the tacrine and coumarin moieties (1c, 1d = tacrine-(CH2)8–9-coumarin). The most active of the tested compounds, derivatives 1c and 1d, both display longer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Konkoľová
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Kosice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Flemingovo námestí 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Hudáčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Kosice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Slávka Hamuľaková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Vargová
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Ševc
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Kožurková
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Kosice, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Model Amphipathic Peptide Coupled with Tacrine to Improve Its Antiproliferative Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010242. [PMID: 33383645 PMCID: PMC7795729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing and drug combination are two strategies that have been widely used to overcome the traditional development of new anticancer drugs. Several FDA-approved drugs for other indications have been tested and have demonstrated beneficial anticancer effects. In this connection, our research group recently reported that Tacrine, used to treat Alzheimer's Disease, inhibits the growth of breast cancer MCF-7 cells both alone and in combination with a reference drug. In this view, we have now coupled Tacrine with the model amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) MAP, to ascertain whether coupling of the CPP might enhance the drug's antiproliferative properties. To this end, we synthesized MAP through solid-phase peptide synthesis, coupled it with Tacrine, and made a comparative evaluation of the parent drug, peptide, and the conjugate regarding their permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro, and antiproliferative activity on cancer cells. Both MAP and its Tacrine conjugate were highly toxic to MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cells. In turn, BBB-permeability studies were inconclusive, and conjugation to the CPP led to a considerable loss of Tacrine function as an AChE inhibitor. Nonetheless, this work reinforces the potential of repurposing Tacrine for cancer and enhances the antiproliferative activity of this drug through its conjugation to a CPP.
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Kozurkova M, Sabolova D, Kristian P. A new look at 9-substituted acridines with various biological activities. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:175-189. [PMID: 32969520 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles have long been the focus of intensive study in attempts to develop novel therapeutic compounds, and acridine, a polynuclear nitrogen molecule containing a heterocycle, has attracted a considerable amount of scientific attention. Acridine derivatives have been studied in detail and have been found to possess multitarget properties, which inhibit topoisomerase enzymes that regulate topological changes in DNA and interfere with the essential biological function of DNA. This article describes some recent advancements in the field of new 9-substituted acridine heterocyclic agents and describes both the structure and the structure-activity relationship of the most promising molecules. The article will also present the IC50 values of the novel derivatives against various human cancer cell lines. The mini review also investigates the topoisomerase inhibition and antibacterial and antimalarial activity of these polycyclic aromatic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kozurkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Sabolova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Kristian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Pourshojaei Y, Eskandari K, Asadipour A. Highly Significant Scaffolds to Design and Synthesis Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1577-1598. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190719143112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
:
Alzheimer, a progressive disease, is a common term for memory loss which interferes with
daily life through severe influence on cognitive abilities. Based on the cholinergic hypothesis, and Xray
crystallographic determination of the structure of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, the level of
acetylcholine (ACh, an important neurotransmitter associated with memory) in the hippocampus and
cortex area of the brain has a direct effect on Alzheimer. This fact encourages scientists to design and
synthesize a wide range of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) to control the level of ACh in the
brain, keeping in view the crystallographic structure of AChE enzyme and drugs approved by the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA).
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AChEIs have slightly diverse pharmacological properties, but all of them work by inhibiting the segregation
of ACh by blocking AChE. We reviewed significant scaffolds introduced as AChEIs. In some
studies, the activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) has been evaluated as well because BuChE
is a similar enzyme to neuronal acetylcholinesterase and is capable of hydrolyzing ACh. In order to
study AChEIs effectively, we divided them structurally into 12 classes and briefly explained effective
AChEIs and compared their activities against AChE enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Pourshojaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khalil Eskandari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Asadipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Makhaeva GF, Rudakova EV, Kovaleva NV, Lushchekina SV, Boltneva NP, Proshin AN, Shchegolkov EV, Burgart YV, Saloutin VI. Cholinesterase and carboxylesterase inhibitors as pharmacological agents. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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