1
|
Udriște AS, Burdușel AC, Niculescu AG, Rădulescu M, Balaure PC, Grumezescu AM. Organic Nanoparticles in Progressing Cardiovascular Disease Treatment and Diagnosis. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1421. [PMID: 38794614 PMCID: PMC11125450 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the world's most prominent cause of mortality, continue to be challenging conditions for patients, physicians, and researchers alike. CVDs comprise a wide range of illnesses affecting the heart, blood vessels, and the blood that flows through and between them. Advances in nanomedicine, a discipline focused on improving patient outcomes through revolutionary treatments, imaging agents, and ex vivo diagnostics, have created enthusiasm for overcoming limitations in CVDs' therapeutic and diagnostic landscapes. Nanomedicine can be involved in clinical purposes for CVD through the augmentation of cardiac or heart-related biomaterials, which can be functionally, mechanically, immunologically, and electrically improved by incorporating nanomaterials; vasculature applications, which involve systemically injected nanotherapeutics and imaging nanodiagnostics, nano-enabled biomaterials, or tissue-nanoengineered solutions; and enhancement of sensitivity and/or specificity of ex vivo diagnostic devices for patient samples. Therefore, this review discusses the latest studies based on applying organic nanoparticles in cardiovascular illness, including drug-conjugated polymers, lipid nanoparticles, and micelles. Following the revised information, it can be concluded that organic nanoparticles may be the most appropriate type of treatment for cardiovascular diseases due to their biocompatibility and capacity to integrate various drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Scafa Udriște
- Department 4 Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Cristina Burdușel
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (A.M.G.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Rădulescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Paul Cătălin Balaure
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (A.M.G.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karlsson J, Rhodes KR, Green JJ, Tzeng SY. Poly(beta-amino ester)s as gene delivery vehicles: challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1395-1410. [PMID: 32700581 PMCID: PMC7658038 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1796628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene delivery technologies are being developed for an increasing number of biomedical applications, with delivery vehicles including viruses and non-viral materials. Among biomaterials used for non-viral gene delivery, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs), a class of synthetic, biodegradable polymers, have risen as a leading gene delivery vehicle that has been used for multiple applications in vitro and in vivo. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the key properties of PBAEs and their development, including a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of PBAEs for gene delivery applications. The use of PBAEs to improve the properties of other drug delivery vehicles is also summarized. EXPERT OPINION PBAEs are designed to have multiple characteristics that are ideal for gene delivery, including their reversible positive charge, which promotes binding to nucleic acids as well as imparting high buffering capacity, and their rapid degradability under mild conditions. Simultaneously, some of their properties also lead to nanoparticle instability and low transfection efficiency in physiological environments. The ease with which PBAEs can be chemically modified as well as non-covalently blended with other materials, however, allows them to be customized specifically to overcome delivery barriers for varied applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Karlsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Kelly R. Rhodes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Stephany Y. Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fishbein I, Guerrero DT, Alferiev IS, Foster JB, Minutolo NG, Chorny M, Monteys AM, Driesbaugh KH, Nagaswami C, Levy RJ. Stent-based delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors with sustained vascular transduction and iNOS-mediated inhibition of in-stent restenosis. Gene Ther 2017; 24:717-726. [PMID: 28832561 PMCID: PMC5709213 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In-stent restenosis remains an important clinical problem in the era of drug eluting stents. Development of clinical gene therapy protocols for the prevention and treatment of in-stent restenosis is hampered by the lack of adequate local delivery systems. Herein we describe a novel stent-based gene delivery platform capable of providing local arterial gene transfer with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. This system exploits the natural affinity of protein G (PrG) to bind to the Fc region of mammalian IgG, making PrG a universal adaptor for surface immobilization of vector-capturing antibodies (Ab). Our results: 1) demonstrate the feasibility of reversible immobilization of AAV2 vectors using vector tethering by AAV2-specific Ab appended to the stent surface through covalently attached PrG, 2) show sustained release kinetics of PrG/Ab-immobilized AAV2 vector particles into simulated physiological medium in vitro and site-specific transduction of cultured cells, 3) provide evidence of long-term (12 weeks) arterial expression of luciferase with PrG/Ab-tethered AAV2Luc, and 4) show anti-proliferative activity and anti-restenotic efficacy of stent-immobilized AAV2iNOS in the rat carotid artery model of stent angioplasty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Fishbein
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D T Guerrero
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I S Alferiev
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J B Foster
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N G Minutolo
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Chorny
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A M Monteys
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K H Driesbaugh
- The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Nagaswami
- The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R J Levy
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fishbein I, Alferiev IS, Chorny M, Levy RJ. Gene Delivery from Stents for Prevention of In-Stent Restenosis. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10314517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing sophistication of vascular stent design, especially devices that combine mechanical support with local drug delivery to the vascular wall, has resulted in major progress in the management of coronary and peripheral artery disease. This progress is reflected in expanded anatomical and clinical indications for stent angioplasty, with complementary reduction in bypass surgery rates and decreased need for target-lesion revascularisation. Nevertheless, even with second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES), the most common cause of stent failure, in-stent restenosis, while <10%, generates high numbers of cases due to the large scale of stent use (there are >1 million stent angioplasty procedures yearly in the USA alone). Gene-eluting stents (GES), the next generation of stent devices now in the preclinical phase of development, have evolved over the past two decades around the concept of localised vessel wall delivery of gene vectors attached to the stent struts. GES potentially provide several important advantages over DES, such as prolonged or even permanent anti-restenotic effect, capacity to deliver dissimilar impact on smooth muscle cells and endothelium, and fine-tuning of transgene expression and pharmacological effect with systemically administered therapeutics. Furthermore, GES can be used for treating non-occlusive lesions with the aim of slowing the underlying atherosclerotic process in the vessel wall. GES research at this time is concerned with achieving effective and safe transgene overexpression in the stented arteries, optimal vector choice, and proper techniques for vector immobilisation on the stent struts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Fishbein
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivan S. Alferiev
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Chorny
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J. Levy
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal Sharif
- a Galway University Hospital, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yin RX, Yang DZ, Wu JZ. Nanoparticle drug- and gene-eluting stents for the prevention and treatment of coronary restenosis. Theranostics 2014; 4:175-200. [PMID: 24465275 PMCID: PMC3900802 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the most common revascularization procedure for coronary artery disease. The use of stents has reduced the rate of restenosis by preventing elastic recoil and negative remodeling. However, in-stent restenosis remains one of the major drawbacks of this procedure. Drug-eluting stents (DESs) have proven to be effective in reducing the risk of late restenosis, but the use of currently marketed DESs presents safety concerns, including the non-specificity of therapeutics, incomplete endothelialization leading to late thrombosis, the need for long-term anti-platelet agents, and local hypersensitivity to polymer delivery matrices. In addition, the current DESs lack the capacity for adjustment of the drug dose and release kinetics appropriate to the disease status of the treated vessel. The development of efficacious therapeutic strategies to prevent and inhibit restenosis after PCI is critical for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The administration of drugs using biodegradable polymer nanoparticles as carriers has generated immense interest due to their excellent biocompatibility and ability to facilitate prolonged drug release. Despite the potential benefits of nanoparticles as smart drug delivery and diagnostic systems, much research is still required to evaluate potential toxicity issues related to the chemical properties of nanoparticle materials, as well as to their size and shape. This review describes the molecular mechanism of coronary restenosis, the use of DESs, and progress in nanoparticle drug- or gene-eluting stents for the prevention and treatment of coronary restenosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan A, Goh D, Farhatnia Y, G N, Lim J, Teoh SH, Rajadas J, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian AM. An anti-CD34 antibody-functionalized clinical-grade POSS-PCU nanocomposite polymer for cardiovascular stent coating applications: a preliminary assessment of endothelial progenitor cell capture and hemocompatibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77112. [PMID: 24116210 PMCID: PMC3793009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ endothelialization of cardiovascular implants has emerged in recent years as an attractive means of targeting the persistent problems of thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of immobilizing anti-CD34 antibodies onto a POSS-PCU nanocomposite polymer surface to sequester endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from human blood, and to characterize the surface properties and hemocompatibility of this surface. Amine-functionalized fumed silica was used to covalently conjugate anti-CD34 to the polymer surface. Water contact angle, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used for surface characterization. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were seeded on modified and pristine POSS-PCU polymer films. After 7 days, adhered cells were immunostained for the expression of EPC and endothelial cell markers, and assessed for the formation of EPC colonies. Hemocompatibility was assessed by thromboelastography, and platelet activation and adhesion assays. The number of EPC colonies formed on anti-CD34-coated POSS-PCU surfaces was not significantly higher than that of POSS-PCU (5.0±1.0 vs. 1.7±0.6, p>0.05). However, antibody conjugation significantly improved hemocompatibility, as seen from the prolonged reaction and clotting times, decreased angle and maximum amplitude (p<0.05), as well as decreased platelet adhesion (76.8±7.8 vs. 8.4±0.7, p<0.05) and activation. Here, we demonstrate that POSS-PCU surface immobilized anti-CD34 antibodies selectively captured CD34+ cells from peripheral blood, although only a minority of these were EPCs. Nevertheless, antibody conjugation significantly improves the hemocompatibility of POSS-PCU, and should therefore continue to be explored in combination with other strategies to improve the specificity of EPC capture to promote in situ endothelialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Tan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Goh
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Farhatnia
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha G
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Lim
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swee-Hin Teoh
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saurer EM, Jewell CM, Roenneburg DA, Bechler SL, Torrealba JR, Hacker TA, Lynn DM. Polyelectrolyte multilayers promote stent-mediated delivery of DNA to vascular tissue. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1696-704. [PMID: 23597075 PMCID: PMC3683994 DOI: 10.1021/bm4005222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report an approach to deliver DNA to vascular tissue in vivo using intravascular stents coated with degradable, DNA-containing polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). Ionically cross-linked multilayers ∼120 nm thick were fabricated layer-by-layer on the surfaces of balloon-mounted stainless steel stents using plasmid DNA and a hydrolytically degradable poly(β-amino ester) (polymer 1). Characterization of stents coated using a fluorescently end-labeled analog of polymer 1 revealed film erosion to be uniform across the surfaces of the stents; differential stresses experienced upon balloon expansion did not lead to faster film erosion or dose dumping of DNA in areas near stent joints when stents were incubated in physiologically relevant media. The ability of film-coated stents to transfer DNA and transfect arterial tissue in vivo was then investigated in pigs and rabbits. Stents coated with films fabricated using fluorescently labeled DNA resulted in uniform transfer of DNA to sub-endothelial tissue in the arteries of pigs in patterns corresponding to the locations and geometries of stent struts. Stents coated with films fabricated using polymer 1 and plasmid DNA encoding EGFP resulted in expression of EGFP in the medial layers of stented tissue in both pigs and rabbits two days after implantation. The results of this study, combined with the modular and versatile nature of layer-by-layer assembly, provide a polymer-based platform that is well suited for fundamental studies of stent-mediated gene transfer. With further development, this approach could also prove useful for the design of nonviral, gene-based approaches for prevention of complications that arise from the implantation of stents and other implantable interventional devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Saurer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fishbein I, Chorny M, Adamo RF, Forbes SP, Corrales RA, Alferiev IS, Levy RJ. Endovascular Gene Delivery from a Stent Platform: Gene- Eluting Stents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMID: 26225356 PMCID: PMC4516395 DOI: 10.4172/2329-9495.1000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A synergistic impact of research in the fields of post-angioplasty restenosis, drug-eluting stents and vascular gene therapy over the past 15 years has shaped the concept of gene-eluting stents. Gene-eluting stents hold promise of overcoming some biological and technical problems inherent to drug-eluting stent technology. As the field of gene-eluting stents matures it becomes evident that all three main design modules of a gene-eluting stent: a therapeutic transgene, a vector and a delivery system are equally important for accomplishing sustained inhibition of neointimal formation in arteries treated with gene delivery stents. This review summarizes prior work on stent-based gene delivery and discusses the main optimization strategies required to move the field of gene-eluting stents to clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Fishbein
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA ; The University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Chorny
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA ; The University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard F Adamo
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Scott P Forbes
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ricardo A Corrales
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ivan S Alferiev
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA ; The University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Levy
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA ; The University of Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Levchenko TS, Hartner WC, Torchilin VP. Liposomes in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2012; 8:36-41. [PMID: 22891109 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-8-1-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Levchenko
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brito LA, Chandrasekhar S, Little SR, Amiji MM. Non-viral eNOS gene delivery and transfection with stents for the treatment of restenosis. Biomed Eng Online 2010; 9:56. [PMID: 20875110 PMCID: PMC2955648 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-9-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we have examined local non-viral gene delivery, transfection, and therapeutic efficacy of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) encoding plasmid DNA administered using coated stents in a rabbit iliac artery restenosis model. METHODS Lipopolyplexes (LPPs) with eNOS expressing plasmid DNA were immobilized on stainless steel stents using poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and type B gelatin coatings. The gene-eluting stents were implanted bilaterally in the denuded iliac arteries and eNOS transfection and therapeutic efficacy were examined 14 days after implantation. RESULTS The results show that non-viral lipopolyplex-coated stents can efficiently tranfect eNOS locally in the arterial lumen assessed by PCR and ELISA. Human eNOS ELISA levels were significantly raised 24 hours after transfection compared to controls (125 pg eNOS compared to <50 pg for all controls including naked DNA). Local eNOS production suppressed smooth muscle cell proliferation and promoted re-endothelialization of the artery showing a significant reduction in restenosis of 1.75 neointima/media ratio for stents with lipoplexes encoding eNOS compared with 2.3 neointima/media ratio for stents with lipoplexes encosing an empty vector. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that a potent non-viral gene vector encoding for eNOS coated onto a stent can inhibit restenosis through inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth and promotion of a healthy endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Brito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|