1
|
Lu P, Peng J, Liu J, Chen L. The role of photobiomodulation in accelerating bone repair. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 188:55-67. [PMID: 38493961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Bone repair is faced with obstacles such as slow repair rates and limited bone regeneration capacity. Delayed healing even nonunion could occur in bone defects, influencing the life quality of patients severely. Photobiomodulation (PBM) utilizes different light sources to derive beneficial therapeutic effects with the advantage of being non-invasive and painless, providing a promising strategy for accelerating bone repair. In this review, we summarize the parameters, mechanisms, and effects of PBM regulating bone repair, and further conclude the current clinical application of PBM devices in bone repair. The wavelength of 635-980 nm, the output power of 40-100 mW, and the energy density of less than 100 J/cm2 are the most commonly used parameters. New technologies, including needle systems and biocompatible and implantable optical fibers, offer references to realize an efficient and safe strategy for bone repair. Further research is required to establish the reliability of outcomes from in vivo and in vitro studies and to standardize clinical trial protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Furtado GS, Martin V, Araújo R, Gomes PS, Lago ADN. Osteoinductive activity of photobiomodulation in an organotypic bone model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103936. [PMID: 38104705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a technique that harnesses non-ionizing light at specific wavelengths, triggering the modulation of metabolic pathways, engendering favourable biological outcomes that reduce inflammation and foster enhanced tissue healing and regeneration. PBM holds significant promise for bone tissue applications due to its non-invasive nature and ability to stimulate cellular activity and vascularization within the healing framework. Notwithstanding, the impact of PBM on bone functionality remains largely undisclosed, particularly in the absence of influencing factors such as pathologies or regenerative therapies. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of PBM using red (660 nm) (RED) and near-infrared (808 nm) (NIR) wavelengths within an ex vivo bone culture system - the organotypic embryonic chicken femur model. A continuous irradiation mode was used, administering a total energy dose of 1.0 J, at an intensity of 100 mW for 10 s, which was repeated four times over the course of the 11-day culture period. The primary focus is on characterizing the expression of pivotal osteoblastic genes, the maturation and deposition of collagen, and the formation of bone mineral. Exposing femora to both RED and NIR wavelengths led to a notable increase in the expression of osteochondrogenic transcription factors (i.e., SOX9 and RUNX2), correlating with enhanced mineralization. Notably, NIR irradiation further elevated the expression of bone matrix-related genes and fostered enhanced deposition and maturation of fibrillar collagen. This study demonstrates that PBM has the potential to enhance osteogenic functionality within a translational organotypic bone culture system, with the NIR wavelength showing remarkable capabilities in augmenting the formation and maturation of the collagenous matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Silva Furtado
- Graduate Student in the Postgraduate Program in Dentistry at the Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Victor Martin
- DDS, MSc and Graduate student at Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Praça Coronel Pacheco, 15, Porto 4050-453, Portugal
| | - Rita Araújo
- DDS, MSc and Graduate student at Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Praça Coronel Pacheco, 15, Porto 4050-453, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sousa Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Praça Coronel Pacheco, 15, Porto 4050-453, Portugal; DDS, MSc, PhD Full Professor at Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andréa Dias Neves Lago
- DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor of the Postgraduate Program in Dentistry at the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhong J, Zhang X, Ruan Y, Huang Y. Photobiomodulation therapy's impact on angiogenesis and osteogenesis in orthodontic tooth movement: in vitro and in vivo study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 38297232 PMCID: PMC10832110 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) in enhancing orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), osteogenesis, and angiogenesis through a comprehensive series of in vitro and in vivo investigations. The in vitro experiments involved co-culturing MC3T3-E1 and HUVEC cells to assess PBMT's impact on cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and associated gene expression. Simultaneously, an in vivo experiment utilized an OTM rat model subjected to laser irradiation at specific energy densities. METHODS In vitro experiments involved co-culturing MC3T3-E1 and HUVEC cells treated with PBMT, enabling a comprehensive assessment of cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and gene expression. In vivo, an OTM rat model was subjected to laser irradiation at specified energy densities. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the significance of observed differences. RESULTS The results revealed a significant increase in blood vessel formation and new bone generation within the PBMT-treated group compared to the control group. In vitro, PBMT demonstrated positive effects on cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and gene expression in the co-culture model. In vivo, laser irradiation at specific energy densities significantly enhanced OTM, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the substantial potential of PBMT in improving post-orthodontic bone quality. The observed enhancements in angiogenesis and osteogenesis suggest a pivotal role for PBMT in optimizing treatment outcomes in orthodontic practices. The findings position PBMT as a promising therapeutic intervention that could be seamlessly integrated into orthodontic protocols, offering a novel dimension to enhance overall treatment efficacy. Beyond the laboratory, these results suggest practical significance for PBMT in clinical scenarios, emphasizing its potential to contribute to the advancement of orthodontic treatments. Further exploration of PBMT in orthodontic practices is warranted to unlock its full therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jietong Zhong
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Sichuang, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuang, China
| | - Yaru Ruan
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Sichuang, Luzhou, China.
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vigliar MFR, Marega LF, Duarte MAH, Alcalde MP, Rosso MPDO, Ferreira Junior RS, Barraviera B, Reis CHB, Buchaim DV, Buchaim RL. Photobiomodulation Therapy Improves Repair of Bone Defects Filled by Inorganic Bone Matrix and Fibrin Heterologous Biopolymer. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38247955 PMCID: PMC10813421 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are used extensively in graft procedures to correct bone defects, interacting with the body without causing adverse reactions. The aim of this pre-clinical study was to analyze the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) with the use of a low-level laser in the repair process of bone defects filled with inorganic matrix (IM) associated with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB). A circular osteotomy of 4 mm in the left tibia was performed in 30 Wistar male adult rats who were randomly divided into three groups: G1 = IM + PBM, G2 = IM + FB and G3 = IM + FB + PBM. PBM was applied at the time of the experimental surgery and three times a week, on alternate days, until euthanasia, with 830 nm wavelength, in two points of the operated site. Five animals from each group were euthanized 14 and 42 days after surgery. In the histomorphometric analysis, the percentage of neoformed bone tissue in G3 (28.4% ± 2.3%) was higher in relation to G1 (24.1% ± 2.91%) and G2 (22.2% ± 3.11%) at 14 days and at 42 days, the percentage in G3 (35.1% ± 2.55%) was also higher in relation to G1 (30.1% ± 2.9%) and G2 (31.8% ± 3.12%). In the analysis of the birefringence of collagen fibers, G3 showed a predominance of birefringence between greenish-yellow in the neoformed bone tissue after 42 days, differing from the other groups with a greater presence of red-orange fibers. Immunohistochemically, in all experimental groups, it was possible to observe immunostaining for osteocalcin (OCN) near the bone surface of the margins of the surgical defect and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) bordering the newly formed bone tissue. Therefore, laser photobiomodulation therapy contributed to improving the bone repair process in tibial defects filled with bovine biomaterial associated with fibrin biopolymer derived from snake venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Rossi Vigliar
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (M.F.R.V.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Lais Furlaneto Marega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (M.P.d.O.R.); (C.H.B.R.)
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (M.A.H.D.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (M.A.H.D.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Marcelie Priscila de Oliveira Rosso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (M.P.d.O.R.); (C.H.B.R.)
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), Sao Paulo State University (University Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (R.S.F.J.); (B.B.)
- Graduate Programs in Tropical Diseases and Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP–University Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), Sao Paulo State University (University Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (R.S.F.J.); (B.B.)
- Graduate Programs in Tropical Diseases and Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP–University Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Bertoni Reis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (M.P.d.O.R.); (C.H.B.R.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (M.F.R.V.); (D.V.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
- Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (M.F.R.V.); (D.V.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (M.P.d.O.R.); (C.H.B.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Albaqami M, Aguida B, Pourmostafa A, Ahmad M, Kishore V. Photobiomodulation effects of blue light on osteogenesis are induced by reactive oxygen species. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 39:5. [PMID: 38091111 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Blue light-mediated photobiomodulation (PBM) is a promising approach to promote osteogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms of PBM in osteogenesis are poorly understood. In this study, a human osteosarcoma cell line (i.e., Saos-2 cells) was subjected to intermittent blue light exposure (2500 µM/m2/s, 70 mW/cm2, 4.2 J/cm2, once every 48 h) and the effects on Saos-2 cell viability, metabolic activity, differentiation, and mineralization were investigated. In addition, this study addressed a possible role of blue light induced cellular oxidative stress as a mechanism for enhanced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Results showed that Saos-2 cell viability and metabolic activity were maintained upon blue light exposure compared to unilluminated controls, indicating no negative effects. To the contrary, blue light exposure significantly increased (p < 0.05) alkaline phosphatase activity and Saos-2 cell mediated mineralization. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was used for measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formed after blue light exposure. Together, these results suggest that the beneficial effects of blue light-mediated PBM on osteogenesis may be induced by controlled release of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Albaqami
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Blanche Aguida
- UMR8256, CNRS, IBPS, Sorbonne, Université, Paris, France
| | - Ayda Pourmostafa
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- UMR8256, CNRS, IBPS, Sorbonne, Université, Paris, France
| | - Vipuil Kishore
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sobierajska P, Wiatrak B, Jawien P, Janeczek M, Wiglusz K, Szeląg A, Wiglusz RJ. Imatinib-Functionalized Galactose Hydrogels Loaded with Nanohydroxyapatite as a Drug Delivery System for Osteosarcoma: In Vitro Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17891-17900. [PMID: 37251195 PMCID: PMC10210190 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an impact of structure (XRPD, FT-IR) and surface morphology (SEM-EDS) of imatinib-functionalized galactose hydrogels, loaded and unloaded with nHAp, on osteosarcoma cell (Saos-2 and U-2OS) viability, levels of free oxygen radicals, and nitric oxide, levels of BCL-2, p53, and caspase 3 and 9, as well as glycoprotein-P activity. It was investigated how the rough surface of the crystalline hydroxyapatite-modified hydrogel affected amorphous imatinib (IM) release. The imatinib drug effect on cell cultures has been demonstrated in different forms of administration-directly to the culture or the hydrogels. Administration of IM and hydrogel composites could be expected to reduce the risk of multidrug resistance development by inhibiting Pgp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sobierajska
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, Wroclaw 50-422, Poland
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department
of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland
| | - Paulina Jawien
- Department
of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Janeczek
- Department
of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wiglusz
- Department
of Basic Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department
of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland
| | - Rafal J. Wiglusz
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, Wroclaw 50-422, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng L, Wu F, Cao M, Li M, Cui J, Liu L, Zhao Y, Yang J. Effects of different physical factors on osteogenic differentiation. Biochimie 2023; 207:62-74. [PMID: 36336107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are essential for bone formation and can perceive external mechanical stimuli, which are translated into biochemical responses that ultimately alter cell phenotypes and respond to environmental stimuli, described as mechanical transduction. These cells actively participate in osteogenesis and the formation and mineralisation of the extracellular bone matrix. This review summarises the basic physiological and biological mechanisms of five different physical stimuli, i.e. light, electricity, magnetism, force and sound, to induce osteogenesis; further, it summarises the effects of changing culture conditions on the morphology, structure and function of osteoblasts. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for further studies on bone physiology and pathology at the cytological level and will be useful in the clinical application of bone formation and bone regeneration technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Fanzi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Mengjiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jingyao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Lijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Analysis of the effects of concentrated growth factor and low-level laser therapy on the bone healing. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12800. [PMID: 36691545 PMCID: PMC9860437 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate whether concentrated growth factor (CGF) and photobiomodulation (PBMT) can show synergistic effect on bone healing process. Methods In vivo osteogenesis studies were performed in a rabbit critical-sized calvarial defect model. Four 8 mm critical-sized bone defects were created on each rabbit calvarium, and these 4 defects were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1-control (defect filled with autologous blood clot); 2-CGF (defect filled with CGF); 3-LLLT (defect filled with autologous blood clot and received Nd:YAG low-level laser irradiation); 4-CGF + LLLT (defect filled with CGF and received LLLT). 15 Japanese big-ear white rabbits were operated on using the same procedure in this study. Then, 5 rabbits were selected randomly and sacrificed at 4th, 6th and 8th week postoperatively and respectively. The calvariums were harvested and scanned by micro-CT. The volumes of new bone formation of these defects were calculated by analyzing the micro-CT image. Data were analyzed as mean values of each group, comparisons were made for statistical analysis with the group and among the 4 groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Results At the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, compared with the control group, the volume of new bone formed in each experimental group was significantly increased. Both CGF and LLLT can accelerate bone healing, but the effect of LLLT is better than that of CGF, and the difference between the two is statistically significant (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the osteogenic effect between the combined application of CGF + LLLT and the application of CGF alone. And the osteogenic effect of the former two groups was weaker than that obtained by laser irradiation alone. Conclusions Both CGF and LLLT can promote osteogenesis effectively, but the combination of the two did not show a synergistic effect. The pro-osteogenic effect of Nd:YAG low-level laser irradiation is superior to that of CGF, and also superior to the combined effect of the two.
Collapse
|
9
|
Epstein JB, Arany PR, Yost SE, Yuan Y. Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Successful Medical Management of Complex Maxillary Alveolus with Sinus Involvement. Case Rep Oncol 2023; 16:397-413. [PMID: 37384201 PMCID: PMC10294216 DOI: 10.1159/000529502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in cancer patients presents a considerable challenge in management. Current management is primarily based on interventions in a limited number of cases assessing a single approach. Medical management typically is reported to include antimicrobial therapy with or without surgery. Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis have led to the investigation of additional medical interventions for early-stage necrosis. We present 3 patients with advanced-stage MRONJ of the maxilla using combined medical modalities including antimicrobial therapy, photobiomodulation therapy, pentoxifylline, vitamin E, and synthetic parathyroid hormone. All patients had a good outcome and avoided surgical intervention. We also report biological and functional imaging that may assist in more effective diagnosis and management of MRONJ. The 3 patients reported suggest that combined medical management should be considered in all cases of MRONJ (including stage III) prior to determining if surgical intervention is required. Functional imaging with a technetium bone scan or positron emission tomography scan correlated with diagnosis and confirmed resolution in patients. We present 3 challenging MRONJ patients that were effectively managed with a combined medical and nonsurgical therapy that demonstrated good clinical outcomes avoiding surgical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel B. Epstein
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Praveen R. Arany
- Department of Oral Biology, Surgery, and Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Susan E. Yost
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muzzio N, Eduardo Martinez-Cartagena M, Romero G. Soft nano and microstructures for the photomodulation of cellular signaling and behavior. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114554. [PMID: 36181993 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive soft materials are everywhere in the nature, from human's retina tissues to plants, and have been the inspiration for engineers in the development of modern biomedical materials. Light as an external stimulus is particularly attractive because it is relatively cheap, noninvasive to superficial biological tissues, can be delivered contactless and offers high spatiotemporal control. In the biomedical field, soft materials that respond to long wavelength or that incorporate a photon upconversion mechanism are desired to overcome the limited UV-visible light penetration into biological tissues. Upon light exposure, photosensitive soft materials respond through mechanisms of isomerization, crosslinking or cleavage, hyperthermia, photoreactions, electrical current generation, among others. In this review, we discuss the most recent applications of photosensitive soft materials in the modulation of cellular behavior, for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in drug delivery and for phototherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Muzzio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | | | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carbajal-De la Torre G, Zurita-Méndez NN, Ballesteros-Almanza MDL, Ortiz-Ortiz J, Estévez M, Espinosa-Medina MA. Characterization and Evaluation of Composite Biomaterial Bioactive Glass-Polylactic Acid for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153034. [PMID: 35893998 PMCID: PMC9332817 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The limitations associated with the clinical use of autographs and allografts are driving efforts to develop relevant and applicable biomaterial substitutes. In this research, 3D porous scaffolds composed of bioactive glass (BG) obtained through the sol-gel technique and polylactic acid (PLA) synthesized via lactic acid (LA) ring-opening polymerization were prepared by the gel-pressing technique. Two different weight compositions were evaluated, namely, BG70-PLA30 and BG30-PLA70. The structure and morphology of the resulting scaffolds were analysed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and under ASTM F1635 standard characterizations. The results confirmed that BG promotes the formation of a hydroxy-carbonated apatite (HAp) layer on composites when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Biodegradability evaluations were carried out according to the ISO 10993-13:2010 standard. In addition, electrochemical evaluations were performed in both Hank's and SBF solutions at 37 °C in order to analyse the degradation of the material. This evaluation allowed us to observe that both samples showed an activation mechanism in the early stages followed by pseudo-passivation due to physical bioactive glass characteristics, suggesting an improvement in the formation of the HAp nucleation. The described composites showed excellent resistance to degradation and outstanding suitability for bone tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Carbajal-De la Torre
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia C.P. 58000, Mexico; (N.N.Z.-M.); (J.O.-O.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.-D.); (M.A.E.-M.)
| | - Nancy N. Zurita-Méndez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia C.P. 58000, Mexico; (N.N.Z.-M.); (J.O.-O.)
| | | | - Javier Ortiz-Ortiz
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia C.P. 58000, Mexico; (N.N.Z.-M.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Miriam Estévez
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Espinosa-Medina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia C.P. 58000, Mexico; (N.N.Z.-M.); (J.O.-O.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.-D.); (M.A.E.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reis CHB, Buchaim RL, Pomini KT, Hamzé AL, Zattiti IV, Duarte MAH, Alcalde MP, Barraviera B, Ferreira Júnior RS, Pontes FML, Grandini CR, Ortiz ADC, Fideles SOM, Eugênio RMDC, Rosa Junior GM, Teixeira DDB, Pereira EDSBM, Pilon JPG, Miglino MA, Buchaim DV. Effects of a Biocomplex Formed by Two Scaffold Biomaterials, Hydroxyapatite/Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramic and Fibrin Biopolymer, with Photobiomodulation, on Bone Repair. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102075. [PMID: 35631957 PMCID: PMC9146558 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several treatment methods available for bone repair, although the effectiveness becomes limited in cases of large defects. The objective of this pre-clinical protocol was to evaluate the grafting of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic biomaterial (B; QualyBone BCP®, QualyLive, Amadora, Portugal) together with the heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB; CEVAP/UNESP Botucatu, Brazil) and with photobiomodulation (PBM; Laserpulse®, Ibramed, Amparo, Brazil) in the repair process of bone defects. Fifty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven animals each: the biomaterial group (G1/B), the biomaterial plus FB group (G2/BFB); the biomaterial plus PBM group (G3/B + PBM), and the biomaterial plus FB plus PBM group (G4/BFB + PBM). After anesthesia, a critical defect was performed in the center of the rats’ parietal bones, then filled and treated according to their respective groups. The rats were euthanized at 14 and 42 postoperative days. Histomorphologically, at 42 days, the G4/BFB + PBM group showed a more advanced maturation transition, with more organized and mature bone areas forming concentric lamellae. A birefringence analysis of collagen fibers also showed a more advanced degree of maturation for the G4/BFB + PBM group. In the comparison between the groups, in the two experimental periods (14 and 42 days), in relation to the percentage of formation of new bone tissue, a significant difference was found between all groups (G1/B (5.42 ± 1.12; 21.49 ± 4.74), G2/BFB (5.00 ± 0.94; 21.77 ± 2.83), G3/B + PBM (12.65 ± 1.78; 29.29 ± 2.93), and G4/BFB + PBM (12.65 ± 2.32; 31.38 ± 2.89)). It was concluded that the use of PBM with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) positively interfered in the repair process of bone defects previously filled with the biocomplex formed by the heterologous fibrin biopolymer associated with the synthetic ceramic of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique Bertoni Reis
- UNIMAR Beneficent Hospital (HBU), University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (J.P.G.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3235-8220
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Abdul Latif Hamzé
- Medical School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil; (A.L.H.); (I.V.Z.); (R.M.d.C.E.)
| | | | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil;
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Health Science, Unisagrado University Center, Bauru 17011-160, Brazil; (M.P.A.); (G.M.R.J.)
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (B.B.); (R.S.F.J.)
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Júnior
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (B.B.); (R.S.F.J.)
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Fenelon Martinho Lima Pontes
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Roberto Grandini
- Laboratório de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Adriana de Cássia Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
| | - Simone Ortiz Moura Fideles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
| | | | - Geraldo Marco Rosa Junior
- Department of Health Science, Unisagrado University Center, Bauru 17011-160, Brazil; (M.P.A.); (G.M.R.J.)
- Faculdade Ibero Americana de São Paulo, FIASP, Piraju 18810-818, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Bortoli Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil
| | - Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
| | - João Paulo Galletti Pilon
- UNIMAR Beneficent Hospital (HBU), University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (J.P.G.P.)
- Postgraduate Program in Speech Therapy, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Marília 17525-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
- Teaching and Research Coordination of the Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang L, Gong W, Huang G, Li J, Wu J, Wang Y, Dong Y. The additive effects of photobiomodulation and bioactive glasses on enhancing early angiogenesis. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35477157 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac6b07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Early angiogenesis is important to facilitate biomaterials' osteogenic effects and avoid the bone regeneration failure for large-sized bone defects. Bioactive glasses (BG) have been widely utilized as a biomaterial for bone repair. However, the early angiogenesis of BG may be inadequate. In this study, we explored the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) combined with BG on early angiogenesis to solve this bottleneck problem of insufficient early angiogenesis. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with BG extracts and treated with PBM using 1 J/cm2. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and tubule formation assay were utilized to detect HUVECs' proliferation, vascular growth factor genes expression and tubules formation. In vivo, bone defects at the femoral metaphysis in Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with BG particulates and PBM at 120 J/cm2. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to observe the vascular-like structure formation. In vitro results showed that PBM combined with BG significantly promoted HUVECs' proliferation, genes expression and mature tubules formation. On days 2, 4 and 7, the VEGF gene expression in BG+PBM group was 2.70-, 2.59- and 3.05-fold higher than control (P<0.05), and higher than PBM and BG groups (P<0.05). On days 4 and 7, the bFGF gene expression in BG+PBM group was 2.42- and 1.82-fold higher than control (P<0.05), and also higher than PBM and BG groups (P<0.05). Tube formation assay showed that mature tubules formed in BG+PBM and PBM groups after 4 hours. The tubules number in BG+PBM group was significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). In vivo results further confirmed that PBM induced early angiogenesis. More vascular-like structures were observed in BG+PBM and PBM groups 2-week post surgery. In conclusion, with the optimum PBM fluence and BG concentration, PBM combined with BG exerted additive effects on enhancing early angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Huang
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, CHINA
| | - Weiyu Gong
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, Beijing, 100081, CHINA
| | - Guibin Huang
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, Beijing, 100081, CHINA
| | - Jingyi Li
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, Beijing, 100081, CHINA
| | - Jilin Wu
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, Beijing, 100081, CHINA
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, Beijing, 100081, CHINA
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, Beijing, 100081, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seifert A, Tylek T, Blum C, Hemmelmann N, Böttcher B, Gbureck U, Groll J. Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials trigger human macrophages to release extracellular traps. Biomaterials 2022; 285:121521. [PMID: 35523018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As central part of the innate immune response, immune cells fight against invaders through various mechanisms, such as the release of extracellular traps (ETs). While this mechanism is mainly known for neutrophils in biomaterial contact, the release of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in response to biomaterials has not yet been reported. An important application area for biomaterials is bone, where healing of defects of a critical size requires the implantation of grafts, which are often composed of calcium phosphates (CaPs). In this study, the response of human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro to two different CaPs (α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)) as well as different pore structures was investigated. Scaffolds with anisotropic porosity were prepared by directional freezing, while samples with isotropic pore structure served as reference. It was revealed that ETs are released by human monocyte-derived macrophages in direct or indirect contact with CaP scaffolds. This was caused by mineral nanoparticles formed during incubation of α-TCP samples in culture medium supplemented with human platelet lysate, with an anisotropic pore structure attenuating MET formation. METs were significantly less pronounced or absent in association with CDHA samples. It was furthermore demonstrated that MET formation was accompanied by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this study provided the first evidence that macrophages are capable of releasing ETs in response to biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Seifert
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tina Tylek
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carina Blum
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Naomi Hemmelmann
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|