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Gentili C, Palamà MEF, Sexton G, Maybury S, Shanahan M, Omowunmi-Kayode YY, Martin J, Johnson M, Thompson K, Clarkin O, Coleman CM. Sustainably cultured coral scaffold supports human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell osteogenesis. Regen Ther 2024; 26:366-381. [PMID: 39050552 PMCID: PMC11267040 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The current gold standard grafting material is autologous bone due to its osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. Autograft harvesting results in donors site morbidity. Coral scaffolds offer a natural autograft alternative, sharing the density and porosity of human bone. This study investigated the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of a novel, sustainably grown Pocillopora scaffold with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The coral-derived scaffold displays a highly textured topography, with concavities of uniform size and a high calcium carbonate content. Large scaffold samples exhibit compressive and diametral tensile strengths in the range of trabecular bone, with strengths likely increasing for smaller particulate samples. Following the in vitro seeding of MSCs adjacent to the scaffold, the MSCs remained viable, continued proliferating and metabolising, demonstrating biocompatibility. The seeded MSCs densely covered the coral scaffold with organized, aligned cultures with a fibroblastic morphology. In vivo coral scaffolds with MSCs supported earlier bone and blood vessel formation as compared to control constructs containing TCP-HA and MSCs. This work characterized a novel, sustainably grown coral scaffold that was biocompatible with MSCs and supports their in vivo osteogenic differentiation, advancing the current repertoire of biomaterials for bone grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gentili
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Gillian Sexton
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sophie Maybury
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Megan Shanahan
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yeyetunde Yvonne Omowunmi-Kayode
- DCU Biomaterials Research Group, Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - James Martin
- Zoan Nuáil Teoranta T/A Zoan BioMed, The Hatchery Building, Cloonacarton, Recess, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Johnson
- Zoan Nuáil Teoranta T/A Zoan BioMed, The Hatchery Building, Cloonacarton, Recess, Galway, Ireland
- Ecodiversity Ltd, Derryconnell, Schull, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Kerry Thompson
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Anatomy Imaging and Microscopy Facility, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Owen Clarkin
- DCU Biomaterials Research Group, Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Cynthia M. Coleman
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Matta C, Szűcs-Somogyi C, Kon E, Robinson D, Neufeld T, Altschuler N, Berta A, Hangody L, Veréb Z, Zákány R. Osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced by an aragonite scaffold. Differentiation 2019; 107:24-34. [PMID: 31152959 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone graft substitutes and bone void fillers are predominantly used to treat bone defects and bone fusion in orthopaedic surgery. Some aragonite-based scaffolds of coralline exoskeleton origin exhibit osteoconductive properties and are described as useful bone repair scaffolds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro osteogenic potential of the bone phase of a novel aragonite-based bi-phasic osteochondral scaffold (Agili-C™, CartiHeal Ltd.) using adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Analyses were performed at several time intervals: 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days post-seeding. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by morphological characterisation using light microscopy after Alizarin red and von Kossa staining, and scanning electron microscopy. The transcript levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (BGLAP), osteonectin (SPARC) and osteopontin (SPP1) were determined by quantitative PCR. Proliferation was assessed by a thymidine incorporation assay and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunocytochemistry. Our results demonstrate that the bone phase of the bi-phasic aragonite-based scaffold supports osteogenic differentiation and enhanced proliferation of bone marrow-derived MSCs at both the molecular and histological levels. The scaffold was colonized by differentiating MSCs, suggesting its suitability for incorporation into bone voids to accelerate bone healing, remodelling and regeneration. The mechanism of osteogenic differentiation involves scaffold surface modification with de novo production of calcium phosphate deposits, as revealed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. This novel coral-based scaffold may promote the rapid formation of high quality bone during the repair of osteochondral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Szűcs-Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Rozzano, Milan, 20090, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy.
| | - Dror Robinson
- Orthopaedic Research & Foot and Ankle Unit, Rabin Medical Center, 39 Jabotinski St, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel.
| | - Tova Neufeld
- CartiHeal 2009 Ltd, Atir Yeda 17, Kfar Saba, 4464313, Israel.
| | - Nir Altschuler
- CartiHeal 2009 Ltd, Atir Yeda 17, Kfar Saba, 4464313, Israel.
| | - Agnes Berta
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Uzsoki Hospital, Uzsoki ut 29, Budapest, 1145, Hungary.
| | - László Hangody
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Uzsoki Hospital, Uzsoki ut 29, Budapest, 1145, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Koranyi fasor 6, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Abstract
Xenogeneic bone graft materials are an alternative to autologous bone grafting. Among such implants, coralline-derived bone grafts substitutes have a long track record as safe, biocompatible and osteoconductive graft materials. In this review, we present the available literature surrounding their use with special focus on the commercially available graft materials. Corals thanks to their chemical and structural characteristics similar to those of the human cancellous bone have shown great potential but clinical data presented to date is ambiguous with both positive and negative outcomes reported. Correct formulation and design of the graft to ensure adequate osteo-activity and resorption appear intrinsic to a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Pountos
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Puvaneswary S, Balaji Raghavendran HR, Ibrahim NS, Murali MR, Merican AM, Kamarul T. A comparative study on morphochemical properties and osteogenic cell differentiation within bone graft and coral graft culture systems. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1608-14. [PMID: 24151432 PMCID: PMC3804786 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the morphological and chemical composition of bone graft (BG) and coral graft (CG) as well as their osteogenic differentiation potential using rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) in vitro. SEM analysis of BG and CG revealed that the pores in these grafts were interconnected, and their micro-CT confirmed pore sizes in the range of 107-315 µm and 103-514 µm with a total porosity of 92% and 94%, respectively. EDS analysis indicated that the level of calcium in CG was relatively higher than that in BG. FTIR of BG and CG confirmed the presence of functional groups corresponding to carbonyl, aromatic, alkyl, and alkane groups. XRD results revealed that the phase content of the inorganic layer comprised highly crystalline form of calcium carbonate and carbon. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed CG had better surface roughness compared to BG. In addition, significantly higher levels of osteogenic differentiation markers, namely, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osteocalcin (OC) levels, and Osteonectin and Runx2, Integrin gene expression were detected in the CG cultures, when compared with those in the BG cultures. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs is relatively superior in coral graft than in bone graft culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Puvaneswary
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur-50603, Malaysia
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Omar NS, Kannan TP, Ismail AR, Abdullah SF, Samsudin AR, Hamid SSA. In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of processed natural coral in human osteoblasts. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:443-51. [PMID: 21540334 DOI: 10.1177/1091581811399474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effects of locally produced processed natural coral (PNC) using human osteoblasts (HOS). Cytotoxicity was not observed when HOS cells were cultured with PNC, as assessed by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; MTT) and Neutral Red (NR) assays at concentration up 200 mg/mL for up to 72 hours. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis showed that PNC (200 mg/mL) did not decrease viability of HOS cells after 48 and 72 hours of treatment. In a cell attachment study, the HOS cells attached to the edge of the PNC disc, and later grew into the pores of the PNC disc. All results from these studies indicate that locally produced PNC material is noncytotoxic and favors the growth of HOS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Shamsuria Omar
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Zheng YH, Su K, Jian YT, Kuang SJ, Zhang ZG. Basic fibroblast growth factor enhances osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in coral scaffold constructs. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:540-50. [PMID: 21695795 DOI: 10.1002/term.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are commonly occurring degenerative joint diseases that require surgical replacement of the mandibular condyle in severe cases. Transplantation of tissue-engineered mandibular condyle constructs may solve some of the current surgical limitations to TMJ repair. We evaluated the feasibility of mandibular condyle constructs engineered from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BMSCs). Specifically, human BMSCs were transfected with basic FGF (bFGF) gene-encoding plasmids and induced to differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts. The cells were seeded onto mandibular condyle-shaped porous coral scaffolds and evaluated for osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation, cell proliferation, collagen deposition and tissue vascularization. Transfected human BMSCs expressed bFGF and were highly proliferative. Osteogenesis was irregular, showing neovascularization around new bone tissue. There was no evidence of bilayered osteochondral tissue present in normal articulating surfaces. Collagen deposition, characteristic of bone and cartilage, was observed. Subcutaneous transplantation of seeded coral/hydrogel hyaluran constructs into nude mice resulted in bone formation and collagen type I and type II deposition. Neovascularization was observed around newly formed bone tissue; bFGF expression was detected in implanted constructs seeded with bFGF expressing hBMSCs. This report demonstrates that engineered porous coral constructs using bFGF gene-transfected human BMSCs may be a feasible option for surgical transplantation in TMJ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hua Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Idris SB, Arvidson K, Plikk P, Ibrahim S, Finne-Wistrand A, Albertsson AC, Bolstad AI, Mustafa K. Polyester copolymer scaffolds enhance expression of bone markers in osteoblast-like cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:631-9. [PMID: 20205238 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, the resorbable aliphatic polyester poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) is used as scaffolds in bone regeneration. Copolymers of poly(L-lactide)-co-(epsilon-caprolactone) [poly(LLA-co-CL)] and poly(L-lactide)-co-(1,5-dioxepan-2-one) [poly(LLA-co-DXO)], with superior mechanical properties to PLLA, have been developed to be used as scaffolds, but the influence on the osteogenic potential is unclear. This in vitro study of test scaffolds of poly(LLA-co-CL) and poly(LLA-co-DXO) using PLLA scaffolds as a control demonstrates the attachment and proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells (HOB) as measured by SEM and a methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay, and the progression of HOB osteogenesis for up to 3 weeks; expressed as synthesis of the osteoblast differentiation markers: collagen type 1 (Col 1), alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin and runt related gene 2 (Runx2). Surface analysis disclosed excellent surface attachment, spread and penetration of the cells into the pores of the test scaffolds compared to the PLLA. MTT results indicated that test scaffolds enhanced the proliferation of HOBs. Cells grown on the test scaffolds demonstrated higher synthesis of Col 1 and OC and also increased bone markers mRNA expression. Compared to scaffolds of PLLA, the poly(LLA-co-CL) and poly(LLA-co-DXO) scaffolds enhanced attachment, proliferation, and expression of osteogenic markers by HOBs in vitro. Therefore, these scaffolds might be appropriate carriers for bone engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza Bushra Idris
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
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