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Li N, Xue F, Zhang H, Sanyour HJ, Rickel AP, Uttecht A, Fanta B, Hu J, Hong Z. Fabrication and Characterization of Pectin Hydrogel Nanofiber Scaffolds for Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Vascular Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6511-6519. [PMID: 33417803 PMCID: PMC11268401 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress over the past few decades, creating a tissue-engineered vascular graft with replicated functions of native blood vessels remains a challenge due to the mismatch in mechanical properties, low biological function, and rapid occlusion caused by restenosis of small diameter vessel grafts (<6 mm diameter). A scaffold with similar mechanical properties and biocompatibility to the host tissue is ideally needed for the attachment and proliferation of cells to support the building of engineered tissue. In this study, pectin hydrogel nanofiber scaffolds with two different oxidation degrees (25 and 50%) were prepared by a multistep methodology including periodate oxidation, electrospinning, and adipic acid dihydrazide crosslinking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the obtained pectin nanofiber mats have a nano-sized fibrous structure with 300-400 nm fiber diameter. Physicochemical property testing using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentations, and contact angle measurements demonstrated that the stiffness and hydrophobicity of the fiber mat could be manipulated by adjusting the oxidation and crosslinking levels of the pectin hydrogels. Live/Dead staining showed high viability of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on the pectin hydrogel fiber scaffold for 14 days. In addition, the potential application of pectin hydrogel nanofiber scaffolds of different stiffness in stem cell differentiation into vascular cells was assessed by gene expression analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results showed that the stiffer scaffold facilitated the differentiation of MSCs into vascular smooth muscle cells, while the softer fiber mat promoted MSC differentiation into endothelial cells. Altogether, our results indicate that the pectin hydrogel nanofibers have the capability of providing mechanical cues that induce MSC differentiation into vascular cells and can be potentially applied in stem cell-based tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
| | - Fuxin Xue
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hanna J. Sanyour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
| | - Alex P. Rickel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
| | - Andrew Uttecht
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
| | - Betty Fanta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
| | - Junli Hu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
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Li N, Rickel AP, Sanyour HJ, Hong Z. Vessel graft fabricated by the on-site differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells towards vascular cells on vascular extracellular matrix scaffold under mechanical stimulation in a rotary bioreactor. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2703-2713. [PMID: 32255003 PMCID: PMC11299192 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Although a significant number of studies on vascular tissue engineering have been reported, the current availability of vessel substitutes in the clinic remains limited mainly due to the mismatch of their mechanical properties and biological functions with native vessels. In this study, a novel approach to fabricating a vessel graft for vascular tissue engineering was developed by promoting differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) on a native vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold in a rotary bioreactor. The expression levels of CD31 and vWF, and the LDL uptake capacity as well as the angiogenesis capability of the EC-like cells in the dynamic culture system were significantly enhanced compared to the static system. In addition, α-actin and smoothelin expression, and contractility of VSMC-like cells harvested from the dynamic model were much higher than those in a static culture system. The combination of on-site differentiation of stem cells towards vascular cells in the natural vessel ECM scaffold and maturation of the resulting vessel construct in a dynamic cell culture environment provides a promising approach to fabricating a clinically applicable vessel graft with similar mechanical properties and physiological functions to those of native blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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Bacakova L, Zarubova J, Travnickova M, Musilkova J, Pajorova J, Slepicka P, Kasalkova NS, Svorcik V, Kolska Z, Motarjemi H, Molitor M. Stem cells: their source, potency and use in regenerative therapies with focus on adipose-derived stem cells - a review. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1111-1126. [PMID: 29563048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells can be defined as units of biological organization that are responsible for the development and the regeneration of organ and tissue systems. They are able to renew their populations and to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Therefore, these cells have great potential in advanced tissue engineering and cell therapies. When seeded on synthetic or nature-derived scaffolds in vitro, stem cells can be differentiated towards the desired phenotype by an appropriate composition, by an appropriate architecture, and by appropriate physicochemical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds, particularly if the scaffold properties are combined with a suitable composition of cell culture media, and with suitable mechanical, electrical or magnetic stimulation. For cell therapy, stem cells can be injected directly into damaged tissues and organs in vivo. Since the regenerative effect of stem cells is based mainly on the autocrine production of growth factors, immunomodulators and other bioactive molecules stored in extracellular vesicles, these structures can be isolated and used instead of cells for a novel therapeutic approach called "stem cell-based cell-free therapy". There are four main sources of stem cells, i.e. embryonic tissues, fetal tissues, adult tissues and differentiated somatic cells after they have been genetically reprogrammed, which are referred to as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although adult stem cells have lower potency than the other three stem cell types, i.e. they are capable of differentiating into only a limited quantity of specific cell types, these cells are able to overcome the ethical and legal issues accompanying the application of embryonic and fetal stem cells and the mutational effects associated with iPSCs. Moreover, adult stem cells can be used in autogenous form. These cells are present in practically all tissues in the organism. However, adipose tissue seems to be the most advantageous tissue from which to isolate them, because of its abundancy, its subcutaneous location, and the need for less invasive techniques. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are therefore considered highly promising in present-day regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Zarubova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, 4-Krc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Travnickova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, 4-Krc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Musilkova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, 4-Krc, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Pajorova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, 4-Krc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slepicka
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Slepickova Kasalkova
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Kolska
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyne University, Ceske mladeze 8, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Hooman Motarjemi
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Faculty Hospital Na Bulovce, Budinova 67/2, 180 81 Prague, 8-Liben, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Molitor
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Faculty Hospital Na Bulovce, Budinova 67/2, 180 81 Prague, 8-Liben, Czech Republic
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Shen EM, McCloskey KE. Development of Mural Cells: From In Vivo Understanding to In Vitro Recapitulation. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1020-1041. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M. Shen
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies
| | - Kara E. McCloskey
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
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