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Higuera GA, Ramos T, Gloria A, Ambrosio L, Di Luca A, Pechkov N, de Wijn JR, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. PEOT/PBT Polymeric Pastes to Fabricate Additive Manufactured Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:704185. [PMID: 34595158 PMCID: PMC8476768 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.704185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of additive manufactured scaffolds, as custom-shaped structures with a completely interconnected and accessible pore network from the micro- to the macroscale, are nowadays well established in tissue engineering. Pore volume and architecture can be designed in a controlled fashion, resulting in a modulation of scaffold’s mechanical properties and in an optimal nutrient perfusion determinant for cell survival. However, the success of an engineered tissue architecture is often linked to its surface properties as well. The aim of this study was to create a family of polymeric pastes comprised of poly(ethylene oxide therephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) microspheres and of a second biocompatible polymeric phase acting as a binder. By combining microspheres with additive manufacturing technologies, we produced 3D scaffolds possessing a tailorable surface roughness, which resulted in improved cell adhesion and increased metabolic activity. Furthermore, these scaffolds may offer the potential to act as drug delivery systems to steer tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Higuera
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Tiago Ramos
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Gloria
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Luca
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Pechkov
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Joost R de Wijn
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Biocompatibility of hydrogel-based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:530-544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Neffe AT, Tronci G, Alteheld A, Lendlein A. Controlled Change of Mechanical Properties during Hydrolytic Degradation of Polyester Urethane Networks. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sohier J, Moroni L, van Blitterswijk C, de Groot K, Bezemer JM. Critical factors in the design of growth factor releasing scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:543-66. [PMID: 18491981 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma or degenerative diseases of the joints are common clinical problems resulting in high morbidity. Although various orthopedic treatments have been developed and evaluated, the low repair capacities of articular cartilage renders functional results unsatisfactory in the long term. Over the last decade, a different approach (tissue engineering) has emerged that aims not only to repair impaired cartilage, but also to fully regenerate it, by combining cells, biomaterials mimicking extracellular matrix (scaffolds) and regulatory signals. The latter is of high importance as growth factors have the potency to induce, support or enhance the growth and differentiation of various cell types towards the chondrogenic lineage. Therefore, the controlled release of different growth factors from scaffolds appears to have great potential to orchestrate tissue repair effectively. OBJECTIVE This review aims to highlight considerations and limitations of the design, materials and processing methods available to create scaffolds, in relation to the suitability to incorporate and release growth factors in a safe and defined manner. Furthermore, the current state of the art of signalling molecules release from scaffolds and the impact on cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo is reported and critically discussed. METHODS The strict aspects of biomaterials, scaffolds and growth factor release from scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications are considered. CONCLUSION Engineering defined scaffolds that deliver growth factors in a controlled way is a task seldom attained. If growth factor delivery appears to be beneficial overall, the optimal delivery conditions for cartilage reconstruction should be more thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sohier
- Laboratory for osteo-articular and dental tissue engineering (LIOAD), Faculté de chirurgie dentaire de Nantes, Inserm U791, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
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Moroni L, de Wijn JR, van Blitterswijk CA. Integrating novel technologies to fabricate smart scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2008; 19:543-72. [PMID: 18419938 DOI: 10.1163/156856208784089571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims at restoring or regenerating a damaged tissue by combining cells, derived from a patient biopsy, with a 3D porous matrix functioning as a scaffold. After isolation and eventual in vitro expansion, cells are seeded on the 3D scaffolds and implanted directly or at a later stage in the patient's body. 3D scaffolds need to satisfy a number of requirements: (i) biocompatibility, (ii) biodegradability and/or bioresorbability, (iii) suitable mechanical properties, (iv) adequate physicochemical properties to direct cell-material interactions matching the tissue to be replaced and (v) ease in regaining the original shape of the damaged tissue and the integration with the surrounding environment. Still, it appears to be a challenge to satisfy all the aforementioned requisites with the biomaterials and the scaffold fabrication technologies nowadays available. 3D scaffolds can be fabricated with various techniques, among which rapid prototyping and electrospinning seem to be the most promising. Rapid prototyping technologies allow manufacturing scaffolds with a controlled, completely accessible pore network--determinant for nutrient supply and diffusion--in a CAD/CAM fashion. Electrospinning (ESP) allows mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment of the cells and can provide fibrous scaffolds with instructive surface properties to direct cell faith into the proper lineage. Yet, these fabrication methods have some disadvantages if considered alone. This review aims at summarizing conventional and novel scaffold fabrication techniques and the biomaterials used for tissue engineering and drug-delivery applications. A new trend seems to emerge in the field of scaffold design where different scaffolds fabrication technologies and different biomaterials are combined to provide cells with mechanical, physicochemical and biological cues at the macro-, micro- and nano-scale. If merged together, these integrated technologies may lead to the generation of a new set of 3D scaffolds that satisfies all of the scaffolds' requirements for tissue-engineering applications and may contribute to their success in a long-term scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moroni
- Institute for BioMedical Technology (BMTI), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Moroni L, Schotel R, Sohier J, de Wijn JR, van Blitterswijk CA. Polymer hollow fiber three-dimensional matrices with controllable cavity and shell thickness. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5918-26. [PMID: 16935328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fibers find useful applications in different disciplines like fluid transport and purification, optical guidance, and composite reinforcement. In tissue engineering, they can be used to direct tissue in-growth or to serve as drug delivery depots. The fabrication techniques currently available, however, do not allow to simultaneously organize them into three-dimensional (3D) matrices, thus adding further functionality to approach more complicated or hierarchical structures. We report here the development of a novel technology to fabricate hollow fibers with controllable hollow cavity diameter and shell thickness. By exploiting viscous encapsulation, a rheological phenomenon often undesired in molten polymeric blends flowing through narrow ducts, fibers with a shell-core configuration can be extruded. Hollow fibers are then obtained by selective dissolution of the inner core polymer. The hollow cavity diameter and the shell thickness can be controlled by varying the polymers in the blend, the blend composition, and the extrusion nozzle diameter. Simultaneous with extrusion, the extrudates are organized into 3D matrices with different architectures and custom-made shapes by 3D fiber deposition, a rapid prototyping tool which has recently been applied for the production of scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes. Applications in tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery of these constructs are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moroni
- Institute for BioMedical Technology (BMTI), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Mohan Misra R, Agarwal R, Tandon P, Dayal Gupta V. Phonon dispersion and heat capacity in poly(ε-caprolactone). Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang Q, Remsen EE, Wooley KL. Shell Cross-Linked Nanoparticles Containing Hydrolytically Degradable, Crystalline Core Domains. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993941o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Edward E. Remsen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
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Abstract
For a long time, subcutaneous implantable drug pellets using nondegradable polymers have been used for long-term, continuous drug administration. The procedure requires surgical implantation and removal of the drug-containing devices or polymeric matrices, which has a significant negative impact on the acceptability of the product candidate. In addition, the release profile from such devices is neither constant nor readily controlled in terms of precision of rate of release and duration of action. These facts have led to the research and development of novel, controllable, nonirritating, noncarcinogenic, biocompatible, and bioabsorbable drug delivery systems for overcoming the drawbacks of nondegradable implantable pellets for prolonged continuous release. Biodegradable implantable systems release the drug over a long period of time with simultaneous or subsequent degradation in the tissue of the polymer to harmless constituents, thus avoiding removal once the therapy is complete. This approach has considerably improved patient acceptability and patient compliance. Various bioabsorbable polymers have been evaluated for controlled implantable drug delivery, including hydrogels, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acids, polylactic acid, poly(orthoesters), polyanhydrides, poly(E-caprolactone), and polyurethanes. Their characteristics have been studied using a variety of drugs, like anticancer agents, hormone agonists and antagonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, neuroleptics, contraceptives, and others. The present paper describes the current research on implantable therapeutic systems, the bioabsorbable polymers, and the biologically active agents being used in this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Sinha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Medlicott NJ, Tucker IG, Rathbone MJ, Holborow DW, Jones DS. Chlorhexidine release from poly(ε-caprolactone) films prepared by solvent evaporation. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(96)04675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Toncheva V, Bulcke A, Schacht E, Mergaert J, Swings J. Synthesis and environmental degradation of polyesters based on poly (ε-caprolactone). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02074868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Medlicott NJ, Jones DS, Tucker IG, Holborow D. Preliminary release studies of chlorhexidine (base and diacetate) from poly(ϵ-caprolactone) films prepared by solvent evaporation. Int J Pharm 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90218-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Sustained-release implants for insulin can be made by compressing a powder admixture with palmitic acid as the excipient. At less than 20%, insulin does not disperse uniformly in the admixture. The size distribution of the excipient particles obtained after grinding for 15 min does not affect the sustained release action. When tested in a 33 d period, an 1/8-size piece (approximately 25 mg) implant cut from a pellet disc containing 20% insulin which is 13 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm thick released 0.12-0.17 mg insulin/d in diabetic Wistar rats. The 1/8-size piece containing 20% insulin or a rod of similar weight with a diameter of 3 mm, which can be inserted by a trocar, was optimal for the implant to provide a service-life of 49 +/- 7 d. The service-life decreased with progressive reduction in implant size. The implant functioned just as well subcutaneously or intraperitoneally and was eroded subcutaneously by 33.6-53.1% in 33 d. The glycosylated haemoglobin contents of diabetic animals on implant therapy which had a blood glucose level of 4.7 +/- 2.5 mmol/l were in a range of 6.2-8.9% compared to the control value of greater than 13% with chronic hyperglycemia. The overall results indicated that the implant was a promising alternative to daily insulin injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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