Spectroscopic biofeedback on cutaneous carotenoids as part of a prevention program could be effective to raise health awareness in adolescents

Spectroscopic biofeedback on cutaneous carotenoids: A powerful tool for primary prevention in advanced age

Antioxidants exhibit a powerful defense mechanism against aging and chronic disease. The human skin reflects the overall antioxidant status of the body. The cutaneous carotenoid concentration is a biomarker for individual nutritional intake of antioxidants, as it correlates with the overall antioxidant status. The cutaneous carotenoid concentrations of 44 adults were measured using a multiple spatially resolved reflection spectroscopy. During the first phase of the study, measurements of carotenoid concentrations were performed without revealing the antioxidant status, followed by an intervention phase during which the volunteers were informed about their individual values by biofeedback. During the third phase, biofeedback was combined with an additional intake of fruit juices. Across time points, participants showed increasing levels of carotenoid status. Thus, biofeedback leads to an improvement of the carotenoid value of the skin. Providing a biofeedback measurement to monitor the individual antioxidative status may be an easy and cost-effective way of primary prevention.

Carotenoids in Human SkinIn Vivo: Antioxidant and Photo-Protectant Role against External and Internal Stressors

The antioxidant system of the human body plays a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis and has an important protective function. Carotenoids have pronounced antioxidant properties in the neutralization of free radicals. In human skin, carotenoids have a high concentration in the stratum corneum (SC)-the horny outermost layer of the epidermis, where they accumulate within lipid lamellae. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are optical methods that are used to non-invasively determine the carotenoid concentration in the human SC in vivo. It was shown by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that carotenoids support the entire antioxidant status of the human SC in vivo by neutralizing free radicals and thus, counteracting the development of oxidative stress. This review is devoted to assembling the kinetics of the carotenoids in the human SC in vivo using non-invasive optical and spectroscopic methods. Factors contributing to the changes of the carotenoid concentration in the human SC and their influence on the antioxidant status of the SC in vivo are summarized. The effect of chemotherapy on the carotenoid concentration of the SC in cancer patients is presented. A potential antioxidant-based pathomechanism of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and a method to reduce its frequency and severity are discussed.

Epidermal carotenoid levels in vivo of patients with plaque psoriasis: Effects of narrow-band UVB phototherapy

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by hindered antioxidant defense and increased formation of free radicals. There are limited data on the skin carotenoids in psoriatic skin as well as their modulation during narrow-band UVB (NB-UVB) phototherapy of the disease.

AIM

The aim of this prospective study is to reveal the skin carotenoids levels during NB-UVB phototherapy of psoriasis in humans.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty Caucasian subjects with mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis (15m; 5f) were enrolled in the study, and nine gender- and age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited for controls of oxidative stress measurements. All psoriasis patients underwent 10 sessions of NB-UVB phototherapy. Measurements were taken at baseline and after 10 sessions of NB-UVB phototherapy. The assessment of carotenoid levels in the skin in vivo was performed by a non-invasive, reflectance spectroscopy-based device. Psoriasis severity was assessed by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). The dermatology life quality index (DLQI) was evaluated in psoriatic patients.

RESULTS

Baseline carotenoid levels were significantly lower in psoriasis patients in comparison to healthy controls. NB-UVB phototherapy insignificantly diminished carotenoid levels in the skin of psoriasis patients, while clinical improvement both in PASI score and DLQI was observed.

CONCLUSION

We showed the levels of skin carotenoids in psoriatic patients are lower than in healthy subjects. NB-UVB did not change significantly skin carotenoid levels. Further studies should elucidate the potential effect of antioxidants supplementation during NB-UVB of psoriasis.

Kinetics of the carotenoid concentration degradation of smoothies and their influence on the antioxidant status of the human skin in vivo during 8 weeks of daily consumption

The antioxidant status of the skin shows constant alterations depending on nutrition and other lifestyle factors. Carotenoids can serve as marker substances for the antioxidant status of the epidermis in vivo. The carotenoid concentration of 2 homemade green smoothies and a commercial green smoothie, all containing fruits and vegetables, was assessed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, a pilot study was conducted to investigate changes of the cutaneous carotenoid concentration of 20 healthy volunteers under the daily intake of either a homemade smoothie or the commercial smoothie in vivo using reflectance spectroscopy. We hypothesized that higher carotenoid concentrations in the homemade smoothies compared to those of the commercial one would lead to a faster increase of the cutaneous carotenoid concentration in healthy volunteers. The measurements of the homemade smoothies showed notably higher initial carotenoid concentrations (7.6 ±0.8)*10^-4arbitrary units (a.u.) (smoothie A) and (10.4 ± 0.6)*10^-4 a.u. (smoothie B) compared to the commercial smoothie (5.8 ± 0.2)*10^-4 a.u. Nevertheless, the commercial smoothie showed a higher stability of carotenoids over 24 hours. 8 weeks after daily consumption of the homemade smoothies, volunteers showed an insignificant increase of cutaneous carotenoids from (4.5 ± 0.1)*10^-4 a.u. at baseline to (4.8 ± 0.3)*10^-4 a.u. (means ± standard error of the mean). The volunteers consuming the commercial smoothie showed an insignificant increase of cutaneous carotenoids from (4.3 ± 0.2)*10^-4 a.u. to (4.7 ± 0.2)*10^-4 a.u. after 8 weeks. The observed increase of cutaneous carotenoid concentrations could be classified as a strong tendency. Fresh homemade smoothies can exhibit a higher carotenoid concentration compared to commercial smoothies but need to be consumed immediately after preparation.

Orally administered mixed carotenoids protect human skin against ultraviolet A-induced skin pigmentation: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Photoprotection of human skin is determined as the capacity of sunscreens to prevent ultraviolet (UV) B radiation-induced erythema and UVA radiation-induced pigmentation. It is unequivocal that, in addition to sunscreens, oral supplementation with carotenoids can protect human skin against UVB radiation-induced erythema. It is not known if this is also the case for UVA radiation-induced pigmentation.

OBJECTIVE

To clinically evaluate the photoprotective effects of daily supplementation with carotenoids against UVA radiation-induced pigmentation.

METHODS

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 subjects (Fitzpatrick types II-IV) were randomized to receive Nutrilite™ Multi Carotene supplement or placebo for 12 weeks. UVB-induced minimal erythemal dose (MED), UVA-induced minimal persistent pigmentation dose (MPPD) and skin carotenoid levels were measured at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of intervention. Skin color was evaluated by expert clinical graders and by colorimetry. Carotenoid levels in the skin were measured by the Biozoom^® device.

RESULTS

In the intervention group, a significant increase in comparison with the placebo group was observed in (a) skin carotenoid levels, (b) UVB-induced MED, and (c) UVA-induced MPPD values obtained by colorimetry.

CONCLUSION

Daily supplementation with carotenoids protects human skin against both UVB-induced erythema and UVA-induced pigmentation.

Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Cognitive Test Performance: Testing a Modified Index of Life's Simple 7 Among Older Chinese Adults

Evidence suggests that cognitive decline in older adults is influenced by cardiovascular health (CVH), with metabolic and vascular mechanisms hypothesized to underlie the etiology of cognitive impairment. Research in high-income nations suggests that improved CVH is linked with decreased cognitive impairment risk, but it is unclear if this pattern is evident in low-income countries. Nationally-representative data collected in China were drawn from the World Health Organization's Study on global AGing and adult health Wave 1 (2007-2010; n = 11,295). Seven CVH factors were classified as "ideal" or "not ideal": smoking and drinking frequency, body mass index, physical activity level, blood pressure, diet, and self-reported anxiety. Additionally, scores from five cognitive performance tests (immediate and delayed verbal recall, forward and backward digit span, verbal fluency) were used to create a composite cognitive function variable. Linear regression analyses tested whether ideal CVH measures were associated with higher composite cognitive performance, controlling for sociodemographic factors. As hypothesized, ideal CVH was generally associated with higher cognitive performance. Low anxiety levels and reliable access to sufficient food (including produce) were particularly associated with higher cognitive function. These results suggest early detection and controlling modifiable CVH risks may protect aging individuals in China from cognitive decline.

Fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with improved mental and cognitive health in older adults from non-Western developing countries

OBJECTIVES

Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been shown to contribute to mental and cognitive health in older adults from Western industrialized countries. However, it is unclear whether this effect replicates in older adults from non-Western developing countries. Thus, the present study examined the contribution of fruit and vegetable consumption to mental and cognitive health in older persons from China, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and Ghana.

DESIGN

Representative cross-sectional and cross-national study.Setting/SubjectsWe used data from the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE), sampled in 2007 to 2010. Our final sample size included 28 078 participants.

RESULTS

Fruit and vegetable consumption predicted an increased cognitive performance in older adults including improved verbal recall, improved delayed verbal recall, improved digit span test performance and improved verbal fluency; the effect of fruit consumption was much stronger than the effect of vegetable consumption. Regarding mental health, fruit consumption was significantly associated with better subjective quality of life and less depressive symptoms; vegetable consumption, however, did not significantly relate to mental health.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of fruits is associated with both improved cognitive and mental health in older adults from non-Western developing countries, and consumption of vegetables is associated with improved cognitive health only. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption might be one easy and cost-effective way to improve the overall health and quality of life of older adults in non-Western developing countries.

Modern trends in biophotonics for clinical diagnosis and therapy to solve unmet clinical needs

This contribution covers recent original research papers in the biophotonics field. The content is organized into main techniques such as multiphoton microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic tomography, and their applications in the context of fluid, cell, tissue and skin diagnostics. Special attention is paid to vascular and blood flow diagnostics, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, tissue therapy, cell characterization, and biosensors for biomarker detection.

Toward food analytics: fast estimation of lycopene and β-carotene content in tomatoes based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)

The application of SERS toward the differentiation of two carotenoid molecules (namely, lycopene and β-carotene) in tomato samples is introduced.

Influence of sun exposure on the cutaneous collagen/elastin fibers and carotenoids: negative effects can be reduced by application of sunscreen

Resonance Raman spectroscopy and multi-photon tomography were used in vivo to analyse the influence of sun exposure on the cutaneous carotenoids and collagen/elastin fibers. Comparing Berlin (low sun exposure) and Monegasque (high sun exposure) volunteers, it could be demonstrated that extended sun exposure significantly reduces the cutaneous carotenoids and collagen/elastin concentration (p < 0.05). The tendency towards correlation (R(2) = 0.41) between the dermal collagen/elastin (SAAID) and carotenoids confirms the important role of antioxidants in the protection against sun-induced negative effects. The application of sunscreen was shown to be effective, protecting cutaneous carotenoids and collagen/elastin from being damaged subsequent to sun exposure.