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Roy S, Maiti KS. Baseline correction for the infrared spectra of exhaled breath. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124473. [PMID: 38795528 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy appears to be a promising analytical method for the metabolic analysis of breath. However, due to the presence of trace amounts in exhaled breath, the absorption strength of the metabolites remains extremely low. In such low detection limits, the nonlinear detection sensitivity of the infrared detector and electronic noise strongly modify the baseline of the acquired infrared spectra of breath. Fitting the reference molecular spectra with the baseline-modified spectral features of breath metabolites does not provide accurate identification. Therefore, baseline correction of the acquired infrared spectra of breath is the primary requirement for the success of breath-based infrared diagnosis. A selective spectral region-based, simple baseline correction method is proposed for the infrared spectroscopy of breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Roy
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Department of Clinical Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kiran Sankar Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany; Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Golyak IS, Anfimov DR, Demkin PP, Berezhanskiy PV, Nebritova OA, Morozov AN, Fufurin IL. A hybrid learning approach to better classify exhaled breath's infrared spectra: A noninvasive optical diagnosis for socially significant diseases. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024:e202400151. [PMID: 39075328 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment of socially significant diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), pneumonia, and asthma. This study employs a diagnostic method based on infrared laser spectroscopy of human exhaled breath. The experimental setup comprises a quantum cascade laser, which emits in a pulsed mode with a peak power of up to 150 mW in the spectral range of 5.3-12.8 μm (780-1890 cm-1), and a Herriott multipass gas cell with a specific optical path length of 76 m. Using this setup, spectra of exhaled breath in the mid-infrared range were obtained from 165 volunteers, including healthy individuals, patients with T1DM, asthma, and pneumonia. The study proposes a hybrid approach for classifying these spectra, utilizing a variational autoencoder for dimensionality reduction and a support vector machine method for classification. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms other machine learning method combinations.
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Jia Z, Ong WQ, Zhang F, Du F, Thavasi V, Thirumalai V. A study of 9 common breath VOCs in 504 healthy subjects using PTR-TOF-MS. Metabolomics 2024; 20:79. [PMID: 39046579 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study employs Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) to analyze exhaled breath profiles of 504 healthy adults, focusing on nine common volatile organic compounds (VOCs): acetone, acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, ethanol, isoprene, methanol, propanol, phenol, and toluene. PTR-MS offers real-time VOC measurement, crucial for understanding breath biomarkers and their applications in health assessment. OBJECTIVES The study aims to investigate how demographic factors-gender, age, and smoking history-affect VOC concentrations in exhaled breath. The objective is to enhance our understanding of breath biomarkers and their potential for health monitoring and clinical diagnosis. METHODS Exhaled breath samples were collected using PTR-MS, measuring concentrations of nine VOCs. The data were analyzed to discern distribution patterns across demographic groups. RESULTS Males showed higher average VOC levels for certain compounds. Propanol and methanol concentrations significantly increased with age. Smoking history influenced VOC levels, with differences among non-smokers, current smokers, and ex-smokers. CONCLUSION This research provides valuable insights into demographic influences on exhaled VOC profiles, emphasizing the potential of breath analysis for health assessment. PTR-MS's real-time measurement capabilities are crucial for capturing dynamic VOC changes, offering advantages over conventional methods. These findings lay a foundation for advancements in non-invasive disease detection, highlighting the importance of considering demographics in breath biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhunan Jia
- Breathonix Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
- University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Fang Du
- Breathonix Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
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Feddahi N, Hartmann L, Felderhoff-Müser U, Roy S, Lampe R, Maiti KS. Neonatal Exhaled Breath Sampling for Infrared Spectroscopy: Biomarker Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:30625-30635. [PMID: 39035909 PMCID: PMC11256302 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring health conditions in neonates for early therapeutic intervention in case deviations from physiological conditions is crucial for their long-term development. Due to their immaturity preterm born neonates are dependent on particularly careful physical and neurological diagnostic methods. Ideally, these should be noninvasive, noncontact, and radiation free. Infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze exhaled breath from 71 neonates with a special emphasis on preterm infants, as a noninvasive, noncontact, and radiation-free diagnostic tool. Passive sample collection was performed by skilled clinicians. Depending on the mode of respiratory support of infants, four different sampling procedures were adapted to collect exhaled breath. With the aid of appropriate reference samples, infrared spectroscopy has successfully demonstrated its effectiveness in the analysis of breath samples of neonates. The discernible increase in concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane in collected samples compared to reference samples served as compelling evidence of the presence of exhaled breath. With regard to technical hurdles and sample analysis, samples collected from neonates without respiratory support proved to be more advantageous compared to those obtained from intubated infants and those with CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure). The main obstacle lies in the significant dilution of exhaled breath in the case of neonates receiving respiratory support. Metabolic analysis of breath samples holds promise for the development of noninvasive biomarker-based diagnostics for both preterm and sick neonates provided an adequate amount of breath is collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Feddahi
- Center
for Translational and Neurobehavioural Sciences CTNBS, Department
of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lea Hartmann
- Center
for Translational and Neurobehavioural Sciences CTNBS, Department
of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Center
for Translational and Neurobehavioural Sciences CTNBS, Department
of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Susmita Roy
- Research
Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Cerebral Palsy and Pediatric
Neuroorthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics,
TUM School of Medicine and Health, University Hospital Rechts der
Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Renée Lampe
- Research
Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Cerebral Palsy and Pediatric
Neuroorthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics,
TUM School of Medicine and Health, University Hospital Rechts der
Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Markus
Würth Professorship, Technical University
of Munich, Ismaninger
Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kiran Sankar Maiti
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Maiti KS. Non-Invasive Disease Specific Biomarker Detection Using Infrared Spectroscopy: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:2320. [PMID: 36903576 PMCID: PMC10005715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many life-threatening diseases remain obscure in their early disease stages. Symptoms appear only at the advanced stage when the survival rate is poor. A non-invasive diagnostic tool may be able to identify disease even at the asymptotic stage and save lives. Volatile metabolites-based diagnostics hold a lot of promise to fulfil this demand. Many experimental techniques are being developed to establish a reliable non-invasive diagnostic tool; however, none of them are yet able to fulfil clinicians' demands. Infrared spectroscopy-based gaseous biofluid analysis demonstrated promising results to fulfil clinicians' expectations. The recent development of the standard operating procedure (SOP), sample measurement, and data analysis techniques for infrared spectroscopy are summarized in this review article. It has also outlined the applicability of infrared spectroscopy to identify the specific biomarkers for diseases such as diabetes, acute gastritis caused by bacterial infection, cerebral palsy, and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sankar Maiti
- Max–Planck–Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-289-14054
- Lehrstuhl für Experimental Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Laser-Forschungslabor, Klinikum der Universität München, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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Maiti KS. Two-dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Better Insights of Structure and Dynamics of Protein. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226893. [PMID: 34833985 PMCID: PMC8618531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins play an important role in biological and biochemical processes taking place in the living system. To uncover these fundamental processes of the living system, it is an absolutely necessary task to understand the structure and dynamics of the protein. Vibrational spectroscopy is an established tool to explore protein structure and dynamics. In particular, two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy has already proven its versatility to explore the protein structure and its ultrafast dynamics, and it has essentially unprecedented time resolutions to observe the vibrational dynamics of the protein. Providing several examples from our theoretical and experimental efforts, it is established here that two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy provides exceptionally more information than one-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. The structural information of the protein is encoded in the position, shape, and strength of the peak in 2DIR spectra. The time evolution of the 2DIR spectra allows for the visualisation of molecular motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sankar Maiti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-89-289-54056
- Lehrstuhl für Experimental Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Maiti KS, Fill E, Strittmatter F, Volz Y, Sroka R, Apolonski A. Towards reliable diagnostics of prostate cancer via breath. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18381. [PMID: 34526529 PMCID: PMC8443711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancer is a key ingredient for saving many lives. Unfortunately, cancers of the urogenital system are difficult to detect at early stage. The existing noninvasive diagnostics of prostate cancer (PCa) suffer from low accuracy (< 70%) even at advanced stages. In an attempt to improve the accuracy, a small breath study of 63 volunteers representing three groups: (1) of 19 healthy, (2) 28 with PCa, (3) with 8 kidney cancer (KC) and 8 bladder cancer (BC) was performed. Ultrabroadband mid-infrared Fourier absorption spectroscopy revealed eight spectral ranges (SRs) that differentiate the groups. The resulting accuracies of supervised analyses exceeded 95% for four SRs in distinguishing (1) vs (2), three for (1) vs (3) and four SRs for (1) vs (2) + (3). The SRs were then attributed to volatile metabolites. Their origin and involvement in urogenital carcinogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Maiti
- Lehrstuhl für Experimental Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - E Fill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - F Strittmatter
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik des Klinikums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Grosshadern, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Volz
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik des Klinikums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Grosshadern, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - R Sroka
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik des Klinikums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Grosshadern, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - A Apolonski
- Lehrstuhl für Experimental Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg, Germany. .,Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Maiti KS, Apolonski A. Monitoring the Reaction of the Body State to Antibiotic Treatment against Helicobacter pylori via Infrared Spectroscopy: A Case Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113474. [PMID: 34200454 PMCID: PMC8201021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of deviations of human microbiota caused by antibiotic treatment is poor. In an attempt to improve it, a proof-of-principle spectroscopic study of the breath of one volunteer affected by a course of antibiotics for Helicobacter pylori eradication was performed. Fourier transform spectroscopy enabled searching for the absorption spectral structures sensitive to the treatment in the entire mid-infrared region. Two spectral ranges were found where the corresponding structures strongly correlated with the beginning and end of the treatment. The structures were identified as methyl ester of butyric acid and ethyl ester of pyruvic acid. Both acids generated by bacteria in the gut are involved in fundamental processes of human metabolism. Being confirmed by other studies, measurement of the methyl butyrate deviation could be a promising way for monitoring acute gastritis and anti-Helicobacter pylori antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sankar Maiti
- Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany;
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Apolonski
- Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany;
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Apolonski A, Maiti KS. Towards a standard operating procedure for revealing hidden volatile organic compounds in breath: the Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy case. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4217-4224. [PMID: 33983177 DOI: 10.1364/ao.421994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human breath contains a large amount of small volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and could therefore be used as a carrier of metabolic information for medical diagnostics. Still, in spite of several promising techniques that have been applied during the last decades to study breath content, there is a lack of breath-based diagnostic tools available for physicians. Among several promising techniques, infrared (IR) spectroscopy has already proved its potential for reliable detection of VOCs in the breath. However, due to the large dynamic range of molecular concentrations and overlapping absorption spectra of different VOCs, many low-absorption molecules stay hidden in spectroscopic measurements. To overcome this obstacle, we propose the Matryoshka method for removing masking effects and revealing the buried spectral structures in any bio-fluid in the gas phase. By exploiting both physical and digital removal steps, we demonstrate how the method reveals methane, acetone, aldehyde, and methyl butyrate in a real breath.
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