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Fu H, Yu B, Wang H, Tong H, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Meng G, Sun M, Lin J. Knowledge domain and hotspots concerning photosensitive hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A bibliometric and visualized analysis (1996-2022). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1067111. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1067111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of tissue engineering (TE) is to replace the damaged tissues or failed organs, or restore their missing functions. The important means to achieve this aim is to integrate biomaterials and life elements. Hydrogels are very attractive biomaterials in the field of TE. In particular, engineering extracellular matrices (ECMs) formed by photosensitive hydrogels have captivated much attention, because photopolymerization has many advantages over traditional polymerization approaches, such as rapidity of reaction, spatiotemporal controllability of polymerization process, and operability at physiological temperature, especially it can realize the fabrications of engineering ECMs in the presence of living cells. There have been many excellent reviews on the applications of photosensitive hydrogels in TE in recent years, however, it is inevitable that researchers may have left out many important facts due to exploring the literature from one or a few aspects. It is also a great challenge for researchers to explore the internal relationships among countries, institutions, authors, and references from a large number of literatures in related fields. Therefore, bibliometrics may be a powerful tool to solve the above problems. A bibliometric and visualized analysis of publications concerning the photosensitive hydrogels for TE applications was performed, and the knowledge domain, research hotspots and frontiers in this topic were identified according to the analysis results.Methods: We identified and retrieved the publications regarding the photosensitive hydrogels for TE applications between 1996 and 2022 from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Bibliometric and visualized analysis employing CiteSpace software and R-language package Bibliometrix were performed in this study.Results: 778 publications meeting the eligibility criteria were identified and retrieved from WoSCC. Among those, 2844 authors worldwide participated in the studies in this field, accompanied by an average annual article growth rate of 15.35%. The articles were co-authored by 800 institutions from 46 countries/regions, and the United States published the most, followed by China and South Korea. As the two countries that published the most papers, the United States and China could further strengthen cooperation in this field. Univ Colorado published the most articles (n = 150), accounting for 19.28% of the total. The articles were distributed in 112 journals, among which Biomaterials (n = 66) published the most articles, followed by Acta Biomaterialia (n = 54) and Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A (n = 42). The top 10 journals published 47.8% of the 778 articles. The most prolific author was Anseth K (n = 33), followed by Khademhosseini A (n = 29) and Bryant S (n = 22). A total of 1443 keywords were extracted from the 778 articles and the keyword with the highest centrality was “extracellular matrix” (centrality: 0.12). The keywords appeared recently with strong citation bursts were “gelatin”, “3d printing” and “3d bioprinting”, representing the current research hotspots in this field. “Gelma”, “3d printing” and “thiol-ene” were the research frontiers in recent years.Conclusion: This bibliometric and visualized study offered a comprehensive understanding of publications regarding the photosensitive hydrogels for TE applications from 1996 to 2022, including the knowledge domain, research hotspots and frontiers in this filed. The outcome of this study would provide insights for scholars in the related research filed.
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Shah SA, Sohail M, Minhas MU, Khan S, Hussain Z, Mahmood A, Kousar M, Thu HE, Abbasi M, Kashif MUR. Curcumin-laden hyaluronic acid-co-Pullulan-based biomaterials as a potential platform to synergistically enhance the diabetic wound repair. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:350-368. [PMID: 34171251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogel with multifunctional tunable properties comprising biocompatibility, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, and/or anti-infection are highly preferred to efficiently promote diabetic wound repair and its development remains a challenge. In this study, we report hyaluronic acid and Pullulan-based injectable hydrogel loaded with curcumin that could potentiate reepithelization, increase angiogenesis, and collagen deposition at wound microenvironment to endorse healing cascade compared to other treatment groups. The physical interaction and self-assembly of hyaluronic acid-Pullulan-grafted-pluronic F127 injectable hydrogel were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and cytocompatibility was confirmed by fibroblast viability assay. The CUR-laden hyaluronic acid-Pullulan-g-F127 injectable hydrogel promptly undergoes a sol-gel transition and has proved to potentiate wound healing in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model by promoting 93% of wound closure compared to other groups having 35%, 38%, and 62%. The comparative in vivo study and histological examination was conducted which demonstrated an expeditious recovery rate by significantly reducing the wound healing days i.e. 35 days in a control group, 33 days in the CUR suspension group, 21 days in unloaded injectable, and 13 days was observed in CUR loaded hydrogel group. Furthermore, we suggest that the injectable hydrogel laden with CUR showed a prompt wound healing potential by increasing the cell proliferation and serves as a drug delivery platform for sustained and targeted delivery of hydrophobic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ahmed Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan.
| | | | - Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, KPK, Pakistan; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arshad Mahmood
- Collage of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mubeen Kousar
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan
| | - Hnin Ei Thu
- Innoscience Research Sdn. Bhd., Suites B-5-7, Level 5, Skypark@ One City, Jalan Ust 25/1, Subang Jaya 47650, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya 47301, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mudassir Abbasi
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan
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Nagai Y, Yudasaka M, Kataura H, Fujigaya T. Brighter near-IR emission of single-walled carbon nanotubes modified with a cross-linked polymer coating. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6854-6857. [PMID: 31123733 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared (NIR) region is an attractive feature of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In this study, we investigated the effect of the chemical structure of the cross-linked polymer coating of polymer-coated SWNTs on the NIR PL emission intensity. We found that brighter NIR emission can be achieved using a more hydrophobic polymer coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Preparation of an injectable modified chitosan-based hydrogel approaching for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:167-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nagai Y, Tsutsumi Y, Nakashima N, Fujigaya T. Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Coated with Thiol-Reactive Gel via Emulsion Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8544-8550. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (JST-PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems(CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Zheng F, Lawrence NS, Hartshorne RS, Fisher AC. Electrochemically Initiated Crosslinking of Chitosan. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201701303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site; Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Nathan S. Lawrence
- Chemical Engineering; University of Hull; Cottenham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Robert S. Hartshorne
- Department of Chemistry, Schlumberger Gould Research; Madingly Road Cambridge CB3 0EL UK
| | - Adrian C. Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site; Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
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Young SA, Sherman SE, Cooper TT, Brown C, Anjum F, Hess DA, Flynn LE, Amsden BG. Mechanically resilient injectable scaffolds for intramuscular stem cell delivery and cytokine release. Biomaterials 2018; 159:146-160. [PMID: 29324306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A promising strategy for treating peripheral ischemia involves the delivery of stem cells to promote angiogenesis through paracrine signaling. Treatment success depends on cell localization, retention, and survival within the mechanically dynamic intramuscular (IM) environment. Herein we describe an injectable, in situ-gelling hydrogel for the IM delivery of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs), specifically designed to withstand the dynamic loading conditions of the lower limb and facilitate cytokine release from encapsulated cells. Copolymers of poly(trimethylene carbonate)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(trimethylene carbonate) diacrylate were used to modulate the properties of methacrylated glycol chitosan hydrogels crosslinked by thermally-initiated polymerization using ammonium persulfate and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine. The scaffolds had an ultimate compressive strain over 75% and maintained mechanical properties during compressive fatigue testing at physiological levels. Rapid crosslinking (<3 min) was achieved at low initiator concentration (5 mM). Following injection and crosslinking within the scaffolds, human ASCs demonstrated high viability (>90%) over two weeks in culture under both normoxia and hypoxia. Release of angiogenic and chemotactic cytokines was enhanced from encapsulated cells under sustained hypoxia, in comparison to normoxic and tissue culture polystyrene controls. When delivered by IM injection in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia, human ASCs were well retained in the scaffold over 28 days and significantly increased the IM vascular density compared to untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Human Mobility Research Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Stephen E Sherman
- Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler T Cooper
- Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cody Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Fraz Anjum
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren E Flynn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Thompson Engineering Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Brian G Amsden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Human Mobility Research Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Sonvico F, Barbieri S, Colombo P, Mucchino C, Barocelli E, Cantoni AM, Cavazzoni A, Petronini PG, Rusca M, Carbognani P, Ampollini L. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of polymeric films loaded with cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S194-S206. [PMID: 29507787 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Malignant mesothelioma is an invasive neoplasm arising from mesothelial surfaces of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Mesothelioma treatment is unsatisfactory and recurrence is common. Here an innovative locoregional treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma is presented. Methods Chitosan- and hyaluronate-based films were loaded with 0.5% and 4% w/w cisplatin and were studied for their physicochemical, mechanical and drug release characteristics. The performance of the drug delivery systems was assessed in vitro on A549 cells and on an orthotopic model of MPM recurrence in rats. Results Polysaccharide films produced were thin, flexible and resistant. Cisplatin was completely released from hyaluronic acid films within 96 hours, while drug release was found to be much more prolonged with chitosan films. The drug released from hyaluronate films was effective against A549 cell line, while for chitosan films the release was too slow to produce cytotoxicity. Similarly, cisplatin-loaded chitosan films in vivo released minimal quantities of cisplatin and induced inflammation and foreign body reaction. Cisplatin-loaded hyaluronate acid films on the contrary were able to prevent tumor recurrence. The cisplatin-loaded hyaluronate films provided higher Cmax and AUC compared to a solution of cisplatin administered intrapleurally, but did not show any sign of treatment related toxicity. Conclusions Hyaluronate-based films appear as an optimal platform for the development of drug delivery systems suitable for the loco-regional post-surgical treatment of lung malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sonvico
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Barbieri
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Plumestars s.r.l., Via Inzani 1, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Mucchino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Cavazzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Michele Rusca
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Carbognani
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ampollini
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Gámiz González MA, Edlund U, Vidaurre A, Gómez Ribelles JL. Synthesis of highly swellable hydrogels of water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol). POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrica Edlund
- Fibre and Polymer Technology; School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ana Vidaurre
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de València; Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - José Luís Gómez Ribelles
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de València; Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Spain
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Anjum F, Carroll A, Young SA, Flynn LE, Amsden BG. Tough, Semisynthetic Hydrogels for Adipose Derived Stem Cell Delivery for Chondral Defect Repair. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fraz Anjum
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
- Human Mobility Research Centre; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
| | - Andrew Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
- Human Mobility Research Centre; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
| | - Stuart A. Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
- Human Mobility Research Centre; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
| | - Lauren E. Flynn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; The University of Western Ontario; London ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; The University of Western Ontario; London ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Brian G. Amsden
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
- Human Mobility Research Centre; Queen's University Kingston; ON K7L3N6 Canada
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Momose T, Miyaji H, Kato A, Ogawa K, Yoshida T, Nishida E, Murakami S, Kosen Y, Sugaya T, Kawanami M. Collagen Hydrogel Scaffold and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Accelerate Periodontal Healing of Class II Furcation Defects in Dog. Open Dent J 2016; 10:347-59. [PMID: 27583044 PMCID: PMC4974830 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collagen hydrogel scaffold exhibits bio-safe properties and facilitates periodontal wound healing. However, regenerated tissue volume is insufficient. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) up-regulates cell behaviors and subsequent wound healing. We evaluated whether periodontal wound healing is promoted by application of collagen hydrogel scaffold in combination with FGF2 in furcation defects in beagle dogs. METHODS Collagen hydrogel was fabricated from bovine type I collagen with an ascorbate-copper ion cross-linking system. Collagen hydrogel was mingled with FGF2 and injected into sponge-form collagen. Subsequently, FGF2 (50 µg)/collagen hydrogel scaffold and collagen hydrogel scaffold alone were implanted into class II furcation defects in dogs. In addition, no implantation was performed as a control. Histometric parameters were assessed at 10 days and 4 weeks after surgery. RESULT FGF2 application to scaffold promoted considerable cell and tissue ingrowth containing numerous cells and blood vessel-like structure at day 10. At 4 weeks, reconstruction of alveolar bone was stimulated by implantation of scaffold loaded with FGF2. Furthermore, periodontal attachment, consisting of cementum-like tissue, periodontal ligament-like tissue and Sharpey's fibers, was also repaired, indicating that FGF2-loaded scaffold guided self-assembly and then re-established the function of periodontal organs. Aberrant healing, such as ankylosis and root resorption, was not observed. CONCLUSION FGF2-loaded collagen hydrogel scaffold possessed excellent biocompatibility and strongly promoted periodontal tissue engineering, including periodontal attachment re-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Momose
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyaji
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Akihito Kato
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Kosuke Ogawa
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Erika Nishida
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Syusuke Murakami
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Yuta Kosen
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sugaya
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
| | - Masamitsu Kawanami
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N13 W7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8586 Japan
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Improved Biodegradable Radiation Cured Polymeric Film Prepared from Chitosan-Gelatin Blend. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/5373670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical, thermal, swelling, and release properties of chitosan-gelatin (CG) films have been investigated in order to verify the influence of UV and gamma radiation on the stability of the films. Thin films of chitosan and gelatin (1 : 3, w/w) that were radiated with 100 krad of gamma dose showed the best performance and the TS values reached 25, 45, and 49 MPa, respectively, for chitosan, gelatin, and blend. The corresponding highest TS values were 23, 42, and 45 MPa, respectively, for 10 passes of UV radiation. The effect of radiation over gelatin, chitosan, and CG blend caused modification in the arrangement of molecules in the crystal lattice that is significant by XRD analysis. Surfaces of the films were also investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies further revealed structural changes of the films. These changes were attributed to understanding the behavior of the irradiated chitosan, gelatin, and CG blend on application of thermal energy using DSC and TGA studies, water uptake of the films in aqueous medium, and soil degradation properties to observe the best possibility for its application.
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Development of crosslinked methylcellulose hydrogels for soft tissue augmentation using an ammonium persulfate-ascorbic acid redox system. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:497-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chang J, Tao Y, Wang B, Yang X, Xu H, Jiang YR, Guo BH, Huang Y. Evaluation of a redox-initiated in situ hydrogel as vitreous substitute. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Jin R, Lin C, Cao A. Enzyme-mediated fast injectable hydrogels based on chitosan–glycolic acid/tyrosine: preparation, characterization, and chondrocyte culture. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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In-situ forming biodegradable glycol chitosan-based hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization, and chondrocyte culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 32:2017-2025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Soucek MD, Yi Y. Synthesis, characterization, and film properties of crosslinked chitosan with pentaerythritol tris[3-(1-aziridinyl) propionate]. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim S, Jo S, Shin E, Kim D, Noh I. Evaluations of nerve cell compatibility of self cross-linking chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogel. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-012-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kosen Y, Miyaji H, Kato A, Sugaya T, Kawanami M. Application of collagen hydrogel/sponge scaffold facilitates periodontal wound healing in class II furcation defects in beagle dogs. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:626-34. [PMID: 22443229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A three-dimensional scaffold may play an important role in periodontal tissue engineering. We prepared bio-safe collagen hydrogel, which exhibits properties similar to those of native extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of implantation of collagen hydrogel/sponge scaffold on periodontal wound healing in class II furcation defects in dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS The collagen hydrogel/sponge scaffold was prepared by injecting collagen hydrogel, cross-linked to the ascorbate-copper ion system, into a collagen sponge. Class II furcation defects (of 5 mm depth and 3 mm width) were surgically created in beagle dogs. The exposed root surface was planed and demineralized with EDTA. In the experimental group, the defect was filled with collagen hydrogel/sponge scaffold. In the control group, no implantation was performed. Histometric parameters were evaluated 2 and 4 wk after surgery. RESULTS At 2 wk, the collagen hydrogel/sponge scaffold displayed high biocompatibility and biodegradability with numerous cells infiltrating the scaffold. In the experimental group, reconstruction of alveolar bone and cementum was frequently observed 4 wk after surgery. Periodontal ligament tissue was also re-established between alveolar bone and cementum. Volumes of new bone, new cementum and new periodontal ligament were significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. In addition, epithelial down-growth was suppressed by application of collagen hydrogel. CONCLUSION The collagen hydrogel/sponge scaffold possessed high tissue compatibility and degradability. Implantation of the scaffold facilitated periodontal wound healing in class II furcation defects in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kosen
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Moura MJ, Faneca H, Lima MP, Gil MH, Figueiredo MM. In Situ Forming Chitosan Hydrogels Prepared via Ionic/Covalent Co-Cross-Linking. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3275-84. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200731x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. José Moura
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, R. Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H. Faneca
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular and Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Pedroso Lima
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular and Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Gil
- Centro de Investigação em Engenharia dos Processos Químicos e Produtos da Floresta and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Margarida Figueiredo
- Centro de Investigação em Engenharia dos Processos Químicos e Produtos da Floresta and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
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Hu X, Li D, Gao C. Chemically cross-linked chitosan hydrogel loaded with gelatin for chondrocyte encapsulation. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1388-96. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wu HD, Yang JC, Tsai T, Ji DY, Chang WJ, Chen CC, Lee SY. Development of a chitosan–polyglutamate based injectable polyelectrolyte complex scaffold. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Santos TC, Marques AP, Silva SS, Oliveira JM, Mano JF, Castro AG, van Griensven M, Reis RL. Chitosan improves the biological performance of soy-based biomaterials. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2883-90. [PMID: 20486796 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean protein has been proposed for distinct applications within nutritional, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries among others. More recently, soy-based biomaterials have also demonstrated promising properties for biomedical applications. However, although many reports within other fields exist, the inflammatory/immunogenic potential of those materials is still poorly understood and therefore can hardly be controlled. On the contrary, chitosan (Cht) has been well explored in the biomedical field, either by itself or combined with synthetic or other natural-based polymers. Therefore, the combination of chitosan with soybean protein is foreseen as a suitable approach to control the biological behavior of soy-based biomaterials. Under this context this work was designed to try to understand the influence of chitosan in the host response elicited by soy-based biomaterials. Soybean protein isolate powder (SI-P) and Cht powder (Cht-P) were injected as suspension into the intraperitoneal cavity of rats. SI-P induced the recruitment of higher numbers of leukocytes compared to the Cht-P during the entire observation period. In this sense, SI-P elicited a considerable reaction from the host comparing to the Cht-P, which elicited leukocyte recruitment similar to the negative control. After subcutaneous implantation of the soybean and denatured membranes, (SI-M and dSI-M) a severe host inflammatory reaction was observed. Conversely, Cht/soy-based membranes (Cht/soy-based membranes) showed the induction of a normal host response after subcutaneous implantation in rats, which allowed concluding that the addition of chitosan to the soy-based membranes improved their in vivo performance. Thus, the presented results assert the improvement of the host response, considering inflammatory cells recruitment, and overall inflammatory reaction, when chitosan is combined to soybean. Together with previous results that reported their promising physicochemical characteristics and their inability to activate human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vitro, the herein presented conclusions reinforce the usefulness of the Cht/soy-based membranes and justify the pursue for a specific application within the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tírcia C Santos
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Hesse E, Hefferan TE, Tarara JE, Haasper C, Meller R, Krettek C, Lu L, Yaszemski MJ. Collagen type I hydrogel allows migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:442-9. [PMID: 20186733 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are potentially useful for many purposes in regenerative medicine including drug and growth factor delivery, as single scaffold for bone repair or as a filler of pores of another biomaterial in which host mesenchymal progenitor cells can migrate in and differentiate into matrix-producing osteoblasts. Collagen type I is of special interest as it is a very important and abundant natural matrix component. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) are able to adhere to, to survive, to proliferate and to migrate in collagen type I hydrogels and whether they can adopt an osteoblastic fate. rBMSCs were obtained from rat femora and plated on collagen type I hydrogels. Before harvest by day 7, 14, and 21, hydrogels were fluorescently labeled, cryo-cut and analyzed by fluorescent-based and laser scanning confocal microscopy to determine cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Osteogenic differentiation was determined by alkaline phosphatase activity. Collagen type I hydrogels allowed the attachment of rBMSCs to the hydrogel, their proliferation, and migration towards the inner part of the gel. rBMSCs started to differentiate into osteoblasts as determined by an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity after two weeks in culture. This study therefore suggests that collagen type I hydrogels could be useful for musculoskeletal regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hesse
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany.
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Jin R, Moreira Teixeira LS, Dijkstra PJ, Zhong Z, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M, Feijen J. Enzymatically Crosslinked Dextran-Tyramine Hydrogels as Injectable Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2429-40. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana S. Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Dijkstra
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Feijen
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Hydrogels have many different applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Biodegradable, injectable hydrogels could be utilized as delivery systems, cell carriers, and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Injectable hydrogels are an appealing scaffold because they are structurally similar to the extracellular matrix of many tissues, can often be processed under relatively mild conditions, and may be delivered in a minimally invasive manner. This review will discuss recent advances in the field of injectable hydrogels, including both synthetic and native polymeric materials, which can be potentially used in cartilage and soft tissue engineering applications.
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Hu X, Ma L, Wang C, Gao C. Gelatin Hydrogel Prepared by Photo-initiated Polymerization and Loaded with TGF-β1 for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:1194-201. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Betz MW, Caccamese JF, Coletti DP, Sauk JJ, Fisher JP. Tissue response and orbital floor regeneration using cyclic acetal hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:819-29. [PMID: 18615468 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Orbital floor injuries are a common form of traumatic craniofacial injury that may not heal properly through the body's endogenous response. Reconstruction is often necessary, and an optimal method does not exist. We propose a tissue engineering approach for orbital bone repair based upon a cyclic acetal biomaterial formed from 5-ethyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-beta,beta-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-2-ethanol diacrylate (EHD) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). The EHD monomer and PEGDA polymer may be fabricated into an EH-PEG hydrogel by radical polymerization. The objectives of this work were to study (1) the tissue response to EH-PEG hydrogels in an orbital bone defect and (2) the induction of bone formation by delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) from EH-PEG hydrogels. EH-PEG hydrogels were fabricated and implanted into an 8-mm rabbit orbital floor defect. Experimental groups included unloaded EH-PEG hydrogels, and EH-PEG hydrogels containing 0.25 microg and 2.5 microg BMP-2/implant. Results demonstrated that the unloaded hydrogel was initially bordered by a fibrin clot and then by fibrous encapsulation. BMP-2 loaded EH-PEG hydrogels, independent of concentration, were surrounded by fibroblasts at both time points. Histological analysis also demonstrated that significant bone growth was present at the 2.5 microg BMP-2/implant group at 28 days. This work demonstrates that the EH-PEG construct is a viable option for use and delivery of BMP-2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha W Betz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Kaihara S, Matsumura S, Fisher JP. Cellular responses to degradable cyclic acetal modified PEG hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:863-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sun S, Cao H, Su H, Tan T. Preparation and characterization of a novel injectable in situ cross-linked hydrogel. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Hu X, Gao C. Photoinitiating polymerization to prepare biocompatible chitosan hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hu X, Zhou J, Zhang N, Tan H, Gao C. Preparation and properties of an injectable scaffold of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles/chitosan hydrogel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2008; 1:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Betz MW, Modi PC, Caccamese JF, Coletti DP, Sauk JJ, Fisher JP. Cyclic acetal hydrogel system for bone marrow stromal cell encapsulation and osteodifferentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:662-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Rinaudo M. Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. POLYM INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hong Y, Gong Y, Gao C, Shen J. Collagen-coated polylactide microcarriers/chitosan hydrogel composite: Injectable scaffold for cartilage regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:628-37. [PMID: 17806117 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel structure of injectable scaffold is designed and fabricated by combining collagen-coated polylactide (PLA) microcarriers and crosslinkable chitosan hydrogel. The collagen-coated PLA microcarriers were firstly mixed with the hydrogel precursor, a thickening agent of konjac glucomannan (KGM), and redox initiators of ammonium persulfate and tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). The mixture was then injected into a mold and incubated at 37 degrees C to obtain the composite scaffold. The hydrogel can deliver the collagen-coated PLA microcarriers to the desired site and, after gelation, will prevent them from uncontrolled movement. On the other hand, the collagen-coated PLA microcarriers can substantially enhance the mechanical properties of the composite system. It was found that the microcarriers suspended stably in 0.6% KGM/1% chitosan derivative (CML) solution at 37 degrees C at least for 15 min. The dynamic elastic modulus (G') of the composite scaffold increased along with the increase of the microcarrier content. G' of the composite scaffold with 10% microcarriers was measured as 0.87-2.15 MPa at a frequency range of 0.1-100 rad/s, which was 120-90 times higher than that of its hydrogel system alone (12.1-24.4 kPa). In vitro culture of chondrocytes/composite scaffold showed that the cell metabolic activity increased rapidly before day 9, then leveled off. Cells in the hydrogel could attach and grow on the surface of the collagen-coated PLA microcarriers to form confluent cell layers after days 9-12. These features make the composite scaffold to be injectable and applicable in either tissue engineering, or regenerative medicine, and in particular, in orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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