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Sethuraman S, Ramalingam K, Ramani P, M K. Nanomaterial Biosensors in Salivary Diagnosis of Oral Cancer: A Scoping Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e59779. [PMID: 38846178 PMCID: PMC11154158 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is among the highest in the Indian subcontinent. Advanced stages of oral cancer are associated with severe morbidity and higher mortality. Salivary diagnosis is novel and non-invasive. It could be employed on patients even with restricted mouth opening. Hence, an attempt was made to retrieve relevant data regarding this clinically relevant topic. This article has reviewed metal oxide nanoparticles as a biosensor (BS) in salivary diagnosis for oral cancer. Gold, copper oxide, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used in BS applications. A search from the PUBMED database collection (2004 to 2024) was performed to identify the nanoparticle biomarkers and salivary diagnosis in oral cancer. It revealed 30 articles. All the relevant data was extracted and tabulated in this review. We have discussed the relevance of these BS in salivary diagnosis with their corresponding clinical parameters and sensitivity. We hope that this review summarizes the available literature on this topic and incites dedicated research in prompt and early diagnosis of oral cancer, which directly influences the quality of life outcomes in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Sethuraman
- Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Kalaiyarasan M
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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2
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Gomes PDC, Hin-Chu M, Rickard JJS, Goldberg Oppenheimer P. Advanced Tuneable Micronanoplatforms for Sensitive and Selective Multiplexed Spectroscopic Sensing via Electro-Hydrodynamic Surface Molecular Lithography. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306068. [PMID: 38225756 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Micro- and nanopatterning of materials, one of the cornerstones of emerging technologies, has transformed research capabilities in lab-on-a-chip diagnostics. Herein, a micro- and nanolithographic method is developed, enabling structuring materials at the submicron scale, which can, in turn, accelerate the development of miniaturized platform technologies and biomedical sensors. Underpinning it is the advanced electro-hydrodynamic surface molecular lithography, via inducing interfacial instabilities produces micro- and nanostructured substrates, uniquely integrated with synthetic surface recognition. This approach enables the manufacture of design patterns with tuneable feature sizes, which are functionalized via synthetic nanochemistry for highly sensitive, selective, rapid molecular sensing. The development of a high-precision piezoelectric lithographic rig enables reproducible substrate fabrication with optimum signal enhancement optimized for functionalization with capture molecules on each micro- and nanostructured array. This facilitates spatial separation, which during the spectroscopic sensing, enables multiplexed measurement of target molecules, establishing the detection at minute concentrations. Subsequently, this nano-plasmonic lab-on-a-chip combined with the unconventional computational classification algorithm and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, aimed to address the challenges associated with timely point-of-care detection of disease-indicative biomarkers, is utilized in validation assay for multiplex detection of traumatic brain injury indicative glycan biomarkers, demonstrating straightforward and cost-effective micro- and nanoplatforms for accurate detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo De Carvalho Gomes
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and, Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martin Hin-Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and, Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and, Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
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3
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Kolay A, Kumar A. A Novel Liver Cancer POC Diagnostic Detection Technique by a Gate-engineered Source-extended TFET Device. Med Eng Phys 2024; 125:104133. [PMID: 38508806 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This work reports a novel POC diagnostic technique to identify the cancerous liver cell lines by designing a Source-Extended (SE) Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFET) having a Single-Gate (SG) with Single-Metal (SM) and Dual-Metal (DM) structure. The proposed structures have been equipped with nanocavities by trenching the gate oxide layer where the needle biopsy obtained liver sample has been immobilized. The detection is based on the difference in drain current and the ratio of the proposed device's ON and OFF state currents, which has been evaluated by obtaining the sensitivities. The cancerous and non-cancerous liver cell lines possess different dielectric properties in high frequencies ranging from 100 MHz to 5 GHz, affecting the cavity region's effective capacitances. The change in the dielectric constant of the specimen at 900 MHz has been considered which results in the change in device drain current and device performance. Various parameters of the device, like the adhesive layer in the cavity region, the material of the gate, the length of the cavities, and the orientation of the cavities, have been modified to observe the performance. The total work has been done in the simulation environment, which includes the study considering the different proportions of cancerous and non-cancerous cells in a particular specimen. A comparative analysis has been made between the performance of the proposed SM and DM gate structure. The proposed detection method has been compared with the existing methods reported in the literature. The proposed method can be considered a novel technique and can be implemented as a point of care (POC) diagnostic to detect whether the specimen liver cell line is cancerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Kolay
- Nextgen Adaptive Systems Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Amitesh Kumar
- Nextgen Adaptive Systems Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India.
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4
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Benazza A, Beffara F, Auguste JL, Olivo M, Dinish US, Humbert G. Reliable and easy-to-use SERS spectroscopy probe using a tapered opto-fluidic photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3440-3450. [PMID: 38297564 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is one of the most sensitive biosensing techniques that offers label free detection for a variety of applications. Generally, SERS spectroscopy is performed on nano-functionalized planar substrates with plasmonic structures or colloidal nanoparticles. Recently, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have gained great interest for SERS based bio sensing applications due to the immense advantages such as improved sensitivity, flexibility and remote sensing capability that it offers compared to the planar substrates. However, the use of PCF based biosensors demand the alignment of it under a microscope, which can affect the reliability of SERS measurements and could be restrictive for practical end use applications. Herein, we aim to develop a tapered suspended core PCF fiber (Tapered-SuC-PCF) that represents an improvement in coupling efficiency and measurement reliability as well as it opens the way to the development of an easy-to-use bio-sensing probes with a plug and play option with conventional Raman spectrometers. We have fabricated several samples of the optimized tapered-SuC-PCF and demonstrated its superior SERS performance compared to standard SuC-PCF fibers with 2 µm core diameter. An excellent SERS measurement reliability is demonstrated using such a fiber in a plug and play type system demonstrating its versatility for practical end use applications.
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5
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Murali VP, Karunakaran V, Murali M, Lekshmi A, Kottarathil S, Deepika S, Saritha VN, Ramya AN, Raghu KG, Sujathan K, Maiti KK. A clinically feasible diagnostic spectro-histology built on SERS-nanotags for multiplex detection and grading of breast cancer biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115177. [PMID: 36871528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers is always an obstacle in immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Herein, a straightforward spectroscopy-driven histopathologic approach has emerged as a paradigm of Raman-label (RL) nanoparticle probes for multiplex recognition of pertinent biomarkers in heterogeneous breast cancer. The nanoprobes are constructed by sequential incorporation of signature RL and target specific antibodies on gold nanoparticles, which are coined as Raman-Label surface enhanced Raman scattering (RL-SERS)-nanotags to evaluate simultaneous recognition of clinically relevant breast cancer biomarkers i.e., estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2). As a foot-step assessment, breast cancer cell lines having varied expression levels of the triple biomarkers are investigated. Subsequently, the optimized detection strategy using RL-SERS-nanotags is subjected to clinically confirmed, retrospective formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) breast cancer tissue samples to fish out the quick response of singleplex, duplex as well as triplex biomarkers in a single tissue specimen by adopting a ratiometric signature RL-SERS analysis which enabled to minimize the false negative and positive results. Significantly, sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 92% for singleplex, 88% and 85% for duplex, and 75% and 67% for triplex biomarker has been achieved by assessing specific Raman fingerprints of the respective SERS-tags. Furthermore, a semi-quantitative evaluation of HER2 grading between 4+/2+/1+ tissue samples was also achieved by the Raman intensity profiling of the SERS-tag, which is fully in agreement with the expensive fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Additionally, the practical diagnostic applicability of RL-SERS-tags has been achieved by large area SERS imaging of areas covering 0.5-5 mm2 within 45 min. These findings unveil an accurate, inexpensive and multiplex diagnostic modality envisaging large-scale multi-centric clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Priya Murali
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Varsha Karunakaran
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Madhukrishnan Murali
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Division of Cancer Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Shamna Kottarathil
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Selvakumar Deepika
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Valliamma N Saritha
- Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Division of Cancer Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Adukkadan N Ramya
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kozhiparambil G Raghu
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Agro-Processing and Technology Division (APTD), Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kunjuraman Sujathan
- Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Division of Cancer Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India.
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Ashley BK, Sui J, Javanmard M, Hassan U. Aluminum Oxide-Coated Particle Differentiation Employing Supervised Machine Learning and Impedance Cytometry. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANO/MICRO ENGINEERED AND MOLECULAR SYSTEMS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANO/MICRO ENGINEERED AND MOLECULAR SYSTEMS 2022; 2022:10.1109/nems54180.2022.9791160. [PMID: 35782306 PMCID: PMC9245459 DOI: 10.1109/nems54180.2022.9791160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article uses a supervised machine learning (ML) system for identifying groups of nanoparticles coated with metal oxides of varying thicknesses using a microfluidic impedance cytometer. These particles generate unique impedance signatures when probed with a multifrequency electric field and finds applications in enabling many multiplexed biosensing technologies. However, current experimental and data processing techniques are unable to sensitively differentiate different metal oxide coated particle types. Here, we employ various machine learning models and collect multiple particle metrics measured. In reported experiments, a 75% accuracy was determined to separate aluminum oxide coated (10nm and 30nm), which is significantly greater than observing only univariate data between different microparticle types. This approach will enable ML models to differentiate such particles with greater accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Ashley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
| | - Jianye Sui
- Department of Electrical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Department of Electrical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Electrical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
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7
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Khani S, Hayati M. Optical biosensors using plasmonic and photonic crystal band-gap structures for the detection of basal cell cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5246. [PMID: 35347198 PMCID: PMC8960887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most interesting topics in bio-optics is measuring the refractive index of tissues. Accordingly, two novel optical biosensor configurations for cancer cell detections have been proposed in this paper. These structures are composed of one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) lattices coupled to two metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguides. Also, the tapering method is used to improve the matching between the MIM plasmonic waveguides and PC structure in the second proposed topology. The PC lattices at the central part of the structures generate photonic bandgaps (PBGs) with sharp edges in the transmission spectra of the biosensors. These sharp edges are suitable candidates for sensing applications. On the other hand, the long distance between two PBG edges causes that when the low PBG edge is used for sensing mechanism, it does not have an overlapping with the high PBG edge by changing the refractive index of the analyte. Therefore, the proposed biosensors can be used for a wide wavelength range. The maximum obtained sensitivities and FOM values of the designed biosensors are equal to 718.6, 714.3 nm/RIU, and 156.217, 60.1 RIU-1, respectively. The metal and insulator materials which are used in the designed structures are silver, air, and GaAs, respectively. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used for the numerical investigation of the proposed structures. Furthermore, the initial structure of the proposed biosensors is analyzed using the transmission line method to verify the FDTD simulations. The attractive and simple topologies of the proposed biosensors and their high sensitivities make them suitable candidates for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Khani
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hayati
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Iran.
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8
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Merdalimova AA, Rudakovskaya PG, Ermatov TI, Smirnov AS, Kosolobov SS, Skibina JS, Demina PA, Khlebtsov BN, Yashchenok AM, Gorin DA. SERS Platform Based on Hollow-Core Microstructured Optical Fiber: Technology of UV-Mediated Gold Nanoparticle Growth. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:19. [PMID: 35049647 PMCID: PMC8774134 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique for biosensing. However, SERS analysis has several concerns: the signal is limited by a number of molecules and the area of the plasmonic substrate in the laser hotspot, and quantitative analysis in a low-volume droplet is confusing due to the change of concentration during quick drying. The usage of hollow-core microstructured optical fibers (HC-MOFs) is thought to be an effective way to improve SERS sensitivity and limit of detection through the effective irradiation of a small sample volume filling the fiber capillaries. In this paper, we used layer-by-layer assembly as a simple method for the functionalization of fiber capillaries by gold nanoparticles (seeds) with a mean diameter of 8 nm followed by UV-induced chloroauric acid reduction. We also demonstrated a simple and quick technique used for the analysis of the SERS platform formation at every stage through the detection of spectral shifts in the optical transmission of HC-MOFs. The enhancement of the Raman signal of a model analyte Rhodamine 6G was obtained using such type of SERS platform. Thus, a combination of nanostructured gold coating as a SERS-active surface and a hollow-core fiber as a microfluidic channel and a waveguide is perspective for point-of-care medical diagnosis based on liquid biopsy and exhaled air analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia A. Merdalimova
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel str, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.G.R.); (T.I.E.); (A.M.Y.)
| | - Polina G. Rudakovskaya
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel str, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.G.R.); (T.I.E.); (A.M.Y.)
| | - Timur I. Ermatov
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel str, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.G.R.); (T.I.E.); (A.M.Y.)
| | - Alexander S. Smirnov
- Center for Design, Manufacturing and Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Nobel str, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Sergey S. Kosolobov
- Center for Design, Manufacturing and Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Nobel str, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Julia S. Skibina
- SPE LLC Nanostructured Glass Technology, 101 50 Let Oktjabrja str, 410033 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Polina A. Demina
- FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 59 Leninsky pr., 119333 Moscow, Russia;
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris N. Khlebtsov
- Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, 410049 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Alexey M. Yashchenok
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel str, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.G.R.); (T.I.E.); (A.M.Y.)
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel str, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.G.R.); (T.I.E.); (A.M.Y.)
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Sloan-Dennison S, Laing S, Graham D, Faulds K. From Raman to SESORRS: moving deeper into cancer detection and treatment monitoring. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12436-12451. [PMID: 34734952 PMCID: PMC8609625 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04805h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique that allows specific chemical information to be obtained from various types of sample. The detailed molecular information that is present in Raman spectra permits monitoring of biochemical changes that occur in diseases, such as cancer, and can be used for the early detection and diagnosis of the disease, for monitoring treatment, and to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous biological samples. Several techniques have been developed to enhance the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy by improving detection sensitivity, reducing imaging times and increasing the potential applicability for in vivo analysis. The different Raman techniques each have their own advantages that can accommodate the alternative detection formats, allowing the techniques to be applied in several ways for the detection and diagnosis of cancer. This feature article discusses the various forms of Raman spectroscopy, how they have been applied for cancer detection, and the adaptation of the techniques towards their use for in vivo cancer detection and in clinical diagnostics. Despite the advances in Raman spectroscopy, the clinical application of the technique is still limited and certain challenges must be overcome to enable clinical translation. We provide an outlook on the future of the techniques in this area and what we believe is required to allow the potential of Raman spectroscopy to be achieved for clinical cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Sloan-Dennison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Stacey Laing
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
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Pan V, Wang W, Heaven I, Bai T, Cheng Y, Chen C, Ke Y, Wei B. Monochromatic Fluorescent Barcodes Hierarchically Assembled from Modular DNA Origami Nanorods. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15892-15901. [PMID: 34570467 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of fluorescence microscopy, there is a growing interest in the multiplexed detection and identification of various bioanalytes (e.g., nucleic acids and proteins) for efficient sample processing and analysis. We introduce in this work a simple and robust method to provide combinations for micrometer-scale fluorescent DNA barcodes of hierarchically assembled DNA origami superstructures for multiplexed molecular probing. In addition to optically resolvable dots, we placed fluorescent loci on adjacent origami within the diffraction limit of each other, rendering them as unresolvable bars of measurable lengths. We created a basic set of barcodes and trained a machine learning algorithm to process and identify individual barcodes from raw images with high accuracy. Moreover, we demonstrated that the number of combinations can be increased exponentially by generating longer barcodes, by controlling the number of incorporated fluorophores to create multiple levels of fluorescence intensity, and by employing super-resolution imaging. To showcase the readiness of the barcodes for applications, we used our barcodes to capture and identify target nucleic acid sequences and for simultaneous multiplexed characterization of binding kinetics of several orthogonal complementary nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ian Heaven
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tanxi Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongxin Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chunlai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bryan Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Haider F, Mashrafi M, Aoni RA, Haider R, Hossen M, Ahmed T, Mahdiraji GA, Ahmed R. Multi-Analyte Detection Based on Integrated Internal and External Sensing Approach. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 21:29-36. [PMID: 34460378 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3108834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive, simple and multiplex detection capabilities are key criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnosis in clinical samples. Here, a simple and highly sensitive multi-analyte detection technique is proposed by using photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor that employs both internal and external sensing approaches. The proposed sensor can detect two different analytes simultaneously by the internal and external plasmonic micro-channels. The light propagation through the sensor is controlled by the scaled-down air-holes to excite the free electrons of the plasmonic metal layers. The light-guiding and sensing properties of the sensor is numerically analyzed by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The proposed sensor shows the maximum wavelength sensitivities (WS) of 12,000 nm/refractive index unit (RIU), and 10,000 nm/RIU, for the internal and external sensing approaches, respectively, and corresponding resolution of 8.33×10-6 RIU and 1.0×10-5 RIU. Moreover, the hybrid sensor is applicable to detect unknown analyte refractive index (RI) in the range of 1.33 to 1.40 which covers extensively investigating analytes such as viruses, different cancer cells, glucose, proteins and DNA/RNA. Due to high sensing performance with multi-analyte detection capability, the proposed sensor can play a significant role to detect bio targets at the POC platform.
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12
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Thiol-Amine Functionalized Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomarker Gases Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of gas molecules are expelled in exhaled breath, and some of them can reveal diseases and metabolomic disorders. For that reason, the development of fast, inexpensive, and reliable sensing devices has been attracting growing interest. Here, we present the development of different chemoresistors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with platinum (MWCNT/Pt) and palladium (MWCNT/Pt) nanoparticles and also functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (Thiol-amine). The nanocomposites developed are a proof-of-concept to detect some biomarker molecules. Specifically, the capability to identify and measure different concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), either aromatic (toluene and benzene) and non-aromatic (ethanol and methanol) was assessed. As a result, this paper reports the significant differences in sensing performance achieved according to the metal nanoparticle used, and the high sensitivity obtained when SAMs are grown on the sensitive film, acting as a receptor for biomarker vapours.
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13
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Das A, Alam M, Gogoi C, Dalapati R, Biswas S. Rational design of a functionalized aluminum metal-organic framework as a turn-off fluorescence sensor for α-ketoglutaric acid. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16928-16934. [PMID: 33188376 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) called Al-DUT-5-N2H3 (1) (DUT: Dresden University of Technology) was prepared hydrothermally using Al(iii) salt and a hydrazinyl functionalized linker called 2-hydrazinyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (BPDC-N2H3). Material 1 was successfully characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), FT-IR spectroscopy, N2 sorption (BET) experiment, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), EDX and FE-SEM analyses. The activated form of material 1 (called 1') was achieved by a direct heating process. Material 1' was successfully employed for the solution-phase fluorescence detection of α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG). It showed high detection performance even when there were other competitive analytes present in the mixture. Material 1' is the first MOF-based fluorescent turn-off sensor for the detection of α-KG. The response time for α-KG is exceptionally low (60 s) as compared to any other reported α-KG sensor. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.61 μM, which is far better as compared to any other reported sensor for α-KG to date. The mechanism for α-KG sensing was thoroughly investigated and proposed to be PET (photoinduced electron transfer) process by TD-DFT (time-dependent DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039 Assam, India.
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14
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Li R, Gui B, Mao H, Yang Y, Chen D, Xiong J. Self-Concentrated Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Active Droplet Sensor with Three-Dimensional Hot Spots for Highly Sensitive Molecular Detection in Complex Liquid Environments. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3420-3431. [PMID: 32929960 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active droplet with three-dimensional (3D) hot spots prepared from a superhydrophobic SERS substrate, which is inspired by the nut wizard strategy, was developed for ultrasensitive detection in complex liquid environments. The SERS substrate was composed of silver-capped parylene C-coated carbon nanoparticles (Ag-PC@CNPs). Such a SERS substrate was prepared by candle-soot deposition to provide a porous carbon nanoparticle layer followed by deposition of a parylene C film to protect the CNPs and then sputtering of silver nanoparticles. Similar to a nut wizard, a droplet rolling on the Ag-PC@CNP-coated substrate picked up the Ag-PC@CNPs. In this way, a self-concentrated and extremely sensitive SERS-active droplet sensor with 3D hot spots was formed. The sensor did not require precise laser focusing and showed relatively high repeatability and much higher sensitivity than those of a corresponding SERS substrate with two-dimensional hot spots. The sensor also achieved high sensitivity and specificity in complex liquid environments; in addition, bovine serum albumin with a concentration as low as 1 pM can be achieved. Consequently, an extremely simple, flexible, and highly sensitive SERS detection technique applicable to liquid biopsy analysis is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gui
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Mao
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- Advanced Sensing Department, Wuxi Internet of Things Innovation Center Co. Ltd., Wuxi 214001, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- Advanced Sensing Department, Wuxi Internet of Things Innovation Center Co. Ltd., Wuxi 214001, P.R. China
| | - Jijun Xiong
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P.R. China
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15
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Ermatov T, Noskov RE, Machnev AA, Gnusov I, Аtkin V, Lazareva EN, German SV, Kosolobov SS, Zatsepin TS, Sergeeva OV, Skibina JS, Ginzburg P, Tuchin VV, Lagoudakis PG, Gorin DA. Multispectral sensing of biological liquids with hollow-core microstructured optical fibres. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:173. [PMID: 33082942 PMCID: PMC7548008 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The state of the art in optical biosensing is focused on reaching high sensitivity at a single wavelength by using any type of optical resonance. This common strategy, however, disregards the promising possibility of simultaneous measurements of a bioanalyte's refractive index over a broadband spectral domain. Here, we address this issue by introducing the approach of in-fibre multispectral optical sensing (IMOS). The operating principle relies on detecting changes in the transmission of a hollow-core microstructured optical fibre when a bioanalyte is streamed through it via liquid cells. IMOS offers a unique opportunity to measure the refractive index at 42 wavelengths, with a sensitivity up to ~3000 nm per refractive index unit (RIU) and a figure of merit reaching 99 RIU-1 in the visible and near-infra-red spectral ranges. We apply this technique to determine the concentration and refractive index dispersion for bovine serum albumin and show that the accuracy meets clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Ermatov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Roman E. Noskov
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Andrey A. Machnev
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Ivan Gnusov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Vsevolod Аtkin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya str., Saratov, 410012 Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Lazareva
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya str., Saratov, 410012 Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin’s av., Tomsk, 634050 Russia
| | - Sergei V. German
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Sergey S. Kosolobov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Timofei S. Zatsepin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow, 119992 Russia
| | - Olga V. Sergeeva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Julia S. Skibina
- SPE LLC Nanostructured Glass Technology, 101 50 Let Oktjabrja, Saratov, 410033 Russia
| | - Pavel Ginzburg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Russia
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya str., Saratov, 410012 Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin’s av., Tomsk, 634050 Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya str., Saratov, 410028 Russia
| | - Pavlos G. Lagoudakis
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205 Russia
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16
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Beffara F, Humbert G, Auguste JL, Perumal J, Dinish US, Olivo M. Optimization and performance analysis of SERS-active suspended core photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:23609-23619. [PMID: 32752354 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active photonic crystal fiber (PCFs) probes have gained great interest for biosensing applications due to the tremendous advantages it has over the conventional planar substrate based SERS measurements, with improvements on the detection sensitivity and reliability in measurements. So far, two main approaches were employed to get the analyte molecule in the vicinity of nanoparticles (NPs) inside PCFs in order to achieve the SERS effect. In the first case, analyte and NPs are pre-mixed and injected inside the holes of the PCF prior to the measurement. In the second approach, controlled anchoring of the NPs inside the inner walls of the PCF was achieved prior to the incorporation of the analyte. Although many studies have been conducted using one configuration or the other, no clear trend is emerging on which one would be the best suited for optimizing the biosensing properties offered by SERS active-PCF. In this paper, we investigate the performances of both configurations along with their interplays with the core size of the PCF probe. We have fabricated several samples of a standard PCF design with different core sizes, and SERS measurements of a standard Raman-active molecule are realized in the same conditions for enabling direct comparisons of the SERS intensity and measurement reliabilities between each configuration, yielding clear directions on the optimization of the SERS-active PCF probe. We envision that this study will pave the way for next-generation clinical biosensors for body fluid analysis, as it exhibits high sensitivity and excellent reliability.
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17
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Kang S, Rahman A, Boeding E, Vikesland PJ. Synthesis and SERS application of gold and iron oxide functionalized bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (Au@Fe 3O 4@BCNCs). Analyst 2020; 145:4358-4368. [PMID: 32500880 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00711k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) are biocompatible cellulose nanomaterials that can host guest nanoparticles to form hybrid nanocomposites with a wide range of applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of a hybrid nanocomposite that consists of plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles supported on BCNCs. As a proof of concept, the hybrid nanocomposites were employed to isolate and detect malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC) via magnetic separation and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Different initial gold precursor (Au3+) concentrations altered the size and morphology of the AuNPs formed on the nanocomposites. The use of 5 and 10 mM Au3+ led to a heterogenous mix of spherical and nanoplate AuNPs with increased SERS enhancements, as compared to the more uniform AuNPs formed using 1 mM Au3+. Rapid and sensitive detection of MGITC at concentrations as low as 10-10 M was achieved. The SERS intensity of the normalized Raman peak at 1175 cm-1 exhibited a log-linear relationship for MGITC concentrations between 2 × 10-10 and 2 × 10-5 M for Au@Fe3O4@BCNCs. These results suggest the potential of these hybrid nanocomposites for application in a broad range of analyte detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seju Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. and Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Asifur Rahman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. and Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ethan Boeding
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. and Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. and Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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18
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Beffara F, Perumal J, Puteri Mahyuddin A, Choolani M, Khan SA, Auguste JL, Vedraine S, Humbert G, Dinish US, Olivo M. Development of highly reliable SERS-active photonic crystal fiber probe and its application in the detection of ovarian cancer biomarker in cyst fluid. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960120. [PMID: 31814313 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventionally Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is realized by adsorbing analytes onto nano-roughened planar substrate coated with noble metals (silver or gold) or their colloidal nanoparticles (NPs). Nanoscale irregularities in such substrates/NPs could lead to SERS sensors with poor reproducibility and repeatability. Herein, we demonstrate a suspended core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based SERS sensor with extremely high reproducibility and repeatability in measurement with a relative SD of only 1.5% and 4.6%, respectively, which makes it more reliable than any existing SERS sensor platforms. In addition, our platform could improve the detection sensitivity owing to the increased interaction area between the guided light and the analyte, which is incorporated into the holes that runs along the length of the PCF. Numerical calculation established the significance of the interplay between light coupling efficiency and evanescent field distribution, which could eventually determine the sensitivity and reliability of the developed SERS active-PCF sensor. As a proof of concept, using this sensor, we demonstrated the detection of haptoglobin, a biomarker for ovarian cancer, contained within the ovarian cyst fluid, which facilitated in differentiating the stages of cancer. We envision that with necessary refinements, this platform could potentially be translated as a next-generation highly sensitive SERS-active opto-fluidic biopsy needle for the detection of biomarkers in body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Beffara
- Lab of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Jayakumar Perumal
- Lab of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aniza Puteri Mahyuddin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saif A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Louis Auguste
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Sylvain Vedraine
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Georges Humbert
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - U S Dinish
- Lab of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Lab of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Ermatov T, Skibina JS, Tuchin VV, Gorin DA. Functionalized Microstructured Optical Fibers: Materials, Methods, Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E921. [PMID: 32092963 PMCID: PMC7078627 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microstructured optical fiber-based sensors (MOF) have been widely developed finding numerous applications in various fields of photonics, biotechnology, and medicine. High sensitivity to the refractive index variation, arising from the strong interaction between a guided mode and an analyte in the test, makes MOF-based sensors ideal candidates for chemical and biochemical analysis of solutions with small volume and low concentration. Here, we review the modern techniques used for the modification of the fiber's structure, which leads to an enhanced detection sensitivity, as well as the surface functionalization processes used for selective adsorption of target molecules. Novel functionalized MOF-based devices possessing these unique properties, emphasize the potential applications for fiber optics in the field of modern biophotonics, such as remote sensing, thermography, refractometric measurements of biological liquids, detection of cancer proteins, and concentration analysis. In this work, we discuss the approaches used for the functionalization of MOFs, with a focus on potential applications of the produced structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Ermatov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia S. Skibina
- SPE LLC Nanostructured Glass Technology, 101 50 Let Oktjabrja, 410033 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Research Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya str., 410012 Saratov, Russia;
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin’s av., 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya str., 410028 Saratov, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya str., 121205 Moscow, Russia
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20
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Rickard JJS, Di-Pietro V, Smith DJ, Davies DJ, Belli A, Oppenheimer PG. Rapid optofluidic detection of biomarkers for traumatic brain injury via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:610-623. [DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Akkilic N, Geschwindner S, Höök F. Single-molecule biosensors: Recent advances and applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 151:111944. [PMID: 31999573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule biosensors serve the unmet need for real time detection of individual biological molecules in the molecular crowd with high specificity and accuracy, uncovering unique properties of individual molecules which are hidden when measured using ensemble averaging methods. Measuring a signal generated by an individual molecule or its interaction with biological partners is not only crucial for early diagnosis of various diseases such as cancer and to follow medical treatments but also offers a great potential for future point-of-care devices and personalized medicine. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in nanosensors for both in vitro and in vivo detection of biological molecules offering single-molecule sensitivity. In the first part, we focus on label-free platforms, including electrochemical, plasmonic, SERS-based and spectroelectrochemical biosensors. We review fluorescent single-molecule biosensors in the second part, highlighting nanoparticle-amplified assays, digital platforms and the utilization of CRISPR technology. We finally discuss recent advances in the emerging nanosensor technology of important biological species as well as future perspectives of these sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namik Akkilic
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Applied Physics, Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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22
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Dinish US, Beffara F, Humbert G, Auguste JL, Olivo M. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active photonic crystal fiber probe: Towards next generation liquid biopsy sensor with ultra high sensitivity. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900027. [PMID: 30891937 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous enhancement factors that surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) possesses coupled with the flexibility of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) pave the way to a new generation of ultrasensitive biosensors. Thanks to the unique structure of PCFs, which allows direct incorporation of an analyte into the axially aligned air channels, interaction between the analyte and excitation light could be increased many folds leading to flexible, reliable and sensitive probes that can be used in preclinical or clinical biosensing. SERS-active PCF probes provide unique opportunity to develop an opto-fluidic liquid biopsy needle sensor that enables one-step integrated sample collection and testing for disease diagnosis. Specificity being a key parameter to biosensors, the PCF inside the biopsy needle could be functionalized with targeting moieties to detect specific biomarkers. In this review article, we present some of the most promising recent biosensors based on PCFs including hollow-core PCFs, suspended-core PCFs and side-channel PCFs. We provide a wide range of applications of such platform using Raman spectroscopy, label free SERS or labeled SERS detection and analyze some of the main challenges to be addressed for translating it to a clinically viable next generation sensitive biopsy needle sensing probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- U S Dinish
- Lab of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Flavien Beffara
- Lab of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Georges Humbert
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Louis Auguste
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Malini Olivo
- Lab of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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23
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Chen C, Liu W, Tian S, Hong T. Novel Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Techniques for DNA, Protein and Drug Detection. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19071712. [PMID: 30974797 PMCID: PMC6480126 DOI: 10.3390/s19071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a vibrational spectroscopic technique in which the Raman scattering signal strength of molecules, absorbed by rough metals or the surface of nanoparticles, experiences an exponential growth (10³-10⁶ times and even 1014-1015 times) because of electromagnetic or chemical enhancements. Nowadays, SERS has attracted tremendous attention in the field of analytical chemistry due to its specific advantages, including high selectivity, rich informative spectral properties, nondestructive testing, and the prominent multiplexing capabilities of Raman spectroscopy. In this review, we present the applications of state-of-the-art SERS for the detection of DNA, proteins and drugs. Moreover, we focus on highlighting the merits and mechanisms of achieving enhanced SERS signals for food safety and clinical treatment. The machine learning techniques, combined with SERS detection, are also indicated herein. This review concludes with recommendations for future studies on the development of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Wenfang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Sanping Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Tingting Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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24
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Banaei N, Moshfegh J, Mohseni-Kabir A, Houghton JM, Sun Y, Kim B. Machine learning algorithms enhance the specificity of cancer biomarker detection using SERS-based immunoassays in microfluidic chips. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1859-1868. [PMID: 35516124 PMCID: PMC9059745 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08930b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Specificity is a challenge in liquid biopsy and early diagnosis of various diseases. There are only a few biomarkers that have been approved for use in cancer diagnostics; however, these biomarkers suffer from a lack of high specificity. Moreover, determining the exact type of disorder for patients with positive liquid biopsy tests is difficult, especially when the aberrant expression of one single biomarker can be found in various other disorders. In this study, a SERS-based protein biomarker detection platform in a microfluidic chip and two machine learning algorithms (K-nearest neighbor and classification tree) are used to improve the reproducibility and specificity of the SERS-based liquid biopsy assay. Applying machine learning algorithms to the analysis of the expression level data of 5 protein biomarkers (CA19-9, HE4, MUC4, MMP7, and mesothelin) in pancreatic cancer patients, ovarian cancer patients, pancreatitis patients, and healthy individuals improves the chance of recognition for one specific disorder among the aforementioned diseases with overlapping protein biomarker changes. Our results demonstrate a convenient but highly specific approach for cancer diagnostics using serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Banaei
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | - Javad Moshfegh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Jean Marie Houghton
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA USA
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | - Byung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
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Zhang Y, Mi X, Tan X, Xiang R. Recent Progress on Liquid Biopsy Analysis using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Theranostics 2019; 9:491-525. [PMID: 30809289 PMCID: PMC6376192 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional tissue biopsy is limited in understanding heterogeneity and dynamic evolution of tumors. Instead, analyzing circulating cancer markers in various body fluids, commonly referred to as "liquid biopsy", has recently attracted remarkable interest for their great potential to be applied in non-invasive early cancer screening, tumor progression monitoring and therapy response assessment. Among the various approaches developed for liquid biopsy analysis, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as one of the most powerful techniques based on its high sensitivity, specificity, tremendous spectral multiplexing capacity for simultaneous target detection, as well as its unique capability for obtaining intrinsic fingerprint spectra of biomolecules. In this review, we will first briefly explain the mechanism of SERS, and then introduce recently reported SERS-based techniques for detection of circulating cancer markers including circulating tumor cells, exosomes, circulating tumor DNAs, microRNAs and cancer-related proteins. Cancer diagnosis based on SERS analysis of bulk body fluids will also be included. In the end, we will summarize the "state of the art" technologies of SERS-based platforms and discuss the challenges of translating them into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
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Combining Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fibers with Multimode, Solid Core Fiber Couplers through Arc Fusion Splicing for the Miniaturization of Nonlinear Spectroscopy Sensing Devices. FIBERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fib6040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of fiber optic devices, such as couplers or wavelength division multiplexers, based on hollow-core fibers (HCFs) is still rather uncommon, while such devices can be imagined to greatly increase the potential of HCFs for different applications, such as sensing, nonlinear optics, etc. In this paper, we present a combination of a standard, multimode fiber (MMF) optic coupler with a hollow core photonic bandgap fiber through arc fusion splicing and its application for the purpose of multiphoton spectroscopy. The presented splicing method is of high affordability due to the low cost of arc fusion splicers, and the measured splicing loss (SL) of the HCF-MMF splice is as low as (0.32 ± 0.1) dB, while the splice itself is durable enough to withstand a bending radius (rbend) of 1.8 cm. This resulted in a hybrid between the hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (HCPBF) and MMF coupler, delivering 20 mW of average power and 250-fs short laser pulses to the sample, which was good enough to test the proposed sensor setup in a simple, proof-of-concept multiphoton fluorescence excitation-detection experiment, allowing the successful measurement of the fluorescence emission spectrum of 10−5 M fluorescein solution. In our opinion, the presented results indicate the possibility of creating multi-purpose HCF setups, which would excel in various types of sensing applications.
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Joseph MM, Narayanan N, Nair JB, Karunakaran V, Ramya AN, Sujai PT, Saranya G, Arya JS, Vijayan VM, Maiti KK. Exploring the margins of SERS in practical domain: An emerging diagnostic modality for modern biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2018; 181:140-181. [PMID: 30081304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excellent multiplexing capability, molecular specificity, high sensitivity and the potential of resolving complex molecular level biological compositions augmented the diagnostic modality of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in biology and medicine. While maintaining all the merits of classical Raman spectroscopy, SERS provides a more sensitive and selective detection and quantification platform. Non-invasive, chemically specific and spatially resolved analysis facilitates the exploration of SERS-based nano probes in diagnostic and theranostic applications with improved clinical outcomes compared to the currently available so called state-of-art technologies. Adequate knowledge on the mechanism and properties of SERS based nano probes are inevitable in utilizing the full potential of this modality for biomedical applications. The safety and efficiency of metal nanoparticles and Raman reporters have to be critically evaluated for the successful translation of SERS in to clinics. In this context, the present review attempts to give a comprehensive overview about the selected medical, biomedical and allied applications of SERS while highlighting recent and relevant outcomes ranging from simple detection platforms to complicated clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu M Joseph
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Nisha Narayanan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Jyothi B Nair
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Varsha Karunakaran
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Adukkadan N Ramya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Palasseri T Sujai
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Giridharan Saranya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Jayadev S Arya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Vineeth M Vijayan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.
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Cao C, Zhang F, Goldys EM, Gao F, Liu G. Advances in structure-switching aptasensing towards real time detection of cytokines. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Darrigues E, Nima ZA, Majeed W, Vang-Dings KB, Dantuluri V, Biris AR, Zharov VP, Griffin RJ, Biris AS. Raman spectroscopy using plasmonic and carbon-based nanoparticles for cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment guidance.Part 1: Diagnosis. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:212-252. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1302465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Darrigues
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Waqar Majeed
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kieng Bao Vang-Dings
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Dantuluri
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alexandru R. Biris
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Wang Z, Zong S, Wu L, Zhu D, Cui Y. SERS-Activated Platforms for Immunoassay: Probes, Encoding Methods, and Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7910-7963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyuan Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenfei Zong
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
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31
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Markin AV, Markina NE, Goryacheva IY. Raman spectroscopy based analysis inside photonic-crystal fibers. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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32
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Inan H, Poyraz M, Inci F, Lifson MA, Baday M, Cunningham BT, Demirci U. Photonic crystals: emerging biosensors and their promise for point-of-care applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:366-388. [PMID: 27841420 PMCID: PMC5529146 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00206d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are extensively employed for diagnosing a broad array of diseases and disorders in clinical settings worldwide. The implementation of biosensors at the point-of-care (POC), such as at primary clinics or the bedside, faces impediments because they may require highly trained personnel, have long assay times, large sizes, and high instrumental cost. Thus, there exists a need to develop inexpensive, reliable, user-friendly, and compact biosensing systems at the POC. Biosensors incorporated with photonic crystal (PC) structures hold promise to address many of the aforementioned challenges facing the development of new POC diagnostics. Currently, PC-based biosensors have been employed for detecting a variety of biotargets, such as cells, pathogens, proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids, with high efficiency and selectivity. In this review, we provide a broad overview of PCs by explaining their structures, fabrication techniques, and sensing principles. Furthermore, we discuss recent applications of PC-based biosensors incorporated with emerging technologies, including telemedicine, flexible and wearable sensing, smart materials and metamaterials. Finally, we discuss current challenges associated with existing biosensors, and provide an outlook for PC-based biosensors and their promise at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Inan
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Muhammet Poyraz
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fatih Inci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Mark A Lifson
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Murat Baday
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Brian T Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. and Department of Electrical Engineering (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Krafft C. Modern trends in biophotonics for clinical diagnosis and therapy to solve unmet clinical needs. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1362-1375. [PMID: 27943650 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This contribution covers recent original research papers in the biophotonics field. The content is organized into main techniques such as multiphoton microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic tomography, and their applications in the context of fluid, cell, tissue and skin diagnostics. Special attention is paid to vascular and blood flow diagnostics, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, tissue therapy, cell characterization, and biosensors for biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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34
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Ciprofloxacin: pH-dependent SERS signal and its detection in spiked river water using LoC-SERS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8393-8401. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Trace detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with a SERS-based capillary platform prepared by the in situ microwave synthesis of AgNPs. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Clinical diagnostic devices provide new sources of information that give insight about the state of health which can then be used to manage patient care. These tools can be as simple as an otoscope to better visualize the ear canal or as complex as a wireless capsule endoscope to monitor the gastrointestinal tract. It is with tools such as these that medical practitioners can determine when a patient is healthy and to make an appropriate diagnosis when he/she is not. The goal of diagnostic medicine then is to efficiently determine the presence and cause of disease in order to provide the most appropriate intervention. The earliest form of medical diagnostics relied on the eye - direct visual observation of the interaction of light with the sample. This technique was espoused by Hippocrates in his 5th century BCE work Epidemics, in which the pallor of a patient's skin and the coloring of the bodily fluids could be indicative of health. In the last hundred years, medical diagnosis has moved from relying on visual inspection to relying on numerous technological tools that are based on various types of interaction of the sample with different types of energy - light, ultrasound, radio waves, X-rays etc. Modern advances in science and technology have depended on enhancing technologies for the detection of these interactions for improved visualization of human health. Optical methods have been focused on providing this information in the micron to millimeter scale while ultrasound, X-ray, and radio waves have been key in aiding in the millimeter to centimeter scale. While a few optical technologies have achieved the status of medical instruments, many remain in the research and development phase despite persistent efforts by many researchers in the translation of these methods for clinical care. Of these, Raman spectroscopy has been described as a sensitive method that can provide biochemical information about tissue state while maintaining the capability of delivering this information in real-time, non-invasively, and in an automated manner. This review presents the various instrumentation considerations relevant to the clinical implementation of Raman spectroscopy and reviews a subset of interesting applications that have successfully demonstrated the efficacy of this technique for clinical diagnostics and monitoring in large (n ≥ 50) in vivo human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Pence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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37
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Tang B, Wang J, Hutchison JA, Ma L, Zhang N, Guo H, Hu Z, Li M, Zhao Y. Ultrasensitive, Multiplex Raman Frequency Shift Immunoassay of Liver Cancer Biomarkers in Physiological Media. ACS NANO 2016; 10:871-9. [PMID: 26731464 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive multiplex biomarker detection is critical for the early diagnosis of liver cancer. Here, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) frequency-shift immunoassay is developed for detection of liver cancer biomarkers α-fetoprotein and Glypican-3 down to subpicomolar concentrations in saline solution. A high temperature modification of the Tollen's method affords silver nanoparticle films with excellent SERS response upon which ordered domains of Raman reporters are chemisorbed by microcontact printing. Shifts in the reporters SERS spectrum in response to a bound antibody's biomarker recognition constitutes the frequency shift assay, exhibiting here exceptional sensitivity and specificity and shown to function in fetal calf serum and in the serum of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19B, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19B, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - James A Hutchison
- ISIS & icFRC, University of Strasbourg and CNRS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19B, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhongbo Hu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19B, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19B, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in SERS and its potential to detect multiple biomolecules in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Laing
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
| | - Kirsten Gracie
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
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39
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Nanomaterials for early detection of cancer biomarker with special emphasis on gold nanoparticles in immunoassays/sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:688-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Perumal J, Balasundaram G, Mahyuddin AP, Choolani M, Olivo M. SERS-based quantitative detection of ovarian cancer prognostic factor haptoglobin. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1831-40. [PMID: 25834423 PMCID: PMC4358420 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is increasingly being used for biosensing because of its high sensitivity and low detection limit, which are made possible by the unique Raman 'fingerprint' spectra from the biomolecules. Here we propose a novel SERS method for the fast, sensitive, and reliable quantitative analysis of haptoglobin (Hp), an acute phase plasma glycoprotein that is widely gaining application as a prognostic ovarian cancer biomarker. We exploited the peroxidase activity of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complex formed by the selective and specific binding of Hp to free Hb to catalyze the reaction of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate and hydrogen peroxide to result in the final product of strongly SERS-active TMB(2+). We observed a linear increase in the SERS signal of TMB(2+) with increasing concentrations of Hb-Hp complex from 50 nM to 34 μM. Based on this concentration-dependent SERS spectrum, we quantified Hp in clinical samples. We observed that our inference about the prognosis of the disease coincided with the histology data and that our method was much more sensitive than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Perumal
- Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Helios, Singapore
| | - Ghayathri Balasundaram
- Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Helios, Singapore
| | - Aniza P Mahyuddin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Helios, Singapore ; School of Physics, National University Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Gong T, Cui Y, Goh D, Voon KK, Shum PP, Humbert G, Auguste JL, Dinh XQ, Yong KT, Olivo M. Highly sensitive SERS detection and quantification of sialic acid on single cell using photonic-crystal fiber with gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 64:227-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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42
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Li SC, Tachiki LML, Kabeer MH, Dethlefs BA, Anthony MJ, Loudon WG. Cancer genomic research at the crossroads: realizing the changing genetic landscape as intratumoral spatial and temporal heterogeneity becomes a confounding factor. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:115. [PMID: 25411563 PMCID: PMC4236490 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The US National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) created the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project in 2006. The TCGA's goal was to sequence the genomes of 10,000 tumors to identify common genetic changes among different types of tumors for developing genetic-based treatments. TCGA offered great potential for cancer patients, but in reality has little impact on clinical applications. Recent reports place the past TCGA approach of testing a small tumor mass at a single time-point at a crossroads. This crossroads presents us with the conundrum of whether we should sequence more tumors or obtain multiple biopsies from each individual tumor at different time points. Sequencing more tumors with the past TCGA approach of single time-point sampling can neither capture the heterogeneity between different parts of the same tumor nor catch the heterogeneity that occurs as a function of time, error rates, and random drift. Obtaining multiple biopsies from each individual tumor presents multiple logistical and financial challenges. Here, we review current literature and rethink the utility and application of the TCGA approach. We discuss that the TCGA-led catalogue may provide insights into studying the functional significance of oncogenic genes in reference to non-cancer genetic background. Different methods to enhance identifying cancer targets, such as single cell technology, real time imaging of cancer cells with a biological global positioning system, and cross-referencing big data sets, are offered as ways to address sampling discrepancies in the face of tumor heterogeneity. We predict that TCGA landmarks may prove far more useful for cancer prevention than for cancer diagnosis and treatment when considering the effect of non-cancer genes and the normal genetic background on tumor microenvironment. Cancer prevention can be better realized once we understand how therapy affects the genetic makeup of cancer over time in a clinical setting. This may help create novel therapies for gene mutations that arise during a tumor's evolution from the selection pressure of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- />CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868 USA
- />Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4292 USA
- />Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA
| | - Lisa May Ling Tachiki
- />CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868 USA
- />University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Mustafa H Kabeer
- />CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868 USA
- />Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHOC Children’s Hospital, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868 USA
- />Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, 333 City Blvd. West, Suite 700, Orange, CA 92868 USA
| | - Brent A Dethlefs
- />CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868 USA
| | | | - William G Loudon
- />CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868 USA
- />Department of Neurological Surgery, Saint Joseph Hospital, Orange, CA 92868 USA
- />Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA 92862 USA
- />Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA
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Wong CL, Dinish US, Schmidt MS, Olivo M. Non-labeling multiplex surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Anal Chim Acta 2014; 844:54-60. [PMID: 25172816 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report multiplex SERS based VOCs detection with a leaning nano-pillar substrate. The VOCs analyte molecules adsorbed at the tips of the nano-pillars produced SERS signal due to the field enhancement occurring at the localized surface plasmon hot spots between adjacent leaning nano-pillars. In this experiment, detections of acetone and ethanol vapor at different concentrations were demonstrated. The detection limits were found to be 0.0017 ng and 0.0037 ng for ethanol and acetone vapor molecules respectively. Our approach is a non-labeling method such that it does not require the incorporation of any chemical sensing layer for the enrichment of gas molecules on sensor surface. The leaning nano-pillar substrate also showed highly reproducible SERS signal in cyclic VOCs detection, which can reduce the detection cost in practical applications. Further, multiplex SERS detection on different combination of acetone and ethanol vapor was also successfully demonstrated. The vibrational fingerprints of molecular structures provide specific Raman peaks for different VOCs contents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multiplex VOCs detection using SERS. We believe that this work may lead to a portable device for multiplex, specific and highly sensitive detection of complex VOCs samples that can find potential applications in exhaled breath analysis, hazardous gas analysis, homeland security and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lok Wong
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - U S Dinish
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Michael Stenbæk Schmidt
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 345 East, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Malini Olivo
- Bio-optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore; School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, County Galway, Ireland.
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Dinish US, Balasundaram G, Chang YT, Olivo M. Actively targeted in vivo multiplex detection of intrinsic cancer biomarkers using biocompatible SERS nanotags. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4075. [PMID: 24518045 PMCID: PMC3921631 DOI: 10.1038/srep04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique is becoming highly popular for multiplex biosensing due to the ‘fingerprint’ Raman spectra from every molecule. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated the actively targeted multiplex in vitro and in vivo detection of three intrinsic cancer biomarkers - EGFR, CD44 and TGFβRII in a breast cancer model using three multiplexing capable, biocompatible SERS nanoparticles/nanotags. Intra-tumorally injected antibody conjugated nanotags specifically targeting the three biomarkers exhibited maximum signal at 6 hours and no detectable signal at 72 hours. However, nanotags without antibodies showed no detectable signal after 6 hours. This difference could be due to the specific binding of the bioconjugated nanotags to the receptors on the cell surface. Thus, this study establishes SERS nanotags as an ultrasensitive nanoprobe for the multiplex detection of biomarkers and opens up its potential application in monitoring tumor progression and therapy and development into a theranostic probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- U S Dinish
- 1] Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667 [2]
| | - Ghayathri Balasundaram
- 1] Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667 [2]
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- 1] Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667 [2] Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- 1] Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667 [2] School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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