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Nowak-Jary J, Machnicka B. In vivo Biodistribution and Clearance of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4067-4100. [PMID: 37525695 PMCID: PMC10387276 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s415063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite and maghemite) are intensively studied due to their broad potential applications in medical and biological sciences. Their unique properties, such as nanometric size, large specific surface area, and superparamagnetism, allow them to be used in targeted drug delivery and internal radiotherapy by targeting an external magnetic field. In addition, they are successfully used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, and radiolabelling. The appropriate design of nanoparticles allows them to be delivered to the desired tissues and organs. The desired biodistribution of nanoparticles, eg, cancerous tumors, is increased using an external magnetic field. Thus, knowledge of the biodistribution of these nanoparticles is essential for medical applications. It allows for determining whether nanoparticles are captured by the desired organs or accumulated in other tissues, which may lead to potential toxicity. This review article presents the main organs where nanoparticles accumulate. The sites of their first uptake are usually the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, but with the appropriate design of nanoparticles, they can also be accumulated in organs such as the lungs, heart, or brain. In addition, the review describes the factors affecting the biodistribution of nanoparticles, including their size, shape, surface charge, coating molecules, and route of administration. Modern techniques for determining nanoparticle accumulation sites and concentration in isolated tissues or the body in vivo are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowak-Jary
- University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Zielona Gora, 65-516, Poland
| | - Beata Machnicka
- University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Zielona Gora, 65-516, Poland
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Xu X, Cui Y, Bu H, Chen J, Li Y, Tang G, Wang LQ. A photosensitizer loaded hemoglobin–polymer conjugate as a nanocarrier for enhanced photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1825-1833. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hemoglobin–polymer conjugate (HbTcMs) with oxygen supply was applied to generate more singlet oxygen for enhanced photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Yuecheng Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Huixuan Bu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310028
- China
| | - Guping Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310028
- China
| | - Li-Qun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
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Arami H, Khandhar A, Liggitt D, Krishnan KM. In vivo delivery, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8576-607. [PMID: 26390044 PMCID: PMC4648695 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00541h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively used during the last two decades, either as effective bio-imaging contrast agents or as carriers of biomolecules such as drugs, nucleic acids and peptides for controlled delivery to specific organs and tissues. Most of these novel applications require elaborate tuning of the physiochemical and surface properties of the IONPs. As new IONPs designs are envisioned, synergistic consideration of the body's innate biological barriers against the administered nanoparticles and the short and long-term side effects of the IONPs become even more essential. There are several important criteria (e.g. size and size-distribution, charge, coating molecules, and plasma protein adsorption) that can be effectively tuned to control the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the IONPs. This paper reviews these crucial parameters, in light of biological barriers in the body, and the latest IONPs design strategies used to overcome them. A careful review of the long-term biodistribution and side effects of the IONPs in relation to nanoparticle design is also given. While the discussions presented in this review are specific to IONPs, some of the information can be readily applied to other nanoparticle systems, such as gold, silver, silica, calcium phosphates and various polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Arami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Amit Khandhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Kannan M. Krishnan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
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Shan X, Yuan Y, Liu C. Preparation and characterization of PEG-modified PCL nanoparticles for oxygen carrier: a new application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of the hemoglobin in nanoparticles. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 43:345-54. [PMID: 24620994 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.887019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molar ratio on the nanoparticles (NPs) properties is described herein. Especially, a facile and nondestructive determination route has been raised to quantify the hemoglobin (Hb) amounts in NPs via an internal standard FTIR method. The subsequent results indicated that, briefly, the PEG molar ratio did negligible influence on the size distribution of NPs, however, it did have great effect on the NPs zeta potential and hydrophilicity as well as the Hb loading amount. These findings highlight that the PEG density on the surface is a key parameter affecting the NPs properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Shan
- a School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , PR China
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Dobrunz D, Toma AC, Tanner P, Pfohl T, Palivan CG. Polymer nanoreactors with dual functionality: simultaneous detoxification of peroxynitrite and oxygen transport. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:15889-15899. [PMID: 23083075 DOI: 10.1021/la302724m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The design of multifunctional systems is in focus today as a key strategy for coping with complex challenges in various domains that include chemistry, medicine, environmental sciences, and technology. Herein, we introduce protein-containing polymer nanoreactors with dual functionality: peroxynitrite degradation and oxygen transport. Vesicles made of poly-(2-methyloxazoline)-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(2-methyloxazoline) successfully encapsulated hemoglobin (Hb), which serves as a model protein because of its dual function in oxygen transport and peroxynitrite degradation. By inserting channel proteins, the polymer membranes of vesicles permitted passage of various compounds that served for the assessment of in situ Hb activity. The requisite conformational changes in the protein structure and the change in oxidation states that took place within the confined space of the vesicle cavity demonstrated that Hb preserved its dual functionality: peroxynitrite degradation and oxygen transport. The functionality of our nanoreactor, combined with its simple procedure of production and extensive stability over several months, supports it as a promising system for further medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dobrunz
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Nadithe V, Bae YH. Synthesis and characterization of hemoglobin conjugates with antioxidant enzymes via poly(ethylene glycol) cross-linker (Hb-SOD-CAT) for protection from free radical stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:603-13. [PMID: 20723561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) conjugated with the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), by employing dicarboxymethylated poly(ethylene glycol), was designed for protection of hemoglobin against free radicals. In this study, the conjugation process was confirmed by employing SDS-PAGE and SEC techniques. The average molecular weight of the conjugates was estimated to be around 1000 kDa. The enzymatic activities of the SOD and CAT in the conjugates (Hb-SOD-CAT) after conjugation were found to retain greater than 70% and 90% of the original bioactivity. Results show that antioxidant enzymes helped minimize methemoglobin (non-carrier of oxygen) formation during the conjugation process and also during storage at 4°C over a period of 1 month. In summary, the optimized (1:10 Hb/PEG) crosslinked conjugates with antioxidant enzymes showed protective properties from severe free radical stresses when incubated with hydrogen peroxide (0.1 and 1 mM) and xanthine (1 mM)/xanthine oxidase (10 and 20 mU/ml) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatareddy Nadithe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 315, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Sheng Y, Liu C, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Shan X, Xu F. Porosity and semipermeability of hemoglobin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles as potential blood substitutes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 91:631-642. [PMID: 19582859 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Porosity and semipermeability, allowing life-sustaining small molecules to penetrate, but hemoglobin (Hb) and other enzymes to cut off, predominantly affect the functionalities of the Hb-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (HbPNPs) as blood substitutes. In this article, HbPNPs formulated in the size range of 110-122 nm were prepared by a modified double-emulsion method with poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based polymers. The influences of the main preparation conditions, including solvent composition, stirring speed, Hb concentration and polymer matrix, on the porosity were investigated in details. To evaluate the porosity of HbPNPs, a novel nondestructive testing method based on molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) was developed, and an effusion approach was applied to investigate the pore size in the particle shells with poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) of different molecular weights (PEG200, PEG400, PEG600) as probes. Moreover, in vitro diffusion behaviors of ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione from HbPNPs fabricated with various polymer matrices were studied. The MWCO of HbPNPs by changing solvent composition, stirring speed, Hb concentration, and polymer composition varied from 200 to 600, especially the PEGylation of the polymer, which exhibited obvious influence on the MWCO of HbPNPs. Ascorbic acid with molecular weight 176.1 could diffuse into PEGylated nanoparticles with mPEG content of 5-30 wt % freely, while reduced glutathione with molecular weight 307.3 could not penetrate when mPEG content reached 30 wt %. These results suggest that the HbPNPs optimized with MWCO between 400 and 600 can facilitate the transport of all those life-sustaining small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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Sheng Y, Yuan Y, Liu C, Tao X, Shan X, Xu F. In vitro macrophage uptake and in vivo biodistribution of PLA-PEG nanoparticles loaded with hemoglobin as blood substitutes: effect of PEG content. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2009; 20:1881-1891. [PMID: 19365612 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to investigate the effect of PEG content in copolymer on physicochemical properties, in vitro macrophage uptake, in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hemoglobin (Hb)-loaded nanoparticles (HbP) used as blood substitutes. The HbP were prepared from PLA and PLA-PEG copolymer of varying PEG contents (5, 10, and 20 wt%) by a modified w/o/w method and characterized with regard to their morphology, size, surface charge, drug loading, surface hydrophilicity, and PEG coating efficiency. The in vitro macrophage uptake, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution following intravenous administration in mice of HbP labeled with 6-coumarin, were evaluated. The HbP prepared were all in the range of 100-200 nm with highest encapsulation efficiency 87.89%, surface charge -10 to -33 mV, static contact angle from 54.25 degrees to 68.27 degrees , and PEG coating efficiency higher than 80%. Compared with PLA HbP, PEGylation could notably avoid the macrophage uptake of HbP, in particular when the PEG content was 10 wt%, a minimum uptake (6.76%) was achieved after 1 h cultivation. In vivo, besides plasma, the major cumulative organ was the liver. All PLA-PEG HbP exhibited dramatically prolonged blood circulation and reduced liver accumulation, compared with the corresponding PLA HbP. The PEG content in copolymer affected significantly the survival time in blood. Optimum PEG coating (10 wt%) appeared to exist leading to the most prolonged blood circulation of PLA-PEG HbP, with a half-life of 34.3 h, much longer than that obtained by others (24.2 h). These results demonstrated that PEG 10 wt% modified PLA HbP with suitable size, surface charge, and surface hydrophilicity, has a promising potential as long-circulating oxygen carriers with desirable biocompatibility and biofunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Mailbox 112, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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