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Adamczyk Z, Sadowska M, Nattich-Rak M. Quantifying Nanoparticle Layer Topography: Theoretical Modeling and Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15067-15077. [PMID: 37824293 PMCID: PMC10601541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive method consisting of theoretical modeling and experimental atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements was developed for the quantitative analysis of nanoparticle layer topography. Analytical results were derived for particles of various shapes such as cylinders (rods), disks, ellipsoids, hemispheres (caps), etc. It was shown that for all particles, their root-mean-square (rms) parameter exhibited a maximum at the coverage about 0.5, whereas the skewness was a monotonically decreasing function of the coverage. This enabled a facile determination of the particle coverage in the layer, even if the shape and size were not known. The validity of the analytical results was confirmed by computer modeling and experimental data acquired by AFM measurements for polymer nanoparticle deposition on mica and silica. The topographical analysis developed in this work can be exploited for a quantitative characterization of self-assembled layers of nano- and bioparticles, e.g., carbon nanotubes, silica and noble metal particles, DNA fragments, proteins, vesicles, viruses, and bacteria at solid surfaces. The acquired results also enabled a proper calibration, in particular the determination of the measurement precision, of various electron and scanning probe microscopies, such as AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of
Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Sadowska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of
Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Nattich-Rak
- Jerzy Haber Institute of
Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
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Saraiva SM, Jacinto TA, Gonçalves AC, Gaspar D, Silva LR. Overview of Caffeine Effects on Human Health and Emerging Delivery Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1067. [PMID: 37630983 PMCID: PMC10459237 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in various plants. It acts as a stimulant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and even an aid in pain management, and is found in several over-the-counter medications. This naturally derived bioactive compound is the best-known ingredient in coffee and other beverages, such as tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks, and is widely consumed worldwide. Therefore, it is extremely important to research the effects of this substance on the human body. With this in mind, caffeine and its derivatives have been extensively studied to evaluate its ability to prevent diseases and exert anti-aging and neuroprotective effects. This review is intended to provide an overview of caffeine's effects on cancer and cardiovascular, immunological, inflammatory, and neurological diseases, among others. The heavily researched area of caffeine in sports will also be discussed. Finally, recent advances in the development of novel nanocarrier-based formulations, to enhance the bioavailability of caffeine and its beneficial effects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Saraiva
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (S.M.S.); (T.A.J.)
| | - Telma A. Jacinto
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (S.M.S.); (T.A.J.)
| | - Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Dário Gaspar
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (S.M.S.); (T.A.J.)
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II—Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Yuan YG, Zhang YX, Liu SZ, Reza AMMT, Wang JL, Li L, Cai HQ, Zhong P, Kong IK. Multiple RNA Profiling Reveal Epigenetic Toxicity Effects of Oxidative Stress by Graphene Oxide Silver Nanoparticles in-vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2855-2871. [PMID: 37283715 PMCID: PMC10239647 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s373161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing industrial and biomedical utilization of graphene oxide silver nanoparticles (GO-AgNPs) raises the concern of nanosafety: exposure to the AgNPs or GO-AgNPs increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causes DNA damage and alters the expression of whole transcriptome including mRNA, miRNA, tRNA, lncRNA, circRNA and others. Although the roles of different RNAs in epigenetic toxicity are being studied during the last decade, but still we have little knowledge about the role of circle RNAs (circRNAs) in epigenetic toxicity. Methods Rabbit fetal fibroblast cells (RFFCs) were treated with 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 48 μg/mL GO-AgNPs to test the cell viability and 24 μg/mL GO-AgNPs was selected as the experimental dose. After 24 h treatment with 24 μg/mL GO-AgNPs, the level of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), intracellular ATP, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (Gr) were measured in the RFFCs. High-throughput whole transcriptome sequencing was performed to compare the expression of circRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and mRNA between 24 μg/mL GO-AgNPs-treated RFFCs and control cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to validate the accuracy of circRNA sequencing data. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to reveal the potential functional roles and related pathways of differentially expressed circRNAs, lncRNA and mRNA and to construct a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network. Results We found that 57 circRNAs, 75 lncRNAs, and 444 mRNAs were upregulated while 35 circRNAs, 21 lncRNAs, and 186 mRNAs were downregulated. These differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in the transcriptional mis-regulation of cancer through several pathways: MAPK signaling pathway (circRNAs), non-homologous end-joining (lncRNAs), as well as PPAR and TGF-beta signaling pathways (mRNAs). Conclusion These data revealed the potential roles of circRNAs in the GO-AgNPs induced toxicity through oxidative damage, which would be the basis for further research to determine their roles in the regulation of different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song-Zi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abu Musa Md Talimur Reza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Republic of Turkiye
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - He-Qing Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam Province, Republic of Korea
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Zhao J, Gao N, Xu J, Zhu X, Ling G, Zhang P. Novel strategies in melanoma treatment using silver nanoparticles. Cancer Lett 2023; 561:216148. [PMID: 36990267 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma has remarkably gained extensive attention owing to its high morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatment methods still have some problems and defects. Therefore, more and more novel methods and materials have been continuously developed. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted significant interest in the field of cancer research especially for melanoma treatment because of their excellent properties including antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor abilities. In this review, the applications of AgNPs in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous melanoma are mainly introduced. It also focuses on the therapy strategies of photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and chemotherapy for melanoma treatment. Taken together, AgNPs play an increasingly crucial role in cutaneous melanoma treatment, which have promising application in the future.
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The Role of Silver Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer: Are There Any Perspectives for the Future? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020466. [PMID: 36836823 PMCID: PMC9965924 DOI: 10.3390/life13020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a fatal disease with a complex pathophysiology. Lack of specificity and cytotoxicity, as well as the multidrug resistance of traditional cancer chemotherapy, are the most common limitations that often cause treatment failure. Thus, in recent years, significant efforts have concentrated on the development of a modernistic field called nano-oncology, which provides the possibility of using nanoparticles (NPs) with the aim to detect, target, and treat cancer diseases. In comparison with conventional anticancer strategies, NPs provide a targeted approach, preventing undesirable side effects. What is more, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have shown good pharmacokinetics and precise targeting, as well as reduced multidrug resistance. It has been documented that, in cancer cells, NPs promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, activate ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress, modulate various signaling pathways, etc. Furthermore, their ability to inhibit tumor growth in vivo has also been documented. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of silver NPs (AgNPs) in cancer nanomedicine, discussing numerous mechanisms by which they render anticancer properties under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as their potential in the diagnosis of cancer.
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Marzi M, Osanloo M, Vakil MK, Mansoori Y, Ghasemian A, Dehghan A, Zarenezhad E. Applications of Metallic Nanoparticles in the Skin Cancer Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2346941. [PMID: 36420097 PMCID: PMC9678447 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2346941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Skin cancer is one of leading cancers globally, divided into two major categories including melanoma and nonmelanoma. Skin cancer is a global concern with an increasing trend, hence novel therapies are essential. The local treatment strategies play a key role in skin cancer therapy. Nanoparticles (NPs) exert potential applications in medicine with huge advantages and have the ability to overcome common chemotherapy problems. Recently, NPs have been used in nanomedicine as promising drug delivery systems. They can enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, improve pharmacokinetic properties, modify bioavailability, and reduce drug metabolism. The high-efficient, nontoxic, low-cost, and specific cancer therapy is a promising goal, which can be achieved by the development of nanotechnology. Metallic NPs (MNPs) can act as important platforms. MNPs development seeks to enhance the therapeutic efficiency of medicines through site specificity, prevention of multidrug resistance, and effective delivery of therapeutic factors. MNPs are used as potential arms in the case of cancer recognition, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and colloidal mediators for magnetic hyperthermia of cancer. The applications of MNPs in the cancer treatment studies are mostly due to their potential to carry a large dose of drug, resulting in a high concentration of anticancer drugs at the target site. Therefore, off-target toxicity and suffering side effects caused by high concentration of the drug in other parts of the body are avoided. MNPs have been applied as drug carriers for the of improvement of skin cancer treatment and drug delivery. The development of MNPs improves the results of many cancer treatments. Different types of NPs, such as inorganic and organic NPs have been investigated in vitro and in vivo for the skin cancer therapy. MNPs advantages mostly include biodegradability, electrostatic charge, good biocompatibility, high drug payload, and low toxicity. However, the use of controlled-release systems stimulated by electromagnetic waves, temperature, pH, and light improves the accumulation in tumor tissues and improves therapeutic outcomes. This study (2019-2022) is aimed at reviewing applications of MNPs in the skin cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Marzi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Osanloo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Vakil
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Science, Fasa, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Azizallah Dehghan
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Advances in the Application of Nanomaterials to the Treatment of Melanoma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102090. [PMID: 36297527 PMCID: PMC9610396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma can be divided into cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma, mucosal melanoma, etc. It is a very aggressive tumor that is prone to metastasis. Patients with metastatic melanoma have a poor prognosis and shorter survival. Although current melanoma treatments have been dramatically improved, there are still many problems such as systemic toxicity and the off-target effects of drugs. The use of nanoparticles may overcome some inadequacies of current melanoma treatments. In this review, we summarize the limitations of current therapies for cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma, and mucosal melanoma, as well as the adjunct role of nanoparticles in different treatment modalities. We suggest that nanomaterials may have an effective intervention in melanoma treatment in the future.
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Niu L, Li Z, Fan W, Zhong X, Peng M, Liu Z. Nano-Strategies for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Tea Polyphenols: Preparation, Applications, and Challenges. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030387. [PMID: 35159537 PMCID: PMC8834201 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea polyphenols (TPs) are among the most abundant functional compounds in tea. They exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, their instability and low bioavailability limits their applications. Nanotechnology, which involves the use of nanoscale substances (sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm) to improve the properties of substances, provides a solution for enhancing the stability and bioavailability of TPs. We reviewed the preparation, performance, effects, and applications of different types of TPs nanocarriers. First, we introduced the preparation of different nanocarriers, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanomicelles, and nanolipids. Then, we discussed various applications of tea polyphenol-loaded nanocarriers in functional ingredient delivery, food quality improvement, and active food packaging. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of TPs nanocarriers were elucidated. In conclusion, a nano-strategy may be the “key” to break the application barriers of TPs. Therefore, the use of nano-strategies for the safe, stable, and efficient release of TPs is the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ziqiang Li
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Miao Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (Z.L.)
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Gibała A, Żeliszewska P, Gosiewski T, Krawczyk A, Duraczyńska D, Szaleniec J, Szaleniec M, Oćwieja M. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Silver Nanoparticles-Effect of a Surface-Stabilizing Agent. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1481. [PMID: 34680114 PMCID: PMC8533414 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The biocidal properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared with the use of biologically active compounds seem to be especially significant for biological and medical application. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine and compare the antibacterial and fungicidal properties of fifteen types of AgNPs. The main hypothesis was that the biological activity of AgNPs characterized by comparable size distributions, shapes, and ion release profiles is dependent on the properties of stabilizing agent molecules adsorbed on their surfaces. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were selected as models of two types of bacterial cells. Candida albicans was selected for the research as a representative type of eukaryotic microorganism. The conducted studies reveal that larger AgNPs can be more biocidal than smaller ones. It was found that positively charged arginine-stabilized AgNPs (ARGSBAgNPs) were the most biocidal among all studied nanoparticles. The strongest fungicidal properties were detected for negatively charged EGCGAgNPs obtained using (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). It was concluded that, by applying a specific stabilizing agent, one can tune the selectivity of AgNP toxicity towards desired pathogens. It was established that E. coli was more sensitive to AgNP exposure than S. aureus regardless of AgNP size and surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gibała
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-12 Krakow, Poland; (T.G.); (A.K.)
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Paulina Żeliszewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Tomasz Gosiewski
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-12 Krakow, Poland; (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-12 Krakow, Poland; (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Dorota Duraczyńska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Joanna Szaleniec
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Maciej Szaleniec
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Magdalena Oćwieja
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (P.Ż.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (M.O.)
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