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Park JH, Tucker SJ, Yoon JK, Kim Y, Hollister SJ. 3D printing modality effect: Distinct printing outcomes dependent on selective laser sintering (SLS) and melt extrusion. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:1015-1024. [PMID: 38348580 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
A direct and comprehensive comparative study on different 3D printing modalities was performed. We employed two representative 3D printing modalities, laser- and extrusion-based, which are currently used to produce patient-specific medical implants for clinical translation, to assess how these two different 3D printing modalities affect printing outcomes. The same solid and porous constructs were created from the same biomaterial, a blend of 96% poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and 4% hydroxyapatite (HA), using two different 3D printing modalities. Constructs were analyzed to assess their printing characteristics, including morphological, mechanical, and biological properties. We also performed an in vitro accelerated degradation study to compare their degradation behaviors. Despite the same input material, the 3D constructs created from different 3D printing modalities showed distinct differences in morphology, surface roughness and internal void fraction, which resulted in different mechanical properties and cell responses. In addition, the constructs exhibited different degradation rates depending on the 3D printing modalities. Given that each 3D printing modality has inherent characteristics that impact printing outcomes and ultimately implant performance, understanding the characteristics is crucial in selecting the 3D printing modality to create reliable biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Park
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for 3D Medical Fabrication, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - YongTae Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (IBB), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott J Hollister
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for 3D Medical Fabrication, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Stafin K, Śliwa P, Piątkowski M. Towards Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Tissue Engineering: A Biomimetic Approach in a 3D Printing Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16180. [PMID: 38003368 PMCID: PMC10671727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar bone is a unique type of bone, and the goal of bone tissue engineering (BTE) is to develop methods to facilitate its regeneration. Currently, an emerging trend involves the fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL)-based scaffolds using a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to enhance an osteoconductive architecture. These scaffolds are further modified with hydroxyapatite (HA), type I collagen (CGI), or chitosan (CS) to impart high osteoinductive potential. In conjunction with cell therapy, these scaffolds may serve as an appealing alternative to bone autografts. This review discusses research gaps in the designing of 3D-printed PCL-based scaffolds from a biomimetic perspective. The article begins with a systematic analysis of biological mineralisation (biomineralisation) and ossification to optimise the scaffold's structural, mechanical, degradation, and surface properties. This scaffold-designing strategy lays the groundwork for developing a research pathway that spans fundamental principles such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and fabrication techniques. Ultimately, this paves the way for systematic in vitro and in vivo studies, leading to potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Stafin
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (P.Ś.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Śliwa
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Marek Piątkowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, PL 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Li N, Khan SB, Chen S, Aiyiti W, Zhou J, Lu B. Promising New Horizons in Medicine: Medical Advancements with Nanocomposite Manufacturing via 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4122. [PMID: 37896366 PMCID: PMC10610836 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology has fundamentally revolutionized the product development processes in several industries. Three-dimensional printing enables the creation of tailored prostheses and other medical equipment, anatomical models for surgical planning and training, and even innovative means of directly giving drugs to patients. Polymers and their composites have found broad usage in the healthcare business due to their many beneficial properties. As a result, the application of 3D printing technology in the medical area has transformed the design and manufacturing of medical devices and prosthetics. Polymers and their composites have become attractive materials in this industry because of their unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical qualities. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state-of-the-art applications of polymer and its composites in the medical field using 3D printing technology. It covers the latest research developments in the design and manufacturing of patient-specific medical devices, prostheses, and anatomical models for surgical planning and training. The article also discusses the use of 3D printing technology for drug delivery systems (DDS) and tissue engineering. Various 3D printing techniques, such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS), are reviewed, along with their benefits and drawbacks. Legal and regulatory issues related to the use of 3D printing technology in the medical field are also addressed. The article concludes with an outlook on the future potential of polymer and its composites in 3D printing technology for the medical field. The research findings indicate that 3D printing technology has enormous potential to revolutionize the development and manufacture of medical devices, leading to improved patient outcomes and better healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School of Education (Normal School), Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Sadaf Bashir Khan
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shenggui Chen
- School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
| | - Wurikaixi Aiyiti
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Bingheng Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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3D printing of bio-instructive materials: Toward directing the cell. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:292-327. [PMID: 35574057 PMCID: PMC9058956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Laubach M, Kobbe P, Hutmacher DW. Biodegradable interbody cages for lumbar spine fusion: Current concepts and future directions. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121699. [PMID: 35995620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lumbar fusion often remains the last treatment option for various acute and chronic spinal conditions, including infectious and degenerative diseases. Placement of a cage in the intervertebral space has become a routine clinical treatment for spinal fusion surgery to provide sufficient biomechanical stability, which is required to achieve bony ingrowth of the implant. Routinely used cages for clinical application are made of titanium (Ti) or polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Ti has been used since the 1980s; however, its shortcomings, such as impaired radiographical opacity and higher elastic modulus compared to bone, have led to the development of PEEK cages, which are associated with reduced stress shielding as well as no radiographical artefacts. Since PEEK is bioinert, its osteointegration capacity is limited, which in turn enhances fibrotic tissue formation and peri-implant infections. To address shortcomings of both of these biomaterials, interdisciplinary teams have developed biodegradable cages. Rooted in promising preclinical large animal studies, a hollow cylindrical cage (Hydrosorb™) made of 70:30 poly-l-lactide-co-d, l-lactide acid (PLDLLA) was clinically studied. However, reduced bony integration and unfavourable long-term clinical outcomes prohibited its routine clinical application. More recently, scaffold-guided bone regeneration (SGBR) with application of highly porous biodegradable constructs is emerging. Advancements in additive manufacturing technology now allow the cage designs that match requirements, such as stiffness of surrounding tissues, while providing long-term biomechanical stability. A favourable clinical outcome has been observed in the treatment of various bone defects, particularly for 3D-printed composite scaffolds made of medical-grade polycaprolactone (mPCL) in combination with a ceramic filler material. Therefore, advanced cage design made of mPCL and ceramic may also carry initial high spinal forces up to the time of bony fusion and subsequently resorb without clinical side effects. Furthermore, surface modification of implants is an effective approach to simultaneously reduce microbial infection and improve tissue integration. We present a design concept for a scaffold surface which result in osteoconductive and antimicrobial properties that have the potential to achieve higher rates of fusion and less clinical complications. In this review, we explore the preclinical and clinical studies which used bioresorbable cages. Furthermore, we critically discuss the need for a cutting-edge research program that includes comprehensive preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies to enable successful translation from bench to bedside. We develop such a conceptual framework by examining the state-of-the-art literature and posing the questions that will guide this field in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Laubach
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000 Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kobbe
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000 Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Max Planck Queensland Center for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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Yoshida M, Turner PR, McAdam CJ, Ali MA, Cabral JD. A comparison between β-tricalcium phosphate verse chitosan poly-caprolactone-based 3D melt extruded composite scaffolds. Biopolymers 2021; 113:e23482. [PMID: 34812488 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Melt extrusion 3D printing has become an attractive additive manufacturing technology to construct degradable scaffolds as tissue precursors in order to create clinically relevant medical devices. Towards this end, a commonly used synthetic polyester, poly-caprolactone (PCL), was used to make scaffolds composed of different biomaterial compositions to increase bioactivity using 3D melt pneumatic extrusion technology. Varying ratios of the natural biopolymer, chitosan, or the bioceramic, β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were blended with PCL to fabricate support scaffolds with three-dimensional (3D) architecture for human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) growth for potential bone regeneration application. In this study, basic printing requirements as well as biomaterial dynamic mechanical (DMA), elemental, and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis results demonstrate material homogeneity as well as thermal stability. Scaffold morphology and microarchitecture were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) alongside in vitro scaffold degradation and biological characterisation. Human BMSC proliferation was assessed using fluorescence imaging, and quantitated via the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. These in vitro cell viability studies revealed that the highest chitosan concentration blend of 20% favoured the most hBMSC growth, exhibited the most swelling, and showed minimal degradation after 28 days. The 20% TCP blend had the second highest hBMSC growth, exhibited moderate swelling, and the fastest degradation rate. Overall, this study demonstrates the first direct comparison of a natural biopolymer-based, that is, chitosan, 3D melt extruded PCL composite with that of a bioceramic-based, that is, β-TCP, PCL composite and their effects on hBMSC 3D proliferation. 3D melt extruded PCL-based composite scaffolds methodology offers a straightforward way to print scaffolds with good shape fidelity, interconnected porosities and enhanced bioactivity; and demonstrates their potential use for regenerative, bone repair applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Yoshida
- Centre of Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, School of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul R Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Mohammed Azam Ali
- Centre of Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, School of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jaydee D Cabral
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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7
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Cha M, Jin YZ, Park JW, Lee KM, Han SH, Choi BS, Lee JH. Three-dimensional printed polylactic acid scaffold integrated with BMP-2 laden hydrogel for precise bone regeneration. Biomater Res 2021; 25:35. [PMID: 34706765 PMCID: PMC8554986 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical bone defects remain challenges for clinicians, which cannot heal spontaneously and require medical intervention. Following the development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is widely used in bone tissue engineering for its outstanding customizability. The 3D printed scaffolds were usually accompanied with growth factors, such as bone morphometric protein 2 (BMP-2), whose effects have been widely investigated on bone regeneration. We previously fabricated and investigated the effect of a polylactic acid (PLA) cage/Biogel scaffold as a carrier of BMP-2. In this study, we furtherly investigated the effect of another shape of PLA cage/Biogel scaffold as a carrier of BMP-2 in a rat calvaria defect model and an ectopic ossification (EO) model. METHOD The PLA scaffold was printed with a basic commercial 3D printer, and the PLA scaffold was combined with gelatin and alginate-based Biogel and BMP-2 to induce bone regeneration. The experimental groups were divided into PLA scaffold, PLA scaffold with Biogel, PLA scaffold filled with BMP-2, and PLA scaffold with Biogel and BMP-2 and were tested both in vitro and in vivo. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was used to determine whether statistically significant difference exists between groups. RESULT The in vitro results showed the cage/Biogel scaffold released BMP-2 with an initial burst release and followed by a sustained slow-release pattern. The released BMP-2 maintained its osteoinductivity for at least 14 days. The in vivo results showed the cage/Biogel/BMP-2 group had the highest bone regeneration in the rat calvarial defect model and EO model. Especially, the bone regenerated more regularly in the EO model at the implanted sites, which indicated the cage/Biogel had an outstanding ability to control the shape of regenerated bone. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the 3D printed PLA cage/Biogel scaffold system was proved to be a proper carrier for BMP-2 that induced significant bone regeneration and induced bone formation following the designed shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Cha
- Biotechnology Institute, Medifab Co. LTD., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 085-84, South Korea.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 39 Boramae Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.,Spine Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Wook Park
- Biotechnology Institute, Medifab Co. LTD., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 085-84, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mee Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 39 Boramae Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea
| | - Shi Huan Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Byung Sun Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 39 Boramae Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 39 Boramae Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. .,Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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8
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Han SH, Cha M, Jin YZ, Lee KM, Lee JH. BMP-2 and hMSC dual delivery onto 3D printed PLA-Biogel scaffold for critical-size bone defect regeneration in rabbit tibia. Biomed Mater 2020; 16:015019. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Gupta D, Singh AK, Kar N, Dravid A, Bellare J. Modelling and optimization of NaOH-etched 3-D printed PCL for enhanced cellular attachment and growth with minimal loss of mechanical strength. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:602-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3D printed polymer–mineral composite biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: Fabrication and characterization. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2579-2595. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nune KC, Misra RDK, Bai Y, Li S, Yang R. Interplay of topographical and biochemical cues in regulating osteoblast cellular activity in BMP-2 eluting three-dimensional cellular titanium alloy mesh structures. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:49-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chaitanya Nune
- Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at El Paso; 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968
| | - R. Devesh Kumar Misra
- Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at El Paso; 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968
| | - Yun Bai
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science; Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Shujun Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science; Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Rui Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science; Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016 China
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12
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Hajiali F, Tajbakhsh S, Shojaei A. Fabrication and Properties of Polycaprolactone Composites Containing Calcium Phosphate-Based Ceramics and Bioactive Glasses in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. POLYM REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1332640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Hajiali
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Tajbakhsh
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Shojaei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Fabrication of uniform-sized poly-ɛ-caprolactone microspheres and their applications in human embryonic stem cell culture. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 17:105. [PMID: 26458560 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of liquefied poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) droplets by means of a microfluidic device results in uniform-sized microspheres, which are validated as microcarriers for human embryonic stem cell culture. Formed droplet size and size distribution, as well as the resulting PCL microsphere size, are correlated with the viscosity and flow rate ratio of the dispersed (Q d) and continuous (Q c) phases. PCL in dichloromethane increases its viscosity with concentration and molecular weight. Higher viscosity and Q d/Q c lead to the formation of larger droplets, within two observed formation modes: dripping and jetting. At low viscosity of dispersed phase and Q d/Q c, the microfluidic device is operated in dripping mode, which generates droplets and microspheres with greater size uniformity. Solutions with lower molecular weight PCL have lower viscosity, resulting in a wider concentration range for the dripping mode. When coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, the fabricated PCL microspheres are demonstrated capable of supporting the expansion of human embryonic stem cells.
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Wang H, Wu G, Zhang J, Zhou K, Yin B, Su X, Qiu G, Yang G, Zhang X, Zhou G, Wu Z. Osteogenic effect of controlled released rhBMP-2 in 3D printed porous hydroxyapatite scaffold. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:491-498. [PMID: 26896655 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 3D printing as effective technology has been highlighted in the biomedical field. Previously, a porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold with the biocompatibility and osteoconductivity has been developed by this method. However, its osteoinductivity is limited. The main purpose of this study was to improve it by the introduction of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). This scaffold was developed by coating rhBMP-2-delivery microspheres with collagen. These synthesized scaffolds were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), a delivery test in vitro, cell culture, and the experiments in vivo by a Micro-computed tomography (μCT) scan and histological evaluation of VanGieson staining. SEM results indicated the surface of scaffolds were more fit for the adhesion of hMSCs to coat collagen/rhBMP-2 microspheres. Biphasic release of rhBMP-2 could continue for more than 21 days, and keep its osteoinductivity to induce osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in vitro. In addition, the experiments in vivo showed that the scaffold had a good bone regeneration capacity. These findings demonstrate that the HA/Collagen/Chitosan Microspheres system can simultaneously achieve localized long-term controlled release of rhBMP-2 and bone regeneration, which provides a promising route for improving the treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Gui Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kui Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xinlin Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease, Beijing 100730, China.
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15
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Shim JH, Kim SE, Park JY, Kundu J, Kim SW, Kang SS, Cho DW. Three-dimensional printing of rhBMP-2-loaded scaffolds with long-term delivery for enhanced bone regeneration in a rabbit diaphyseal defect. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1980-92. [PMID: 24517081 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) delivery system with slow mode was successfully developed in three-dimensional (3D) printing-based polycaprolactone (PCL)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds for bone formation of critical-sized rabbit segmental diaphyseal defect. To control the delivery of the rhBMP-2, collagen (for long-term delivery up to 28 days) and gelatin (for shor-term delivery within a week) solutions encapsulating rhBMP-2 were dispensed into a hollow cylinderical type of PCL/PLGA scaffold. An effective dose of 5μg/mL was determined by measuring the alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin gene expression levels of human nasal inferior turbinate-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hTMSCs) seeded on the PCL/PLGA/collagen scaffold in vitro. However, it was found that a burst release of rhBMP-2 from the PCL/PLGA/gelatin scaffold did not induce the osteogenic differentiation of hTMSCs in vitro at an equivalent dose. In the in vivo animal experiements, microcomputed tomography and histological analyses confirmed that PCL/PLGA/collagen/rhBMP-2 scaffolds (long-term delivery mode) showed the best bone healing quality at both weeks 4 and 8 after implantation without inflammatory response. On the other hand, a large number of macrophages indicating severe inflammation provoked by burst release of rhBMP-2 were observed in the vicinity of PCL/PLGA/gelatin/rhBMP-2 (short-term delivery mode) at week 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Shim
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Polytechnic University , Siheung, South Korea
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Columbus S, Krishnan LK, Kalliyana Krishnan V. Relating pore size variation of poly (ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds to molecular weight of porogen and evaluation of scaffold properties after degradation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 102:789-96. [PMID: 24142458 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The major challenge in designing a scaffold for fabricating tissue engineered blood vessels is optimization of its microstructure for supporting uniform cellular in-growth with good mechanical integrity and degradation kinetics suitable for long-term implantation. In this study, we have investigated the feasibility of varying the pore size of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold by altering the molecular weight of porogen and studied the effect of degradation on morphological characteristics and mechanical properties of scaffolds by correlating to the extent of degradation. Scaffolds with two different pore sizes were prepared by solvent casting and particulate leaching where poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) porogens having two molecular weights (3400 and 8000) were used and subjected to in vitro degradation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) upto six months. Microcomputed tomography studies of scaffolds revealed narrower pore size distribution when PEG-3400 was used as porogen and had 78% pores in the 12-24 µ range, whereas incorporation of PEG-8000 resulted in broader distribution with only 65% pores in the same range. Degradation resulted in scaffolds with narrower pore size distribution to have better retention of morphological and mechanical characteristics compared to scaffolds with broader distribution. Gravimetric and molecular weight studies also showed that scaffold degradation in both cases was only in initial stages after 6 months and PCL scaffolds had potential to be recommended for vascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Columbus
- Dental Products Laboratory, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 012, India
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Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Tan W, Lang M. Effect of porosity on long-term degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) scaffolds and their cellular response. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Soft and hard tissue management in implant therapy-part I: surgical concepts. Int J Biomater 2012; 2012:531202. [PMID: 22829828 PMCID: PMC3399421 DOI: 10.1155/2012/531202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant therapy has become a reliable and predictable treatment alternative for the replacement of missing teeth with conventional removable and fixed partial dentures. Recently though, in the pursuit for improved esthetics, the literature has dedicated a considerable amount of its research on the successful maintenance and regeneration of the surrounding gingiva and bone, which are lost following extraction of a tooth. Thoroughly analyzing the anatomic situation and well-planned treatment has become a requirement, because incorrectly planned and positioned implants may jeopardize long-term esthetic and functional prognosis. In addition, many types of biocompatible materials, autogenous hard and soft tissue grafts, and different surgical techniques have been developed, and their viability has been investigated. As a result, implant specialists have gained a greater understanding of the dynamics and anatomical and biological concepts of the periodontium and peri-implant tissues both at the surgical and prosthetic phases of treatment, which contributes to better soft and hard tissue management (SHTM). This may further contribute to achieving a superior final result which is obtained by having a harmonious soft tissue profile, a correctly placed and contoured final restoration, and the reestablishment of masticatory function and phonetics.
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Yeo A, Cheok C, Teoh SH, Zhang ZY, Buser D, Bosshardt DD. Lateral ridge augmentation using a PCL-TCP scaffold in a clinically relevant but challenging micropig model. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 23:1322-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Yeo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; National Dental Centre; SingHealth; Singapore
| | - C. Cheok
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; National Dental Centre; SingHealth; Singapore
| | | | - Z. Y. Zhang
- Centre for Biomedical Material Applications and Technology (BIOMAT); Singapore
| | - D. Buser
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
| | - D. D. Bosshardt
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
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Fusion performance of low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 and bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells in biodegradable scaffolds: a comparative study in a large animal model of anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36:1752-9. [PMID: 21673630 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31822576a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A large animal study comparing interbody fusion of a bioresorbable scaffold loaded with either low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) or bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (BMSCs). OBJECTIVE To compare the quality of fusion resulting from implantation of medical grade poly (ε-caprolactone)-20% tricalcium phosphate (mPCL/TCP) scaffolds and two different bone growth stimulating agents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Nondegradable cages have been used for interbody fusion with good results. However, the overall advantage of lifelong implantation of a nondegradable device remains a subject of ongoing debate. The use of bioresorbable scaffolds might offer superior alternatives. In this study, we evaluated the quality of fusion obtained with two potential bone graft substitutes. METHODS Eleven Yorkshire pigs underwent a bisegmental (L2/L3; L4/L5) anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) in four groups, namely: (1) mPCL/TCP + 0.6 mg rhBMP-2; (2) mPCL/TCP + BMSCs; (3) mPCL/TCP (negative control); and (4) autologous bone grafts (positive control). RESULTS. The mean radiographic scores at 9 months were 3.0, 1.7, 1.0, and 1.8 for groups 1 to 4, respectively. The bone volume fraction of group 1 was two-folds higher than group 2. Histology, micro-computed tomographic scanning and biomechanical evaluation demonstrated solid and comparable fusion between groups 1 and 4. However, group 2 showed inferior quality of fusion when compared with groups 1 and 4 while group 3 showed no fusion even at 9 months. In addition, there was no evidence of implant rejection, chronic inflammation or any other complications. CONCLUSION mPCL/TCP scaffolds loaded with low-dose rhBMP-2 is comparable to autograft bone as a bone graft substitute in this large animal ALIF model. Although BMSCs lagged behind autograft bone and rhBMP-2, evidence of bone ingrowth in this group warrants further investigation. Our results suggest that mPCL/TCP scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2 or BMSCs may be a viable alternative to conventional cages and autograft bone.
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Evaluation of the Degradation Properties of Carbonate Substituted Hydroxyapatite-Poly( ε-caprolactone) Composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to produce and characterise carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite (CHA) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocomposites with a controlled degradation rate in order to match the rate of bone in-growth. The ideal degradation time for this purpose is estimated to be around 5-6 months however, in vivo, PCL degrades over a period of 2 to 3 years. It has been reported that NaOH surface treatment can accelerate the degradation of PCL [1-3]. In order to further modify the degradation rate of PCL, the effects of the incorporation of different volume fractions of CHA in samples surface treated with NaOH was investigated. CHA was produced by wet chemical synthesis. Samples comprising 8, 19, 25 wt% uncalcined CHA-PCL composites were produced by twin screw extrusion which were then injection moulded into cylinders. In order to accelerate the degradation rate of PCL, it was surface treated with 5 M NaOH for 3 days prior to PBS studies. The degradation profile was examined by % weight loss and % water uptake measurements. NaOH treatment was observed to erode the polymer surface and the polymer-filler interface. On subsequently degrading the pre-treated samples in PBS, it was observed that with increasing fraction of CHA, the degradation rate in PBS of the sample increased. Up to 8 wt % CHA filler there appeared to be little change in the degradation properties of the NaOH treated samples with the onset occurring after 60 days. However there was a marked acceleration of degradation for samples containing 19 wt% when degradation appeared to occur immediately. In conclusion, the addition of CHA significantly affects the behaviour of PCL.
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Yeo A, Wong WJ, Teoh SH. Surface modification of PCL-TCP scaffolds in rabbit calvaria defects: Evaluation of scaffold degradation profile, biomechanical properties and bone healing patterns. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93:1358-67. [PMID: 19911382 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, polycaprolactone (PCL) based scaffolds tend to degrade at a slow rate. Pretreatment of polycaprolactone-20% tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP) scaffolds under alkaline conditions can be utilized to increase the degradation rate and improve mechanical properties. Three groups of PCL-TCP scaffolds with varying pretreatment exposures with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were studied in a rabbit calvaria defect model and analyzed at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. (Group A: Untreated, Group B: 3 M NaOH/ 48 h and Group C: 3 M NaOH/96 h). Micro-CT analysis demonstrated that scaffolds with increased surface roughness (Groups B and C) showed a greater impact on the overall volume loss during the early healing period between 2 and 8 weeks as compared to the untreated group. In addition, greater bone formation was detected in NaOH treated scaffolds as compared to the untreated group throughout the experiment. Scaffolds with increased surface roughness generally reported higher push out test and compressive strength values from 4 to 8 weeks of early healing. Interestingly, the mechanical properties displayed a decline in values from 12 weeks onwards in the modified groups suggesting a favorable breakdown or weakening of PCL-TCP scaffolds tailored for replacement by new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Yeo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, National Dental Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
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Yeo A, Wong WJ, Khoo HH, Teoh SH. Surface modification of PCL-TCP scaffolds improve interfacial mechanical interlock and enhance early bone formation: Anin vitroandin vivocharacterization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:311-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim SJ, Kim MR, Oh JS, Han I, Shin SW. Effects of polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and dog mesenchymal stem cells on bone formation: pilot study in dogs. Yonsei Med J 2009; 50:825-31. [PMID: 20046425 PMCID: PMC2796411 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival, proliferation, and bone formation of dog mesenchymal stem cells (dMSCs) in the graft material by using Polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP), auto-fibrin glue (AFG), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), and dMSCs after a transplantation to the scapula of adult beagle dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects were two beagle dogs. Total dose of rhBMP-2 on each block was 10 microg with 50 microg/mg concentration. The cortical bone of the scapula of the dog was removed which was the same size of PCL-TCP block (Osteopore International Pte, Singapore; 5.0x5.0x8.0 mm in size), and the following graft material then was fixed with orthodontic mini-implant, Dual-top (Titanium alloy, Jeil Co. Seoul, Korea). Four experimental groups were prepared for this study, Group 1: PCL-TCP + aFG; Group 2: PCL-TCP + aFG + dMSCs; Group 3: PCL-TCP + aFG + dMSCs + rhBMP-2; Group 4: PCL-TCP + aFG + dMSCs + rhBMP-2 + PCL membrane. The survival or proliferation of dMSCs cells was identified with an extracted tissue through a fluorescence microscope, H-E staining and Von-Kossa staining in two weeks and four weeks after the transplantation. RESULTS The survival and proliferation of dMSCs were identified through a fluorescence microscope from both Group 1 and Group 2 in two weeks and four weeks after the transplantation. Histological observation also found that the injected cells were proliferating well in the G2, G3, and G4 scaffolds. CONCLUSION This study concluded that bone ingrowth occurred in PCL-TCP scaffold which was transplanted with rhBMP-2, and MSCs did not affect bone growth. More sufficient healing time would be needed to recognize effects of dMSCs on bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jong Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Rae Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Sub Oh
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inho Han
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wan Shin
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Biological performance of a polycaprolactone-based scaffold used as fusion cage device in a large animal model of spinal reconstructive surgery. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5086-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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