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Papynov EK, Shichalin OO, Kapustina OV, Buravlev IY, Apanasevich VI, Mayorov VY, Fedorets AN, Lembikov AO, Gritsuk DN, Ovodova AV, Gribanova SS, Kornakova ZE, Shapkin NP. Synthetic Calcium Silicate Biocomposite Based on Sea Urchin Skeleton for 5-Fluorouracil Cancer Delivery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093495. [PMID: 37176377 PMCID: PMC10180529 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic calcium silicates and phosphates are promising compounds for targeted drug delivery for the effective treatment of cancerous tumors, and for minimizing toxic effects on the patient's entire body. This work presents an original synthesis of a composite based on crystalline wollastonite CaSiO3 and combeite Na4Ca4(Si6O18), using a sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus skeleton by microwave heating under hydrothermal conditions. The phase and elemental composition and structure of the obtained composite were studied by XRF, REM, BET, and EDS methods, depending on the microwave heating time of 30 or 60 min, respectively, and the influence of thermo-oxidative post-treatment of samples. The role of the sea urchin skeleton in the synthesis was shown. First, it provides a raw material base (source of Ca2+) for the formation of the calcium silicate composite. Second, it is a matrix for the formation of its porous inorganic framework. The sorption capacity of the composite, with respect to 5-fluorouracil, was estimated, the value of which was 12.3 mg/L. The resulting composite is a promising carrier for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The mechanism of drug release from an inorganic natural matrix was also evaluated by fitting its release profile to various mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy K Papynov
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Oleg O Shichalin
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Olesya V Kapustina
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Yu Buravlev
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Apanasevich
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Pacific State Medical University, 2, Ostryakov Aven., 690990 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vitaly Yu Mayorov
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander N Fedorets
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexey O Lembikov
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Danila N Gritsuk
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna V Ovodova
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Pacific State Medical University, 2, Ostryakov Aven., 690990 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sofia S Gribanova
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Zlata E Kornakova
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Shapkin
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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Savicki C, Camargo NHA, Gemelli E. Crystallization of carboplatin-loaded onto microporous calcium phosphate using high-vacuum method: Characterization and release study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242565. [PMID: 33290399 PMCID: PMC7723252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are a new approach to increase therapeutic efficacy and to reduce the side effects of traditional treatments. Calcium phosphates (CaPs) have been studied as drug delivery systems, especially in bone diseases. However, each system has some particularities that depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of the biomaterials and drug interaction. In this work, granulated CaPs were used as a matrix for loading the anticancer drug carboplatin using the high-vacuum method. Five compositions were applied: hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), biphasic HAp 60%/β-TCP 40% (BCP), β-TCP/MgO nanocomposite, and β-TCP/SiO2 nanocomposite. Carboplatin drug in 50, 60, and 70 mg/g was precipitated on the surface of CaPs. Morphological, chemical and surface modifications in the carboplatin-CaPs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), backscattered electron microscopy (BSE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. The characterization of the CaP-carboplatin biomaterials showed heterogeneous crystalline precipitation of the drug, and no morphological modifications of the CaPs biomaterials. The in vitro release profile of carboplatin from CaPs was evaluated by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) method. The curves showed a burst release of upon 60% of carboplatin loaded followed by a slow-release of the drug for the time of the study. The results were typical of a low-interaction system and physisorption mechanism. The high-vacuum method permitted to load the high amount of carboplatin drug on the surface of the biomaterials despite the low interaction between carboplatin and CaPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Savicki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technological Science, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Nelson Heriberto Almeida Camargo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technological Science, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Enori Gemelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technological Science, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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El-Ghannam A, Greenier M, Johnson M, Marriott I. Synthesis and characterization of porous bioactive SiC tissue engineering scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2162-2174. [PMID: 32319213 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is an inert material with excellent biocompatibility properties. A major issue that limits its use as a medical device is the difficult processing technique that requires hot pressing at a temperature (>2,000o C) and pressure (1,000-2,000 atm). In the present study, we developed a protocol to synthesize a porous SiC scaffold by pressing the powder at 50 MPa and heating at 900o C/2 hr. The surface of SiC was chemically modified by NaOH to facilitate sintering and induce bioactivity. Porous discs with 51.51 ± 3.17% porosity and interconnected pores in the size range from 1 to 1,000 μm were prepared using 40% PEG. The average compressive strength and Young's modulus of the scaffolds were 1.94 ± 0.70 and 169.2 ± 0.08 MPa, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of biomimetic hydroxyapatite layer after 2 hr of immersion in simulated body fluid. The Ca/P ratio was dependent on the concentration of the silanol groups created on the material surface. Increasing the atomic % of silicon on the SiC surface from 33.27 ± 9.53% to 45.13 ± 4.74% resulted in a 76% increase in the osteocalcin expression by MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on the material after 7 days. The cells colonized the entire thickness of the template and filled the pores with mineralized extracellular matrix after 14 days. Taken all together, the porous SiC scaffolds can serve as a bone graft for tissue reconstruction and cell delivery in trauma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Ghannam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madeline Greenier
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscale Science Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Johnson
- Department of Biological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Gupta AA, Kheur S, Arakeri G, Thirumal Raj A, Badhe RV, Patil S, Rao Us V, Patil S, Gomez RS, Thomson P, Brennan PA. Efficacy of scaffold-mediated localized chemotherapy in cancer: A systematic review of current research. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:375-385. [PMID: 31975526 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of scaffold-mediated localized chemotherapy in cancer. METHODS Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS were searched for articles reporting the use of scaffold-mediated localized drug delivery in cancer. Essential data including scaffold fabrication material and methods, drug dosage and release duration and its effect on the cancer cells were extracted. RESULTS 15 articles out of 60 screened, fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Among the 15 studies, 5 studies included only cell lines and 2 studies were on mouse models, while 8 studies involved a combination of cell lines and mouse models. Scaffold materials included both synthetic polymers such as poly-lactide, polycaprolactone and natural materials including d-periosteum and human micro-fragmented adipose tissueA wide number of other variables included the fabrication procedure, drugs used, and the methods used to assess the effects on cancer. As a result, it was not possible to make any direct comparison of the efficacy of the therapeutic strategy used in each of these studies. CONCLUSION Irrespective of the many variables, a common consensus in all the included studies was that scaffold mediated localized drug delivery effectively reduced cancer cell viability by increasing drug bioavailability to the target tissue, while its localized effect reduced the risk of systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana A Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Supriya Kheur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Gururaj Arakeri
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - A Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Ravindra V Badhe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vishal Rao Us
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology & Robotic Surgery, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bangaluru, India
| | - Shekhar Patil
- Department of Medical Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bangaluru, India
| | - Ricardo S Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Peter Thomson
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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Tian Y, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhang J, Han X, Wang Q, Cheng W. Apatinib-loaded lipid nanobubbles combined with ultrasound-targeted nanobubble destruction for synergistic treatment of HepG2 cells in vitro. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4785-4795. [PMID: 30127626 PMCID: PMC6091478 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Apatinib, an oral small-molecule antiangiogenetic medicine, is used to treat patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, its systemic toxic side effects cannot be ignored. The ultrasound (US)-targeted nanobubble destruction technology can minimize systemic drug exposure and maximize therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to develop novel GPC3-targeted and drug-loaded nanobubbles (NBs) and further assess the associated therapeutic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Materials and methods Apatinib-loaded NBs were prepared by a mechanical vibration method. GPC3, a liver tumor homing peptide, was coated onto the surface of apatinib-loaded NBs through biotin–avidin interactions to target liver cancer HepG2 cells. The effects of different treatment groups on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of HepG2 cells were tested. Results The NBs could achieve 68% of optimal drug encapsulation. In addition, ligand binding assays demonstrated that attachment of targeted NBs to human HepG2 liver cancer cells was highly efficient. Furthermore, cell proliferation assays indicated that the antiproliferative activities of GPC3-targeted and apatinib-loaded NBs in combination with US (1 MHz, 1 W/cm2, 30 s) were, respectively, 44.11%±2.84%, 57.09%±6.38%, and 67.51%±2.89% after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. Treatment with GPC3-targeted and apatinib-loaded NBs also resulted in a higher proportion of cells in the G1 phase compared with other treatment groups such as apatinib only and nontargeted apatinib-loaded NBs when US was utilized. Conclusion US-targeted and drug-loaded nanobubble destruction successfully achieved selective growth inhibition and apoptosis in HepG2 cells in vitro. Therefore, GPC3-targeted and apatinib-loaded NBs can be considered a novel chemotherapeutic approach for treating liver cancer in combination with US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Tian
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Microsystems and Microstructure Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qiucheng Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China,
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Siddiqui IA, Latouche EL, DeWitt MR, Swet JH, Kirks RC, Baker EH, Iannitti DA, Vrochides D, Davalos RV, McKillop IH. Induction of rapid, reproducible hepatic ablations using next-generation, high frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) in vivo. HPB (Oxford) 2016; 18:726-34. [PMID: 27593589 PMCID: PMC5011100 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irreversible electroporation (IRE) offers an alternative to thermal tissue ablation in situ. High-frequency IRE (H-FIRE), employing ultra-short bipolar electrical pulses, may overcome limitations associated with existing IRE technology to create rapid, reproducible liver ablations in vivo. METHODS IRE electrodes (1.5 cm spacing) were inserted into the hepatic parenchyma of swine (n = 3) under surgical anesthesia. In the absence of paralytics or cardiac synchronization five independent H-FIRE ablations were performed per liver using 100, 200, or 300 pulses (2250 V, 2-5-2 μs configuration). Animals were maintained under isoflurane anesthesia for 6 h prior to analysis of ablation size, reproducibility, and apoptotic cell death. RESULTS Mean ablation time was 230 ± 31 s and no EKG abnormalities occurred during H-FIRE. In 1/15 HFIRE's minor muscle twitch (rectus abdominis) was recorded. Necropsy revealed reproducible ablation areas (34 ± 4 mm(2), 88 ± 11 mm(2) and 110 ± 11 mm(2); 100-, 200- and 300-pulses respectively). Tissue damage was predominantly apoptotic at pulse delivery ≤200 pulses, after which increasing evidence of tissue necrosis was observed. CONCLUSION H-FIRE can be used to induce rapid, predictable ablations in hepatic tissue without the need for intraoperative paralytics or cardiac synchronization. These advantages may overcome limitations that restrict currently available IRE technology for hepatic ablations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran A. Siddiqui
- Division of HPB Surgery, Dept. Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Eduardo L. Latouche
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew R. DeWitt
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jacob H. Swet
- Division of HPB Surgery, Dept. Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Russell C. Kirks
- Division of HPB Surgery, Dept. Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Erin H. Baker
- Division of HPB Surgery, Dept. Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - David A. Iannitti
- Division of HPB Surgery, Dept. Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Dionisios Vrochides
- Division of HPB Surgery, Dept. Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Iain H. McKillop
- Division of HPB Surgery, Dept. Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA,Correspondence Iain H. Mckillop, Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA. Tel: +1 (704) 355 2846. Fax: +1 (704) 355 7202.Department of SurgeryCarolinas Medical CenterCharlotteNC28203USA
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Sharma S, Verma A, Teja BV, Pandey G, Mittapelly N, Trivedi R, Mishra PR. An insight into functionalized calcium based inorganic nanomaterials in biomedicine: Trends and transitions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 133:120-39. [PMID: 26094145 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent years the use of biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles in biomedicine has become a significant priority. Calcium based ceramic nanoparticles like calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are therefore considered as attractive carriers as they are naturally present in human body with nanosize range. Their application in tissue engineering and localized controlled delivery of bioactives for bones and teeth is well established now, but recently their use has increased significantly as carrier of bioactives through other routes also. These delivery systems have become most potential alternatives to other commonly used delivery system because of their cost effectiveness, biodegradability, chemical stability, controlled and stimuli responsive behaviour. This review comprehensively covers their characteristic features, method of preparation and applications but the thrust is to focus their recent development, functionalization and use in systemic delivery. On the same platform mineralization of other nanoparticulate delivery system which has widened their application drug delivery will be discussed. The emphasis has been given on their pH dependent properties which make them excellent carriers for tumour targeting and intracellular delivery. Finally this review also attempts to discuss their drawback which limits their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Ashwni Verma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - B Venkatesh Teja
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Gitu Pandey
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Naresh Mittapelly
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - P R Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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Subramanian AP, Jaganathan SK, Supriyanto E. Overview on in vitro and in vivo investigations of nanocomposite based cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11912j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nanodevices are synthesized using nanocomposites by the researchers around the globe. Most of their applications are related to in vivo visualization and therapy with anticancer drugs in the field of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Subramanian
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - S. K. Jaganathan
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - Eko Supriyanto
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
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