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Anitua E, Zalduendo M, Troya M, Tierno R, Alkhraisat MH. Cellular composition modifies the biological properties and stability of platelet rich plasma membranes for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1710-1721. [PMID: 37318048 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds should provide structural support for tissue regeneration, allowing their gradual biodegradation and interacting with cells and bioactive molecules to promote remodeling. Thus, the scaffold's intrinsic properties affect cellular processes involved in tissue regeneration, including migration, proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis. In this sense, due to its biological effect and clinical potential, Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) fibrin could be considered a successful scaffold. Given the high variability in commercial PRPs formulations, this research focused on assessing the influence of cellular composition on fibrin membrane stability and remodeling cell activity. The stability and biological effect were evaluated at different time points via D-dimer, type I collagen and elastase quantification in culture media conditioned by Plasma Rich in Growth Factors - Fraction 1 (PRGF-F1), Plasma Rich in Growth Factors - Whole Plasma (PRGF-WP) and Leukocyte-rich Platelet Rich Plasma (L-PRP) membranes, and by gingival fibroblast cells seeded on them, respectively. Ultrastructure of PRP membranes was also evaluated. Histological analyses were performed after 5 and 18 days. Additionally, the effect of fibrin membranes on cell proliferation was determined. According to the results, L-PRP fibrin membranes degradation was complete at the end of the study, while PRGF membranes remained practically unchanged. Considering fibroblast behavior, PRGF membranes, in contrast to L-PRP ones, promoted extracellular matrix biosynthesis at the same time as fibrinolysis and enhanced cell proliferation. In conclusion, leukocytes in PRP fibrin membranes drastically reduce scaffold stability and induce behavioral changes in fibroblasts by reducing their proliferation rate and remodeling ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Mar Zalduendo
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
| | - María Troya
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Roberto Tierno
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
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2
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Lee DH, Bhang SH. Development of Hetero-Cell Type Spheroids Via Core-Shell Strategy for Enhanced Wound Healing Effect of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:581-591. [PMID: 36708468 PMCID: PMC10313618 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell-based therapies have been developed to treat various types of wounds. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) are used to treat skin wounds owing to their outstanding angiogenic potential. Although recent studies have suggested that stem cell spheroids may help wound healing, their cell viability and retention rate in the wound area require improvement to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. METHODS We developed a core-shell structured spheroid with hADSCs in the core and human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) in the outer part of the spheroid. The core-shell structure was formed by continuous centrifugation and spheroid incubation. After optimizing the method for inducing uniform-sized core-shell spheroids, cell viability, cell proliferation, migration, and therapeutic efficacy were evaluated and compared to those of conventional spheroids. RESULTS Cell proliferation, migration, and involucrin expression were evaluated in keratinocytes. Tubular assays in human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used to confirm the improved skin regeneration and angiogenic efficacy of core-shell spheroids. Core-shell spheroids exhibited exceptional cell viability under hypoxic cell culture conditions that mimicked the microenvironment of the wound area. CONCLUSION The improvement in retention rate, survival rate, and angiogenic growth factors secretion from core-shell spheroids may contribute to the increased therapeutic efficacy of stem cell treatment for skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, South Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, South Korea.
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3
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Cao J, Xie Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Zhang X, Xiao T, Fang S. Evaluating the Effects of Cryopreservation on the Viability and Gene Expression of Porcine-Ear-Skin Fibroblasts. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:751. [PMID: 36981023 PMCID: PMC10048577 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the inherent heterogeneity and plasticity of fibroblasts, they are considered as the conventional biological resources for basic and clinical medical research. Thus, it is essential to generate knowledge about the establishment of fibroblast cultures and the effects of cryopreservation processes on their biological characteristics. Since the pig (Sus scrofa) possesses numerous genetic, physiological, and anatomical similarities with humans, porcine fibroblasts are naturally regarded as useful analogues of human fibroblasts. Nonetheless, less attention has been given to the alterations in viability and gene expression of cryopreserved porcine fibroblasts. In this study, we aimed to obtain fibroblasts from porcine ear skin and evaluate the effects of cryopreservation on the cell survival, proliferation, and gene expression profiles of the fibroblasts by trypan-blue-staining assay, Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and RNA-sequencing analysis, respectively. Our results suggested that morphologically stable fibroblast cultures can be constructed from pig-ear skin. The post-thaw survival rate of the cryopreserved fibroblasts at 0 h and 24 h was over 90%. The proliferative activity of the cryopreserved fibroblasts was similar to that of the non-cryopreserved fibroblasts after 7 days of in vitro culture, which suggested that cryopreservation did not influence the viability. The RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that this should be attributed to the 867 differentially expressed genes (DGEs) identified, which are involved in molecular process related to cell recovery and survival after cryo-stimulation. In addition, eight important DEGs BMP2, GDF15, EREG, AREG, HBEGF, LIF, IL-6, and HOX-7 could potentially be applied to improve the efficiency of fibroblast cryopreservation, but comprehensive and systematic studies on understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for their modulatory roles are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaoming Fang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (T.X.)
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4
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Zhang Y, Habibovic P. Delivering Mechanical Stimulation to Cells: State of the Art in Materials and Devices Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110267. [PMID: 35385176 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical signals, such as growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors are known to play a crucial role in regulating a variety of cellular activities as well as maintaining the normal function of different tissues and organs. If the biochemical signals are assumed to be one side of the coin, the other side comprises biophysical cues. There is growing evidence showing that biophysical signals, and in particular mechanical cues, also play an important role in different stages of human life ranging from morphogenesis during embryonic development to maturation and maintenance of tissue and organ function throughout life. In order to investigate how mechanical signals influence cell and tissue function, tremendous efforts have been devoted to fabricating various materials and devices for delivering mechanical stimuli to cells and tissues. Here, an overview of the current state of the art in the design and development of such materials and devices is provided, with a focus on their design principles, and challenges and perspectives for future research directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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5
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Kim SW, Im GB, Jeong GJ, Baik S, Hyun J, Kim YJ, Pang C, Jang YC, Bhang SH. Delivery of a spheroids-incorporated human dermal fibroblast sheet increases angiogenesis and M2 polarization for wound healing. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120954. [PMID: 34130141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Low cell engraftment is a major problem in tissue engineering. Although various methods related with cell sheets have been attempted to resolve the issue, low cell viability due to oxygen and nutrient depletion remains an obstacle toward advanced therapeutic applications. Cell therapy using fibroblasts is thought of as a good alternative due to the short doubling times of fibroblasts together with their immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) fibroblasts exhibit unique angiogenic and inflammation-manipulating properties that are not present in two-dimensional (2D) forms. However, the therapeutic effect of 3D fibroblasts in tissue regeneration has not been fully elucidated. Macrophage polarization has been widely studied, as it stimulates the transition from the inflammation to the proliferation phase of wound healing. Although numerous strategies have been developed to achieve better polarization of macrophages, the low efficacy of these strategies and safety issues remain problematic. To this end, we introduced a biocompatible flat patch with specifically designed holes that form a spheroids-incorporated human dermal fibroblast sheet (SIS) to mediate the activity of inflammatory cytokines for M2 polarization and increase angiogenic efficacy. We further confirmed in vivo enhancement of wound healing with an SIS-laden skin patch (SISS) compared to conventional cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Won Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Bum Im
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Jae Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sangyul Baik
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyu Hyun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Charles Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Eilenberger C, Rothbauer M, Selinger F, Gerhartl A, Jordan C, Harasek M, Schädl B, Grillari J, Weghuber J, Neuhaus W, Küpcü S, Ertl P. A Microfluidic Multisize Spheroid Array for Multiparametric Screening of Anticancer Drugs and Blood-Brain Barrier Transport Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004856. [PMID: 34105271 PMCID: PMC8188192 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological-relevant in vitro tissue models with their promise of better predictability have the potential to improve drug screening outcomes in preclinical studies. Despite the advances of spheroid models in pharmaceutical screening applications, variations in spheroid size and consequential altered cell responses often lead to nonreproducible and unpredictable results. Here, a microfluidic multisize spheroid array is established and characterized using liver, lung, colon, and skin cells as well as a triple-culture model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to assess the effects of spheroid size on (a) anticancer drug toxicity and (b) compound penetration across an advanced BBB model. The reproducible on-chip generation of 360 spheroids of five dimensions on a well-plate format using an integrated microlens technology is demonstrated. While spheroid size-related IC50 values vary up to 160% using the anticancer drugs cisplatin (CIS) or doxorubicin (DOX), reduced CIS:DOX drug dose combinations eliminate all lung microtumors independent of their sizes. A further application includes optimizing cell seeding ratios and size-dependent compound uptake studies in a perfused BBB model. Generally, smaller BBB-spheroids reveal an 80% higher compound penetration than larger spheroids while verifying the BBB opening effect of mannitol and a spheroid size-related modulation on paracellular transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐20Vienna1090Austria
| | - Florian Selinger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Anna Gerhartl
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Michael Harasek
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaStelzhamerstraße 23Wels4600Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH‐Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food QualitySafety and InnovationTechnopark 1CTulln3430Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Institute of Synthetic BioarchitecturesDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 11Vienna1190Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
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7
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Peng Y, Huang D, Liu S, Li J, Qing X, Shao Z. Biomaterials-Induced Stem Cells Specific Differentiation Into Intervertebral Disc Lineage Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:56. [PMID: 32117935 PMCID: PMC7019859 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy, which promotes stem cells differentiation toward specialized cell types, increases the resident population and production of extracellular matrix, and can be used to achieve intervertebral disc (IVD) repair, has drawn great attention for the development of IVD-regenerating materials. Many materials that have been reported in IVD repair have the ability to promote stem cells differentiation. However, due to the limitations of mechanical properties, immunogenicity and uncontrollable deviations in the induction of stem cells differentiation, there are few materials that can currently be translated into clinical applications. In addition to the favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility of IVD materials, maintaining stem cells activity in the local niche and increasing the ability of stem cells to differentiate into nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) cells are the basis for promoting the application of IVD-regenerating materials in clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to summarize IVD-regenerating materials that focus on stem cells strategies, analyze the properties of these materials that affect the differentiation of stem cells into IVD-like cells, and then present the limitations of currently used disc materials in the field of stem cell therapy and future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghua Huang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinye Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangcheng Qing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Ichim TE, O'Heeron P, Kesari S. Fibroblasts as a practical alternative to mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med 2018; 16:212. [PMID: 30053821 PMCID: PMC6064181 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy offers great potential for treatment of disease through the multifunctional and responsive ability of these cells. In numerous contexts, MSC have been shown to reduce inflammation, modulate immune responses, and provide trophic factor support for regeneration. While the most commonly used MSC source, the bone marrow provides relatively little starting material for cellular expansion, and requires invasive extraction means, fibroblasts are easily harvested in large numbers from various biological wastes. Additionally, in vitro expansion of fibroblasts is significantly easier given the robustness of these cells in tissue culture and shorter doubling time compared to typical MSC. In this paper we put forward the concept that in some cases, fibroblasts may be utilized as a more practical, and potentially more effective cell therapy than mesenchymal stem cells. Anti-inflammatory, immune modulatory, and regenerative properties of fibroblasts will be discussed in the context of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute and Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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Cho H, Lee A, Kim K. The effect of serum types on Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Biomater Res 2018; 22:6. [PMID: 29556415 PMCID: PMC5845156 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the most essential supplement in culture media for cellular proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation. However, due to a limited supply and subsequently rising prices, a series of studies have investigated a biological feasibility of replaceable serums to substitute FBS. Along with the increasing interests to manufacture stem cell-based cellular products, optimizing the composition of culture media including serums and exogenous growth factors (GFs) is of importance. In this experiment, the effect of bovine serum (BS) and newborn calf serum (NCS) on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation capacity of human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) was evaluated, especially in the chondrogenically supplemented culture condition. Methods ADSCs were chondrogenically cultured with FBS, BS, and NCS for 14 days. For the acceleration of in vitro chondrogenesis, exogenous insulin-like growth factor and transforming growth factor-β3 were added. Viability and proliferation of ADSCs were evaluated using Live/Dead fluorescence staining and DNA amount, respectively. To investigate a chondrogenic differentiation, a series of assays were performed including a quantification of glycosaminoglycan deposition, alcian blue staining, and RT-PCR analysis for type II collagen, aggrecan and Sox-9 genes. Results The results demonstrated that proliferation of ADSCs was facilitated in FBS condition as compared with other serum types. For chondrogenic marker gene expression, serum substitutes enhanced Sox-9 expression level on day 14. The deposition of glycosaminoglycan was more facilitated in BS condition regardless of additional chondrogenic GFs. Conclusion It could be presumably speculated that serum types and exogenous supplements of GFs could also be important parameters to optimize culture media composition, especially in order to maintain the enhanced levels of both proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs during expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Cho
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
| | - Aeri Lee
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
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10
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Zvicer J, Obradovic B. Bioreactors with hydrostatic pressures imitating physiological environments in intervertebral discs. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:529-545. [PMID: 28763577 DOI: 10.1002/term.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral discs are normally exposed to a variety of loads and stresses but hydrostatic pressure (HP) could be the main biosignal for chondrogenic cell differentiation and maintenance of this tissue. Although there are simple approaches to intermittently expose cell cultures to HP in separate material testing devices, utilization of biomimetic bioreactors aiming to provide in vitro conditions mimicking those found in vivo, attracts special attention. However, design of such bioreactors is complex due to the requirement of high HP magnitudes (up to 3 MPa) applied in different regimes mimicking pressures arising in intervertebral disc during normal daily activities. Furthermore, efficient mass transfer has to be facilitated to cells within 3D scaffolds, and the engineering challenges include avoidance or removal of gas bubbles in the culture medium before pressurization as well as selection of appropriate, biocompatible construction materials and maintenance of sterility during cultivation. Here, we review approaches to induce HP in 2D and 3D cell cultures categorized into 5 groups: (I) discontinuous systems with direct pressurization of the cultivation medium by a piston, (II) discontinuous systems with indirect pressurization by a compression fluid, (III) continuous systems with direct pressurization of the cultivation medium, static culture, (IV) continuous systems with culture perfusion, and (V) systems applying HP in conjunction with other physical signals. Although the complexity is increasing as additional features are added to the systems, the need to understand HP effects on cells and tissues in a physiologically relevant, yet precisely controlled, environment together with current technological advancements are leading towards innovative bioreactor solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Zvicer
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Obradovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Driessen BJ, Logie C, Vonk LA. Cellular reprogramming for clinical cartilage repair. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:329-349. [PMID: 28144824 PMCID: PMC5493710 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage needs a sufficient number of chondrocytes to replace the defect tissue, and therefore, expansion of cells is generally required. Chondrocytes derived by cellular reprogramming may provide a solution to the limitations of current (stem) cell-based therapies. In this article, two distinct approaches-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-mediated reprogramming and direct lineage conversion-are analysed and compared according to criteria that encompass the qualification of the method and the derived chondrocytes for the purpose of clinical application. Progress in iPSC generation has provided insights into the replacement of reprogramming factors by small molecules and chemical compounds. As follows, multistage chondrogenic differentiation methods have shown to improve the chondrocyte yield and quality. Nevertheless, the iPSC 'detour' remains a time- and cost-consuming approach. Direct conversion of fibroblasts into chondrocytes provides a slight advantage over these aspects compared to the iPSC detour. However, the requirement of constitutive transgene expression to inhibit hypertrophic differentiation limits this approach of being translated to the clinic. It can be concluded that the quality of the derived chondrocytes highly depends on the characteristics of the reprogramming method and that this is important to keep in mind during the experimental set-up. Further research into both reprogramming approaches for clinical cartilage repair has to include proper control groups and epigenetic profiling to optimize the techniques and eventually derive functionally stable articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta J.H. Driessen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Logie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A. Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Growney Kalaf EA, Pendyala M, Bledsoe JG, Sell SA. Characterization and restoration of degenerated IVD function with an injectable, in situ gelling alginate hydrogel: An in vitro and ex vivo study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 72:229-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Bwalya EC, Kim S, Fang J, Wijekoon HMS, Hosoya K, Okumura M. Effects of pentosan polysulfate and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chondrogenesis of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in alginate and micromass culture. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1182-1190. [PMID: 28552861 PMCID: PMC5559361 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a potential alternative source of differentiated chondrocytes for cartilage tissue regeneration and repair of osteoarthritic (OA) joints. We investigated the effects of pentosan polysulfate (PPS)
and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) on chondrogenesis of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBMSC) in alginate and micromass cultures (MMC). Chondrogenic differentiation medium (CDM) was supplemented with
PPS or PSGAG at concentrations of 0 (positive control; PC), 1, 3 and 5 µg/ml. 10% DMEM was used as negative control. Chondrocyte phenotype was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for
alginate cultures and Alcian blue staining for proteoglycan (PG) synthesis for MMC. In alginate culture, PPS and PSGAG showed no significant effect on type II collagen, aggrecan and
HIF-2α mRNA expression. PPS had no significant effect on type I collagen whereas PSGAG significantly upregulated (P<0.05) it at all concentrations relative
to other treatments. PPS demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on type X collagen mRNA with significant inhibition observed at 5 µg/ml compared to the NC. PSGAG showed
an inverse effect on type X collagen with 1 µg/ml significantly inhibiting its expression while increase in the concentration correspondingly increased type X
collagen expression. In MMC, PPS significantly enhanced chondrogenesis and PG deposition whereas PSGAG inhibited chondrogenesis and promoted a fibrocartilage-like phenotype with reduced PG deposition. While PPS enhances
chondrogenesis of cBMSC in MMC, the response of MSC to chondroinductive factors is culture system-dependent and varies significantly between alginate and MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene C Bwalya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Jing Fang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - H M Suranji Wijekoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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14
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Chee A, Shi P, Cha T, Kao TH, Yang SH, Zhu J, Chen D, Zhang Y, An HS. Cell Therapy with Human Dermal Fibroblasts Enhances Intervertebral Disk Repair and Decreases Inflammation in the Rabbit Model. Global Spine J 2016; 6:771-779. [PMID: 27853661 PMCID: PMC5110358 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1582391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design Pilot study using the rabbit model. Objective Low back pain is often associated with disk degeneration. Cell therapy for degenerating disks may promote tissue regeneration and repair. Human dermal fibroblasts, obtained from the patient's skin tissue or donated tissue, may be a promising cell therapy option for degenerating disks. The objective of these studies is to determine the effects of intradiscal transplantation of neonatal human dermal fibroblasts (nHDFs) on intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration by measuring disk height, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity, gene expression, and collagen immunostaining. Methods New Zealand white rabbits (n = 16) received an annular puncture to induce disk degeneration and were treated with nHDFs or saline 4 weeks later. At 2 and 8 weeks post-treatment, X-ray and MRI images were obtained. IVDs were isolated and examined for changes in collagen staining and gene expression. Results In the nHDF-treated group, there was a 10% increase in the disk height index after 8 weeks of treatment (p ≤ 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the saline-treated group. When compared with the saline-treated disks, disks treated with nHDFs showed reduced expression of inflammatory markers, a higher ratio of collagen type II over collagen type I gene expression, and more intense immunohistochemical staining for both collagen types I and II. Conclusions Human dermal fibroblast introduction into the disk reduced inflammation and promoted tissue rich in both type I and type II collagens. The results of this study suggest that nHDFs would be a feasible cell therapy option for disk degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Chee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Thomas Cha
- Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ting-Hsien Kao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Shin Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital of Huaihua and University of South China, Huaihua, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Howard S. An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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15
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Zeng Y, Feng S, Liu W, Fu Q, Li Y, Li X, Chen C, Huang C, Ge Z, Du Y. Preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal cells toward nucleus pulposus-like cells by microcryogels-based 3D cell culture and syringe-based pressure loading system. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:507-520. [PMID: 26584248 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To precondition mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) with mechanical stimulation may enhance cell survival and functions following implantation in load bearing environment such as nucleus pulposus (NP) in intervertebral disc (IVD). In this study, preconditioning of MSCs toward NP-like cells was achieved in previously developed poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) microcryogels (PMs) within a syringe-based three-dimensional (3D) culture system which provided a facile and cost-effective pressure loading approach. PMs loaded with alginate and MSCs could be incubated in a sealable syringe which could be air-compressed to apply pressure loading through a programmable syringe pump. Expression levels of chondrogenic marker genes SOX9, COL II, and ACAN were significantly upregulated in MSCs when pressure loading of 0.2 MPa or 0.8 MPa was implemented. Expression levels of COL I and COL X were downregulated when pressure loading was applied. In a nude mouse model, MSCs loaded in PMs mechanically stimulated for three days were subcutaneously injected using the same culture syringe. Three weeks postinjection, more proteoglycans (PGs) were deposited and more SOX9 and COL II but less COL I and COL X were stained in 0.2 MPa group. Furthermore, injectable MSCs-loaded PMs were utilized in an ex vivo rabbit IVD organ culture model that demonstrated the leak-proof function and enhanced cell retention of PMs assisted cell delivery to a load bearing environment for potential NP regeneration. This microcryogels-based 3D cell culture and syringe-based pressure loading system represents a novel method for 3D cell culture with mechanical stimulation for better function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 507-520, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Siyu Feng
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinyouen Fu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital; Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Zigang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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16
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BMP-2 Is Involved in Scleral Remodeling in Myopia Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125219. [PMID: 25965995 PMCID: PMC4429026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of myopia is associated with scleral remodeling, but it is unclear which factors regulate this process. This study investigated bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression in the sclera of guinea pigs with lens-induced myopia (LIM) and after recovery from myopia and evaluated the effect of BMP-2 on extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) cultured in vitro. Lens-induced myopia was brought about in two groups of guinea pigs (the lens-induced myopia and myopia recovery groups) by placing -4.00 D lenses on the right eye for three weeks. The left eye served as a contralateral control. In the recovery group, the lenses were removed after one week. The refractive power and axial length of the eyes were measured, and the BMP-2 expression levels in the sclera were measured. After three weeks, the lens-induced eyes acquired relative myopia in both groups of guinea pigs. Immunostaining of the eyeballs revealed significantly decreased BMP-2 expression in the posterior sclera of the myopic eyes compared to the contralateral eyes. One week after lens removal, BMP-2 expression recovered, and no differences were observed between the experimental and contralateral eyes in the recovery group. HSFs were cultured with BMP-2 or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Type I and type III collagen synthesis was significantly up-regulated following BMP-2 treatment in culture after one and two weeks, but the ratio of type III to type I collagen mRNA was not increased. Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and aggrecan was increased in HSFs treated with BMP-2. Some chondrogenesis-associated genes expression increased in HSFs treated with BMP-2. From this study, we concluded that BMP-2 is involved in scleral remodeling in the development and recovery of lens-induced myopia.
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17
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Guerreiro SG, Oliveira MJ, Barbosa MA, Soares R, Granja PL. Neonatal Human Dermal Fibroblasts Immobilized in RGD–Alginate Induce Angiogenesis. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:945-57. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x670183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting angiogenesis in a damaged tissue is a major challenge for tissue regeneration. Recent findings in tissue engineering suggest that fibroblasts (FBs) play an important role in orchestrating the angiogenic process. Fibroblasts maintain the structural integrity of connective tissue by continuously secreting growth factors and extracellular matrix precursors, which are essential for endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and spreading, thus playing a crucial role in angiogenesis. We hypothesized that FBs immobilized in alginate gels grafted with the RGD peptidic sequence could influence the recruitment of ECs to improve vascularization. In this work, the modulation of immobilized human FBs within the 3D synthetic extracellular matrix was assessed. Experiments using cocultures of ECs and FBs in indirect contact as well as angiogenic assays were performed to assess the influence of FBs immobilized in RGD–alginate in ECs' viability, stabilization, sprouting, and assembly into capillary-like structures. This study demonstrates the ability of FBs immobilized within RGD–alginate microspheres to modulate and support capillary-like structures' assembly. These findings indicate that the microenvironment created by these stromal cells in the scaffold modulates capillary morphogenesis, thus stimulating angiogenesis in situ and can potentially be used in regenerative medicine in clinical scenarios where vascularization is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana G. Guerreiro
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUP), Departamento de Bioquímica, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUP), Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A. Barbosa
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUP), Departamento de Bioquímica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
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18
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Bussmann BM, Reiche S, Marí-Buyé N, Castells-Sala C, Meisel HJ, Semino CE. Chondrogenic potential of human dermal fibroblasts in a contractile, soft, self-assembling, peptide hydrogel. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E54-62. [PMID: 23737099 DOI: 10.1002/term.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes a simple approach to obtain three-dimensional (3D) cartilage constructs using human normal dermal fibroblasts (hNDFs) cultured in a self-assembling peptide nanofibre scaffold. During the first days of culture, the 3D constructs underwent morphological changes consisting of a substantial contraction process that ended in a small compact structure. During this process the system became sensitive to induction with standard chondrogenic medium, evidenced by the expression of specific markers of mature cartilage. First, it was detected that the samples become highly stained with toluidine blue dye over time (40-50 days), indicating that the system produced significantly high amounts of glycosaminoglycans. By quantitative PCR, it was confirmed that the system significantly upregulated the expression of the proteoglycan aggrecan, a good indicator of cartilage commitment. Moreover, collagen type II was upregulated at protein level, confirming that the system differentiated to a chondrocyte-like construct. Additionally, during the first days of culture in control medium analysed hNDFs proliferation capacity in this 3D system was analysed. This platform could be used in the future to obtain an autologous source of cells from a simple patient skin biopsy, which could be easily translated into a low-cost and effective regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Bussmann
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM-Leipzig), Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Reiche
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM-Leipzig), Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Núria Marí-Buyé
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Institut Químic de Sarrià -Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Castells-Sala
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Institut Químic de Sarrià -Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Jörg Meisel
- Department of Neurosurgery, BG Hospital Bergmannstrost, Halle, Germany
| | - Carlos E Semino
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM-Leipzig), Universität Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Institut Químic de Sarrià -Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Dahlin RL, Meretoja VV, Ni M, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Hypoxia and flow perfusion modulate proliferation and gene expression of articular chondrocytes on porous scaffolds. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mengwei Ni
- Dept. of Bioengineering; Rice University; Houston; TX 77005
| | | | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Dept. of Bioengineering and Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; Houston; TX 77005
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20
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Responte DJ, Lee JK, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Biomechanics-driven chondrogenesis: from embryo to adult. FASEB J 2012; 26:3614-24. [PMID: 22673579 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-207241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanics plays a pivotal role in articular cartilage development, pathophysiology, and regeneration. During embryogenesis and cartilage maturation, mechanical stimuli promote chondrogenesis and limb formation. Mechanical loading, which has been characterized using computer modeling and in vivo studies, is crucial for maintaining the phenotype of cartilage. However, excessive or insufficient loading has deleterious effects and promotes the onset of cartilage degeneration. Informed by the prominent role of biomechanics, mechanical stimuli have been harnessed to enhance redifferentiation of chondrocytes and chondroinduction of other cell types, thus providing new chondrocyte cell sources. Biomechanical stimuli, such as hydrostatic pressure or compression, have been used to enhance the functional properties of neocartilage. By identifying pathways involved in mechanical stimulation, chemical equivalents that mimic mechanical signaling are beginning to offer exciting new methods for improving neocartilage. Harnessing biomechanics to improve differentiation, maintenance, and regeneration is emerging as pivotal toward producing functional neocartilage that could eventually be used to treat cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Responte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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