1
|
Szymczak K, Woźniak-Pawlikowska A, Burzyńska N, Król M, Zhang L, Nakonieczna J, Grinholc M. Decrease of ESKAPE virulence with a cationic heme-mimetic gallium porphyrin photosensitizer: The Trojan horse strategy that could help address antimicrobial resistance. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 256:112928. [PMID: 38723545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens has forced an urgent need for alternative non-antibiotic strategies development that could combat drug resistant-associated infections. Suppression of virulence of ESKAPE pathogens' by targeting multiple virulence traits provides a promising approach. OBJECTIVES Here we propose an iron-blocking antibacterial therapy based on a cationic heme-mimetic gallium porphyrin (GaCHP), which antibacterial efficacy could be further enhanced by photodynamic inactivation. METHODS We used gallium heme mimetic porphyrin (GaCHP) excited with light to significantly reduce microbial viability and suppress both the expression and biological activity of several virulence traits of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative ESKAPE representatives, i.e., S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, further improvement of the proposed strategy by combining it with routinely used antimicrobials to resensitize the microbes to antibiotics and provide enhanced bactericidal efficacy was investigated. RESULTS The proposed strategy led to substantial inactivation of critical priority pathogens and has been evidenced to suppress the expression and biological activity of multiple virulence factors in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Finally, the combination of GaCHP phototreatment and antibiotics resulted in promising strategy to overcome antibiotic resistance of the studied microbes and to enhance disinfection of drug resistant pathogens. CONCLUSION Lastly, considering high safety aspects of the proposed treatment toward host cells, i.e., lack of mutagenicity, no dark toxicity and mild phototoxicity, we describe an efficient alternative that simultaneously suppresses the functionality of multiple virulence factors in ESKAPE pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Szymczak
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Woźniak-Pawlikowska
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Burzyńska
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Król
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva MFC, Aroso RT, Dabrowski JM, Pucelik B, Barzowska A, da Silva GJ, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM. Photodynamic inactivation of E. coli with cationic imidazolyl-porphyrin photosensitizers and their synergic combination with antimicrobial cinnamaldehyde. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1129-1142. [PMID: 38734995 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a global health concern, particularly due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a considerable challenge, and novel approaches are needed to treat bacterial infections. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms is increasingly recognized as an effective method to inactivate a broad spectrum of bacteria and overcome resistance mechanisms. This study presents the synthesis of a new cationic 5,15-di-imidazolyl porphyrin derivative and the impact of n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) values of this class of photosensitizers on PDI efficacy of Escherichia coli. The derivative with logP = -0.5, IP-H-OH2+, achieved a remarkable 3 log CFU reduction of E. coli at 100 nM with only 1.36 J/cm2 light dose at 415 nm, twice as effective as the second-best porphyrin IP-H-Me2+, of logP = -1.35. We relate the rapid uptake of IP-H-OH2+ by E. coli to improved PDI and the very low uptake of a fluorinated derivative, IP-H-CF32+, logP ≈ 1, to its poor performance. Combination of PDI with cinnamaldehyde, a major component of the cinnamon plant known to alter bacteria cell membranes, offered synergic inactivation of E. coli (7 log CFU reduction), using 50 nM of IP-H-OH2+ and just 1.36 J/cm2 light dose. The success of combining PDI with this natural compound broadens the scope of therapies for MDR infections that do not add drug resistance. In vivo studies on a mouse model of wound infection showed the potential of cationic 5,15-di-imidazolyl porphyrins to treat clinically relevant infected wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalena F C Silva
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael T Aroso
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Janusz M Dabrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pucelik
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Barzowska
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela J da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis G Arnaut
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, CQC-IMS, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pucelik B, Barzowska A, Sułek A, Werłos M, Dąbrowski JM. Refining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: effect of charge distribution and central metal ion in fluorinated porphyrins on effective control of planktonic and biofilm bacterial forms. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:539-560. [PMID: 38457119 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance represents a pressing global health challenge, now acknowledged as a critical concern within the framework of One Health. Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (PDI) offers an attractive, non-invasive approach known for its flexibility, independence from microbial resistance patterns, broad-spectrum efficacy, and minimal risk of inducing resistance. Various photosensitizers, including porphyrin derivatives have been explored for pathogen eradication. In this context, we present the synthesis, spectroscopic and photophysical characteristics as well as antimicrobial properties of a palladium(II)-porphyrin derivative (PdF2POH), along with its zinc(II)- and free-base counterparts (ZnF2POH and F2POH, respectively). Our findings reveal that the palladium(II)-porphyrin complex can be classified as an excellent generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), encompassing both singlet oxygen (Φ△ = 0.93) and oxygen-centered radicals. The ability of photosensitizers to generate ROS was assessed using a variety of direct (luminescence measurements) and indirect techniques, including specific fluorescent probes both in solution and in microorganisms during the PDI procedure. We investigated the PDI efficacy of F2POH, ZnF2POH, and PdF2POH against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. All tested compounds proved high activity against Gram-positive species, with PdF2POH exhibiting superior efficacy, leading to up to a 6-log reduction in S. aureus viability. Notably, PdF2POH-mediated PDI displayed remarkable effectiveness against S. aureus biofilm, a challenging target due to its complex structure and increased resistance to conventional treatments. Furthermore, our results show that PDI with PdF2POH is more selective for bacterial than for mammalian cells, particularly at lower light doses (up to 5 J/cm2 of blue light illumination). This enhanced efficacy of PdF2POH-mediated PDI as compared to ZnF2POH and F2POH can be attributed to more pronounced ROS generation by palladium derivative via both types of photochemical mechanisms (high yields of singlet oxygen generation as well as oxygen-centered radicals). Additionally, PDI proved effective in eliminating bacteria within S. aureus-infected human keratinocytes, inhibiting infection progression while preserving the viability and integrity of infected HaCaT cells. These findings underscore the potential of metalloporphyrins, particularly the Pd(II)-porphyrin complex, as promising photosensitizers for PDI in various bacterial infections, warranting further investigation in advanced infection models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pucelik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
- Sano Centre for Computational Medicine, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agata Barzowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Sułek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Sano Centre for Computational Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Werłos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Savelyeva IO, Zhdanova KA, Gradova MA, Gradov OV, Bragina NA. Cationic Porphyrins as Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents in Photodynamic Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9793-9822. [PMID: 38132458 PMCID: PMC10741785 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has received a great deal of attention due to its unique ability to kill all currently known classes of microorganisms. To date, infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses are one of the main sources of high mortality, mass epidemics and global pandemics among humans. Every year, the emergence of three to four previously unknown species of viruses dangerous to humans is recorded, totaling more than 2/3 of all newly discovered human pathogens. The emergence of bacteria with multidrug resistance leads to the rapid obsolescence of antibiotics and the need to create new types of antibiotics. From this point of view, photodynamic inactivation of viruses and bacteria is of particular interest. This review summarizes the most relevant mechanisms of antiviral and antibacterial action of APDT, molecular targets and correlation between the structure of cationic porphyrins and their photodynamic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga O. Savelyeva
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Prospect 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (I.O.S.); (K.A.Z.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Kseniya A. Zhdanova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Prospect 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (I.O.S.); (K.A.Z.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Margarita A. Gradova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Oleg V. Gradov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Natal’ya A. Bragina
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Prospect 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (I.O.S.); (K.A.Z.); (N.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Turzańska K, Adesanya O, Rajagopal A, Pryce MT, Fitzgerald Hughes D. Improving the Management and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infection: Challenges and Research Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043913. [PMID: 36835330 PMCID: PMC9959562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot infection (DFI) management requires complex multidisciplinary care pathways with off-loading, debridement and targeted antibiotic treatment central to positive clinical outcomes. Local administration of topical treatments and advanced wound dressings are often used for more superficial infections, and in combination with systemic antibiotics for more advanced infections. In practice, the choice of such topical approaches, whether alone or as adjuncts, is rarely evidence-based, and there does not appear to be a single market leader. There are several reasons for this, including a lack of clear evidence-based guidelines on their efficacy and a paucity of robust clinical trials. Nonetheless, with a growing number of people living with diabetes, preventing the progression of chronic foot infections to amputation is critical. Topical agents may increasingly play a role, especially as they have potential to limit the use of systemic antibiotics in an environment of increasing antibiotic resistance. While a number of advanced dressings are currently marketed for DFI, here we review the literature describing promising future-focused approaches for topical treatment of DFI that may overcome some of the current hurdles. Specifically, we focus on antibiotic-impregnated biomaterials, novel antimicrobial peptides and photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Turzańska
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, D09 YD60 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oluwafolajimi Adesanya
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ashwene Rajagopal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, D09 YD60 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary T. Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Fitzgerald Hughes
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, D09 YD60 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-8093711
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orlandi VT, Martegani E, Trivellin N, Bolognese F, Caruso E. Photo-Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus by Diaryl-Porphyrins. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020228. [PMID: 36830139 PMCID: PMC9951968 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) has received great attention in recent years since it is an effective and promising modality for the treatment of human oral and skin infections with the advantage of bypassing pathogens' resistance to antimicrobials. Moreover, PACT applications demonstrated a certain activity in the inhibition and eradication of biofilms, overcoming the well-known tolerance of sessile communities to antimicrobial agents. In this study, 13 diaryl-porphyrins (mono-, di-cationic, and non-ionic) P1-P13 were investigated for their potential as photosensitizer anti-Staphylococcus aureus. The efficacy of the diaryl-porphyrins was evaluated through photo-inactivation tests. Crystal-violet staining combined with viable count techniques were aimed at assaying their anti-biofilm activity. Among the tested compounds, the neutral photosensitizer P4 was better than the cationic ones, irrespective of their corresponding binding rates. In particular, P4 was active in inhibiting the biofilm formation and in impairing the viability of the adherent and planktonic populations of a 24 h old biofilm. The inhibitory activity was also efficient against a methicillin resistant S. aureus strain. In conclusion, the diaryl-porphyrin family represents a reservoir of promising compounds for photodynamic applications against the pathogen S. aureus and in preventing the formation of biofilms that cause many infections to become chronic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Nicola Trivellin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6A, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhdanova KA, Savel’eva IO, Usanev AY, Usachev MN, Shmigol TA, Gradova MA, Bragina NA. Synthesis of trans-Substituted Cationic Zinc Porphynates and Study of their Photodynamic Antimicrobial Activity. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023622601209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Aroso RT, Dias LD, Blanco KC, Soares JM, Alves F, da Silva GJ, Arnaut LG, Bagnato VS, Pereira MM. Synergic dual phototherapy: Cationic imidazolyl photosensitizers and ciprofloxacin for eradication of in vitro and in vivo E. coli infections. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 233:112499. [PMID: 35689931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new microorganisms with resistance to current antimicrobials is one of the key issues of modern healthcare that must be urgently addressed with the development of new molecules and therapies. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in combination with antibiotics has been recently regarded as a promising wide-spectrum therapy for the treatment of localized topical infections. However, further studies are required regarding the selection of the best photosensitizer structures and protocol optimization, in order to maximize the efficiency of this synergic interaction. In this paper, we present results that demonstrate the influence of the structure of cationic imidazolyl-substituted photosensitizers and light on the enhancement of ciprofloxacin (CIP) activity, for the inactivation of Escherichia coli. Structure-activity studies have highlighted the tetra cationic imidazolyl porphyrin IP-H-Me4+ at sub-bactericide concentrations (4-16 nM) as the most promising photosensitizer for combination with sub-inhibitory CIP concentration (<0.25 mg/L). An optimized dual phototherapy protocol using this photosensitizer was translated to in vivo studies in mice wounds infected with E. coli. This synergic combination reduced the amount of photosensitizer and ciprofloxacin required for full E. coli inactivation and, in both in vitro and in vivo studies, the combination therapy was clearly superior to each monotherapy (PDI or ciprofloxacin alone). Overall, these findings highlight the potential of cationic imidazolyl porphyrins in boosting the activity of antibiotics and lowering the probability of resistance development, which is essential for a sustainable long-term treatment of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T Aroso
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucas D Dias
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Kate C Blanco
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Jennifer M Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alves
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Gabriela J da Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Luís G Arnaut
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanderlei S Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil,; Hagler Fellows, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Wong KI, Li Y, Ishii M, Li X, Wei L, Lu M, Wu MX. Blue light potentiates safety and bactericidal activity of p-Toluquinone. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 230:112427. [PMID: 35338920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fewer antibiotics are available for effective management of bacterial infections to date owing to increasing multiple-drug resistance (MDR). Here, we expand our early success in combination of 405 nm blue light irradiation with phenolic compounds to sufficiently kill blue light-refractory MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli). p-Toluquinone (p-TQ) alongside blue light inactivated 7.3 log10E. coli within 6 min, whereas either alone was totally ineffective. A similar killing efficacy was attained with four other pathogens commonly seen in hospital-acquired infections and Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) that don't produce porphyrins-like molecules. The combinatory therapy prevented recurrence of E. coli infection in skin scratch wounds of murine. The bactericidal activity was ascribed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation triggered by blue light-mediated excitation of p-TQ, which is less likely to induce resistance because of multi-targeted and non-specific nature of ROS. Remarkably, toxic p-TQ became harmless to mammalian cells after brief exposure to blue light while retaining its bactericidal activity. The opposite effect of blue light on p-TQ activity unravels a novel, simple strategy to detoxify p-TQ and its combination with blue light as a safe and efficacious bactericidal modality for managing MDR bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka Ioi Wong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Momoko Ishii
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Min Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aroso RT, Schaberle FA, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM. Photodynamic disinfection and its role in controlling infectious diseases. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1497-1545. [PMID: 34705261 PMCID: PMC8548867 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is witnessing a revival of its origins as a response to the rise of multi-drug resistant infections and the shortage of new classes of antibiotics. Photodynamic disinfection (PDDI) of microorganisms is making progresses in preclinical models and in clinical cases, and the perception of its role in the clinical armamentarium for the management of infectious diseases is changing. We review the positioning of PDDI from the perspective of its ability to respond to clinical needs. Emphasis is placed on the pipeline of photosensitizers that proved effective to inactivate biofilms, showed efficacy in animal models of infectious diseases or reached clinical trials. Novel opportunities resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic are briefly discussed. The molecular features of promising photosensitizers are emphasized and contrasted with those of photosensitizers used in the treatment of solid tumors. The development of photosensitizers has been accompanied by the fabrication of a variety of affordable and customizable light sources. We critically discuss the combination between photosensitizer and light source properties that may leverage PDDI and expand its applications to wider markets. The success of PDDI in the management of infectious diseases will ultimately depend on the efficacy of photosensitizers, affordability of the light sources, simplicity of the procedures, and availability of fast and efficient treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T Aroso
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio A Schaberle
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís G Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rossi GG, Guterres KB, Moreira KS, Burgo TAL, de Campos MMA, Iglesias BA. Photo-damage promoted by tetra-cationic palladium(II) porphyrins in rapidly growing mycobacteria. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102514. [PMID: 34481062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has gained prominence in microbiology, especially in treating non-invasive infections. Diseases such as mycobacteriosis, which causes localized infections and has a slow treatment, tend to be future targets for this type of technology. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the action of two isomeric Pd(II)-porphyrins on fast-growing mycobacterial strains (RGM). Tetra-cationic porphyrins (4-PdTPyP and 3-PdTPyP) were synthesized and applied against standard strains of Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus (ATCC 19977), Mycolicibacterium fortuitum (ATCC 6841), Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (ATCC 700084), and Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense (ATCC 48898). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers were used in an attempt to determine possible ROS produced by the photosensitizers (PS) under study. Moreover, the impact of porphyrin on the mycobacterial surface was further evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and we observed significant damage on cells walls and altered nanomechanical and electrostatic adhesion properties. The results presented herein show that the positively charged porphyrin at the meta position (3-PdTPyP) was the most efficient PS against the RGM strains, and its bactericidal activity was proven in two irradiation sessions, with singlet oxygen species being the main ROS involved in this process. This study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of porphyrins, especially the 3-PdTPyP derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazille Guidolin Rossi
- Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Kevim Bordignon Guterres
- Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Schneider Moreira
- Coulomb Electrostatic and Mechanochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Augusto Lima Burgo
- Coulomb Electrostatic and Mechanochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos
- Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrinic Materials Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil..
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Z, Ma J, Wang Y, Xu Z, Zhao L, Zhao J, Hong G, Liu T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Combined With Antibiotic in the Treatment of Rats With Third-Degree Burns. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622410. [PMID: 33717010 PMCID: PMC7943878 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic porphyrin conjugate, protoporphyrin IX-methyl ethylenediamine derivative (PPIX-MED) has a potent photosensitive antibacterial effect on clinically isolated bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study investigated (i) the PPIX-MED-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic effect on these three species in vitro and (ii) the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combined with the use of an antibiotic on the healing in vivo of third-degree burns of rats with the wounds infected by these bacterial species. PPIX-MED exerted a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of the three bacterial species by producing reactive oxygen species when photoactivated. PPIX-MED-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PPIX-MED-aPDT) had high bacterial photoinactivation ability in vitro, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 15.6 μM PPIX-MED against each of the three types of bacteria and minimum bactericidal concentrations of 31.25 μM against MRSA and E. coli and 62.5 μM against P. aeruginosa. In rats with third-degree burns infected by a mixture of these bacteria, the bactericidal efficiency of PPIX-MED–aPDT-combined-with-antibiotic treatment was higher than that of antibiotic or aPDT treatment alone. This was confirmed by analysis of viable bacterial counts in wound tissue and blood. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that aPDT-combined-with-antibiotic treatment resulted in an obvious reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels compared with the no-treatment control group and the other treatment groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and CD31 (a marker of neovascularization), expressed in burn wound tissue was higher in the aPDT-combined-with-antibiotic treatment group than in the other groups. PPIX-MED–aPDT has a promising bactericidal effect both in vitro and in vivo, and PPIX-MED–aPDT-combined-with-antibiotic treatment enhanced the healing of infected third-degree burns in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjuan Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinduo Ma
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Xu
- College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianxi Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ge Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Solovieva AB, Rudenko TG, Shekhter AB, Glagolev NN, Spokoinyi AL, Fayzullin AL, Aksenova NA, Shpichka AI, Kardumyan VV, Timashev PS. Broad-spectrum antibacterial and pro-regenerative effects of photoactivated Photodithazine-Pluronic F127-Chitosan polymer system: In vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 210:111954. [PMID: 32781382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging global danger of multidrug resistant microbes makes it essential to explore new approaches to treat infections. We studied antibacterial and pro-regenerative effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed with water solutions of photodithazine and its complexes with Pluronic F127 and chitosan in rat model of full thickness wound (n = 24) infected by an associated Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria culture. Laboratory rats were exposed to PDT 24 and 72 h after the injury. Exudate samples were collected before and after PDT for a microbiological study. Autopsy tissues were excised and fixed in formalin on day 4 of the experiment. Fixed tissues were processed and poured into paraffin. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and studied by an experienced pathologist. Microbiological analysis revealed that the photoactivation of photodithazine and its complexes suppressed the associated microflora in vivo and inhibited suppurative inflammation in the wounds. The triple Photodithazine-Pluronic F127-Chitosan system possessed the highest antibacterial activity. The morphological study revealed that PDT with photodithazine polymer complexes accelerated wound healing, promoted restoration of microcirculation, facilitated proliferation of fibroblast and vessels and stimulated collagen synthesis. The Photodithazine-Pluronic F127-Chitosan complex may be successfully applied for PDT to prevent and treat suppurative inflammatory diseases of the skin and soft tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Solovieva
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 4 Kosygin st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - T G Rudenko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A B Shekhter
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - N N Glagolev
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 4 Kosygin st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A L Spokoinyi
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 4 Kosygin st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A L Fayzullin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - N A Aksenova
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 4 Kosygin st., Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - A I Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V V Kardumyan
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 4 Kosygin st., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - P S Timashev
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 4 Kosygin st., Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Photonic Technologies, Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, 2 Pionerskaya str., Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yuan L, Lyu P, Huang YY, Du N, Qi W, Hamblin MR, Wang Y. Potassium iodide enhances the photobactericidal effect of methylene blue on Enterococcus faecalis as planktonic cells and as biofilm infection in teeth. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111730. [PMID: 31855718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effectiveness, biosafety, photobleaching and mechanism of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using methylene blue (MB) plus potassium iodide (KI), for root canal infections. METHODS Different combinations and concentrations of MB, KI and 660 nm LED light were used against E. faecalis in planktonic and in biofilm states by colony-forming unit (CFU), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were used for safety testing by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and fluorescence microscopy (FLM). The photobleaching effect and mechanisms were analyzed. RESULTS KI could not only enhance MB aPDT on E. faecalis in both planktonic and biofilm states even in a hypoxic environment, but also produced a long-lasting bactericidal effect after end of the illumination. KI could accelerate photobleaching to reduce tooth staining by MB, and the mixture was harmless for HGFs. Mechanistic studies showed the generation of hydrogen peroxide and free iodine, and iodine radicals may be formed in hypoxia. CONCLUSION aPDT with MB plus KI could be used for root canal disinfection and clinical studies are worth pursuing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lintian Yuan
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Peijun Lyu
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ning Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caruso E, Malacarne MC, Banfi S, Gariboldi MB, Orlandi VT. Cationic diarylporphyrins: In vitro versatile anticancer and antibacterial photosensitizers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111548. [PMID: 31288120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The visible light combined with photosensitizers (PSs) is exploited in both antitumoral and antimicrobial fields inducing a photo-oxidative stress within the target cells. Among the different PSs, porphyrins belong to the family of the most promising compounds to be used in clinical photodynamic applications. Although in the last years many porphyrins have been synthesised and tested, only a few reports concern the in vitro effects of the 5,15-diarylporphyrins. In this work, the activity of four 5,15-diarylporphyrins (compounds 7-10), bearing alkoxy-linked pyridinium appendixes, have been tested on cancer cell lines and against bacterial cultures. Among the synthetized PSs, compounds 7 and 9 are not symmetrically substituted porphyrins showing one cationic charge tethered at the end of one 4C or 8C carbon chains, respectively. On the other hand, compounds 8 and 10 are symmetrically substituted and show two chains of C4 and C8 carbons featuring a cationic charge at the end of both chains. The dicationic 8 and 10 were more hydrophilic than monocationic 7 and 9, outlining that the presence of two pyridinium salts have a higher impact on the solubility in the aqueous phase than the lipophilic effect exerted by the length of the alkyl chains. Furthermore, these four PSs showed a similar rate of photobleaching, irrespective of the length and number of chains and the number of positive charges. Among the eukaryotic cell lines, the SKOV3 cells were particularly sensitive to the photodynamic activity of all the tested diarylporphyrins, while the HCT116 cells were found more sensitive to PSs bearing C4 chain (7 and 8), regardless the number of cationic charges. The photo-induced killing effect of these porphyrins was also tested against two different bacterial cultures. As expected, the Gram positive Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive than the Gram negative Escherichia coli, and the dicationic porphyrin 8, bearing two C4 chains, was the most efficient on both microorganisms. In conclusion, the new compound 8 seems to be an optimal candidate to deepen as versatile anticancer and antibacterial photosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy..
| | - Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Stefano Banfi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|