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Palomino-Cano C, Moreno E, Irache JM, Espuelas S. Targeting and activation of macrophages in leishmaniasis. A focus on iron oxide nanoparticles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437430. [PMID: 39211053 PMCID: PMC11357945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role as host cells for Leishmania parasites, displaying a notable functional adaptability ranging from the proinflammatory, leishmanicidal M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory, parasite-permissive M2 phenotype. While macrophages can potentially eradicate amastigotes through appropriate activation, Leishmania employs diverse strategies to thwart this activation and redirect macrophages toward an M2 phenotype, facilitating its survival and replication. Additionally, a competition for iron between the two entities exits, as iron is vital for both and is also implicated in macrophage defensive oxidative mechanisms and modulation of their phenotype. This review explores the intricate interplay between macrophages, Leishmania, and iron. We focus the attention on the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as a sort of immunotherapy to treat some leishmaniasis forms by reprogramming Leishmania-permissive M2 macrophages into antimicrobial M1 macrophages. Through the specific targeting of iron in macrophages, the use of IONPs emerges as a promising strategy to finely tune the parasite-host interaction, endowing macrophages with an augmented antimicrobial arsenal capable of efficiently eliminating these intrusive microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Palomino-Cano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Moreno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan M. Irache
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Korakaki E, Simos YV, Karouta N, Spyrou K, Zygouri P, Gournis DP, Tsamis KI, Stamatis H, Dounousi E, Vezyraki P, Peschos D. Effect of Highly Hydrophilic Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Macrophage Function and Survival. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:514. [PMID: 37888179 PMCID: PMC10607831 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have garnered significant attention in the medical sector due to their exceptional superparamagnetic properties and reliable tracking capabilities. In this study, we investigated the immunotoxicity of SPIONs with a modified surface to enhance hydrophilicity and prevent aggregate formation. The synthesized SPIONs exhibited a remarkably small size (~4 nm) and underwent surface modification using a novel "haircut" reaction strategy. Experiments were conducted in vitro using a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). SPIONs induced dose-dependent toxicity to THP-1 cells, potentially by generating ROS and initiating the apoptotic pathway in the cells. Concentrations up to 10 μg/mL did not affect the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NF-κB, or TLR-4 proteins. The results of the present study demonstrated that highly hydrophilic SPIONs were highly toxic to immune cells; however, they did not activate pathways of inflammation and immune response. Further investigation into the mechanisms of cytotoxicity is warranted to develop a synthetic approach for producing effective, highly hydrophilic SPIONs with little to no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi Korakaki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.K.); (K.I.T.); (P.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Yannis Vasileios Simos
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.K.); (K.I.T.); (P.V.); (D.P.)
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Niki Karouta
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiota Zygouri
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Panagiotis Gournis
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ioannis Tsamis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.K.); (K.I.T.); (P.V.); (D.P.)
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
- Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Patra Vezyraki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.K.); (K.I.T.); (P.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.K.); (K.I.T.); (P.V.); (D.P.)
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (N.K.); (P.Z.); (D.P.G.); (H.S.); (E.D.)
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Zhu Q, Huang Y, Zhu X, Peng L, Wang H, Gao S, Yang Z, Zhang J, Liu X. Mannose-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanozyme for preventing postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100568. [PMID: 36846307 PMCID: PMC9945786 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the consequent inflammatory response in the postoperative brain play crucial roles in the development of POCD. However, effective ways to prevent POCD have yet to be developed. Moreover, effective penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and maintaining viability in vivo are major challenges for preventing POCD using traditional ROS scavengers. Herein, mannose-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (mSPIONs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The BBB penetration of mSPIONs was verified through fluorescent imaging and ICP-MS quantification. The ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory of mSPIONs were evaluated in H2O2-treated J774A.1 cells and in tibial fracture mice model. The novel object recognition (NOR) and trace-fear conditioning (TFC) were used to test the cognitive function of postoperative mice. The average diameter of mSPIONs was approximately 11 nm. mSPIONs significantly reduced ROS levels in H2O2-treated cells and in hippocampus of surgical mice. mSPIONs administration reduced the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the hippocampus and inhibited surgery-upregulated HIF1-α/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, mSPIONs significantly improved the cognitive function of postoperative mice. This study provides a new approach for preventing POCD using a nanozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhilai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jiqian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
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Ding H, Zhang Y, Mao Y, Li Y, Shen Y, Sheng J, Gu N. Modulation of macrophage polarization by iron-based nanoparticles. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:105-122. [PMID: 37724082 PMCID: PMC10471121 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is an essential process involved in immune regulation. In response to different microenvironmental stimulation, macrophages polarize into cells with different phenotypes and functions, most typically M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages. Iron-based nanoparticles have been widely explored and reported to regulate macrophage polarization for various biomedical applications. However, the influence factors and modulation mechanisms behind are complicated and not clear. In this review, we systemically summarized different iron-based nanoparticles that regulate macrophage polarization and function and discussed the influence factors and mechanisms underlying the modulation process. This review aims to deepen the understanding of the modulation of macrophage polarization by iron-based nanoparticles and expects to provide evidence and guidance for subsequent design and application of iron-based nanoparticles with specific macrophage modulation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingyi Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ning Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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Cameron SJ, Sheng J, Hosseinian F, Willmore WG. Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7962. [PMID: 35887304 PMCID: PMC9323783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Ying H, Ruan Y, Zeng Z, Bai Y, Xu J, Chen S. Iron oxide nanoparticles size-dependently activate mouse primary macrophages via oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Qin X, Li J, Zhao Y, Xia Y. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Protect Human Gingival Fibroblasts from Porphyromonas gingivalis Invasion and Inflammatory Stimulation. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:45-60. [PMID: 35027826 PMCID: PMC8749050 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s333496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Modulating the inflammatory response of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) is important for the control of periodontal inflammation because it is a key event in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Here, we aimed to determine whether polyglucose sorbitol carboxymethyl ether (PSC)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) protect hGFs against invasion and inflammatory stimulation by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Methods First, we determined the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of PSC-SPIONs. Then, their effects on invasion of hGFs by P. gingivalis were evaluated by counting invading P. gingivalis, fluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of PSC-SPIONs on inflammation in hGFs induced by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide was evaluated by measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting of key indicator molecules. The effects of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)-coated SPIONs and the free form of PSC alone were also tested and compared with those of PSC-SPIONs. Results PSC-SPIONs (25 μg/mL) are cytocompatible with hGFs and exhibit no antimicrobial effects on P. gingivalis. However, they inhibit invasion of hGFs by P. gingivalis at 15 μg/mL. They also decrease ROS production and inflammatory cytokine secretion by hGFs at 5, 15, and 25 μg/mL, by downregulating activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Furthermore, PSC alone does not inhibit inflammation, while DMSA-SPIONs do. This indicates that the nanosize effects of PSC-SPIONs, rather than their coating material, play the dominant role in their anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion PSC-SPIONs protect hGFs against P. gingivalis invasion and inflammatory stimulation. Thus, they have potential for clinical application in control of periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Stomatological Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Mulens-Arias V, Rojas JM, Barber DF. The Use of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Reprogram Macrophage Responses and the Immunological Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693709. [PMID: 34177955 PMCID: PMC8221395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is versatile, which has enhanced the interest in studying them as theranostic agents over recent years. As IONPs begin to be used for different biomedical applications, it is important to know how they affect the immune system and its different cell types, especially their interaction with the macrophages that are involved in their clearance. How immune cells respond to therapeutic interventions can condition the systemic and local tissue response, and hence, the final therapeutic outcome. Thus, it is fundamental to understand the effects that IONPs have on the immune response, especially in cancer immunotherapy. The biological effects of IONPs may be the result of intrinsic features of their iron oxide core, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating intracellular redox and iron metabolism. Alternatively, their effects are driven by the nanoparticle coating, for example, through cell membrane receptor engagement. Indeed, exploiting these properties of IONPs could lead to the development of innovative therapies. In this review, after a presentation of the elements that make up the tumor immunological microenvironment, we will review and discuss what is currently known about the immunomodulatory mechanisms triggered by IONPs, mainly focusing on macrophage polarization and reprogramming. Consequently, we will discuss the implications of these findings in the context of plausible therapeutic scenarios for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mulens-Arias
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA)-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo F Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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