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Karmakar R, Dey S, Alam A, Khandelwal M, Pati F, Rengan AK. Attributes of Nanomaterials and Nanotopographies for Improved Bone Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4020-4041. [PMID: 37691480 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a multidisciplinary area that can solve the limitation of conventional grafting methods by developing viable and biocompatible bone replacements. The three essential components of BTE, i.e., Scaffold material and Cells and Growth factors altogether, facilitate support and guide for bone formation, differentiation of the bone tissues, and enhancement in the cellular activities and bone regeneration. However, there is a scarcity of the appropriate materials that can match the mechanical property as well as functional similarity to native tissue, considering the bone as hard tissue. In such scenarios, nanotechnology can be leveraged upon to achieve the desired aspects of BTE, and that is the key point of this review article. This review article examines the significant areas of nanotechnology research that have an impact on regeneration of bone: (a) scaffold with nanomaterials helps to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and attachment; (b) nanoparticle-based approaches for delivering bioactive chemicals, growth factors, and genetic material. The article begins with the introduction of components and healing mechanisms of bone and the factors associated with them. The focus of this article is on the various nanotopographies that are now being used in scaffold formation, by describing how they are made, and how these nanotopographies affect the immune system and potential underlying mechanisms. The advantages of 4D bioprinting in BTE by using nanoink have also been mentioned. Additionally, we have investigated the importance of an in silico approach for finding the interaction between drugs and their related receptors, which can help to formulate suitable systems for delivery. This review emphasizes the role of nanoscale approach and how it helps to increase the efficacy of parameters of scaffold as well as drug delivery system for tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounik Karmakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Sreenath Dey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aszad Alam
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Mudrika Khandelwal
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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Charbe NB, Tambuwala M, Palakurthi SS, Warokar A, Hromić‐Jahjefendić A, Bakshi H, Zacconi F, Mishra V, Khadse S, Aljabali AA, El‐Tanani M, Serrano‐Aroca Ã, Palakurthi S. Biomedical applications of three-dimensional bioprinted craniofacial tissue engineering. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10333. [PMID: 36684092 PMCID: PMC9842068 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomical complications of the craniofacial regions often present considerable challenges to the surgical repair or replacement of the damaged tissues. Surgical repair has its own set of limitations, including scarcity of the donor tissues, immune rejection, use of immune suppressors followed by the surgery, and restriction in restoring the natural aesthetic appeal. Rapid advancement in the field of biomaterials, cell biology, and engineering has helped scientists to create cellularized skeletal muscle-like structures. However, the existing method still has limitations in building large, highly vascular tissue with clinical application. With the advance in the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique, scientists and clinicians now can produce the functional implants of skeletal muscles and bones that are more patient-specific with the perfect match to the architecture of their craniofacial defects. Craniofacial tissue regeneration using 3D bioprinting can manage and eliminate the restrictions of the surgical transplant from the donor site. The concept of creating the new functional tissue, exactly mimicking the anatomical and physiological function of the damaged tissue, looks highly attractive. This is crucial to reduce the donor site morbidity and retain the esthetics. 3D bioprinting can integrate all three essential components of tissue engineering, that is, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and regeneration of the lost craniofacial tissues. Such integration essentially helps to develop the patient-specific treatment plans and damage site-driven creation of the functional implants for the craniofacial defects. This article is the bird's eye view on the latest development and application of 3D bioprinting in the regeneration of the skeletal muscle tissues and their application in restoring the functional abilities of the damaged craniofacial tissue. We also discussed current challenges in craniofacial bone vascularization and gave our view on the future direction, including establishing the interactions between tissue-engineered skeletal muscle and the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Bharat Charbe
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of PharmacyTexas A&M Health Science CenterKingsvilleTexasUSA
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ScienceUlster UniversityColeraineUK
| | | | - Amol Warokar
- Department of PharmacyDadasaheb Balpande College of PharmacyNagpurIndia
| | - Altijana Hromić‐Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesInternational University of SarajevoSarajevoBosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hamid Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ScienceUlster UniversityColeraineUK
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de FarmaciaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraIndia
| | - Saurabh Khadse
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryR.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchDhuleIndia
| | - Alaa A. Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan
| | - Mohamed El‐Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Ahliyya Amman UniversityAmmanJordan
| | - Ãngel Serrano‐Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab Translational Research Centre San Alberto MagnoCatholic University of Valencia San Vicente MártirValenciaSpain
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of PharmacyTexas A&M Health Science CenterKingsvilleTexasUSA
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Brunello G, Panda S, Schiavon L, Sivolella S, Biasetto L, Del Fabbro M. The Impact of Bioceramic Scaffolds on Bone Regeneration in Preclinical In Vivo Studies: A Systematic Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1500. [PMID: 32218290 PMCID: PMC7177381 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioceramic scaffolds are appealing for alveolar bone regeneration, because they are emerging as promising alternatives to autogenous and heterogenous bone grafts. The aim of this systematic review is to answer to the focal question: in critical-sized bone defects in experimental animal models, does the use of a bioceramic scaffolds improve new bone formation, compared with leaving the empty defect without grafting materials or using autogenous bone or deproteinized bovine-derived bone substitutes? Electronic databases were searched using specific search terms. A hand search was also undertaken. Only randomized and controlled studies in the English language, published in peer-reviewed journals between 2013 and 2018, using critical-sized bone defect models in non-medically compromised animals, were considered. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the SYRCLE tool. A meta-analysis was planned to synthesize the evidence, if possible. Thirteen studies reporting on small animal models (six studies on rats and seven on rabbits) were included. The calvarial bone defect was the most common experimental site. The empty defect was used as the only control in all studies except one. In all studies the bioceramic materials demonstrated a trend for better outcomes compared to an empty control. Due to heterogeneity in protocols and outcomes among the included studies, no meta-analysis could be performed. Bioceramics can be considered promising grafting materials, though further evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brunello
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella San Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza Italy; (G.B.); (L.B.)
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sourav Panda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, 751003 Odisha, India
| | - Lucia Schiavon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefano Sivolella
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Lisa Biasetto
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella San Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza Italy; (G.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Dental Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Kapogianni E, Barbeck M, Jung O, Arslan A, Kuhnel L, Xiong X, Krastev R, Friedrich RE, Schnettler R, Fienitz T, Rothamel D. Comparison of Material-mediated Bone Regeneration Capacities of Sintered and Non-sintered Xenogeneic Bone Substitutes via 2D and 3D Data. In Vivo 2020; 33:2169-2179. [PMID: 31662553 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was the development of a new osteoconductivity index to determine the bone healing capacities of bone substitute materials (BSM) on the basis of 3D microcomputed tomographic (μ-CT) data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sinus biopsies were used for the comparative analysis of the integration behavior of two xenogeneic BSM (cerabone® and Bio-Oss®). 3D μ-CT and data sets from histomorphometrical measurements based on 2D histological slices were used to measure the bone-material-contact and the tissue distribution within the biopsies. The tissue reactions to both BSM were microscopically analyzed. RESULTS The 3D and 2D results of the osteoconductivity measurements showed comparable material-bone contacts for both BSM, but the 2D data were significantly lower. The same results were found when tissue distribution was measured in both groups. The histopathological analysis showed comparative tissue reactions in both BSM. CONCLUSION Osteoconductivity index is a reliable measurement parameter for determining the healing capacities of BSM. The observed differences between both measurement methods could be assigned to the resolution capacity of μ-CT data that did not allow for a precise interface distinction between both BSM and bone tissue. Histomorphometrical data based on histological slides still allow for a more exact evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kapogianni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mike Barbeck
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany .,BerlinAnalytix GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Jung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,BerlinAnalytix GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lennart Kuhnel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Xiong
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Rumen Krastev
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.,Department of Intelligent Surfaces, Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard E. Friedrich
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Fienitz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Evangelic Johanniter Hospital Bethesda Mönchengladbach, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Daniel Rothamel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Evangelic Johanniter Hospital Bethesda Mönchengladbach, Mönchengladbach, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Gayer C, Ritter J, Bullemer M, Grom S, Jauer L, Meiners W, Pfister A, Reinauer F, Vučak M, Wissenbach K, Fischer H, Poprawe R, Schleifenbaum JH. Development of a solvent-free polylactide/calcium carbonate composite for selective laser sintering of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:660-673. [PMID: 31029360 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since large bone defects cannot be healed by the body itself, continuous effort is put into the development of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. One method to fabricate such scaffolds is selective laser sintering (SLS). However, there is a lack of solvent-free prepared microparticles suitable for SLS. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a solvent-free polylactide/calcium carbonate composite powder with tailored material properties for SLS. Four composite powders with a composition of approximately 75 wt% polylactide (PLLA as well as PDLLA) and 25 wt% calcium carbonate (calcite) were prepared by a milling process based on GMP standards. Four different grades of polylactide were chosen to cover a broad inherent viscosity range of 1.0-3.6 dl/g. The composite material with the lowest inherent viscosity (1.0 dl/g) showed the best processability by SLS. This was caused by the small polymer particle diameter (50 μm) and the small zero-shear melt viscosity (400 Pa·s), which led to fast sintering. The SLS process parameters were developed to achieve low micro-porosity (approx. 2%) and low polymer degradation (no measurable decrease of the inherent viscosity). A biaxial bending strength of up to 75 MPa was achieved. Cell culture assays indicated good viability of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells on the SLS specimens. Finally, the manufacture of 3D scaffolds with interconnected pore structure was demonstrated. After proving the biocompatibility of the material, the developed scaffolds could have great potential to be used as patient-specific bone replacement implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gayer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jessica Ritter
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Bullemer
- EOS GmbH, Robert-Stirling-Ring 1, 82152 Krailling/Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Grom
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Kolbinger Strasse 10, 78570 Mühlheim/Donau, Germany.
| | - Lucas Jauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Meiners
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Pfister
- EOS GmbH, Robert-Stirling-Ring 1, 82152 Krailling/Munich, Germany.
| | - Frank Reinauer
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Kolbinger Strasse 10, 78570 Mühlheim/Donau, Germany.
| | - Marijan Vučak
- SCHAEFER KALK GmbH & Co. KG, Louise-Seher-Strasse 6, 65582 Diez, Germany.
| | - Konrad Wissenbach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Reinhart Poprawe
- RWTH Aachen University - Chair for Laser Technology LLT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Applications of 3D printing on craniofacial bone repair: A systematic review. J Dent 2019; 80:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Kolk A, Boskov M, Haidari S, Tischer T, van Griensven M, Bissinger O, Plank C. Comparative analysis of bone regeneration behavior using recombinant human BMP-2 versus plasmid DNA of BMP-2. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:163-173. [PMID: 30358084 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration and the osteoinductive capacity of implants are challenging issues in clinical medicine. Currently, recombinant growth factors and nonviral gene transfer are the most frequently investigated methods for bone growth enhancement, although the more favorable method remains unclear. There is a lack of knowledge in literature about the in vivo comparison of these methods for bone regeneration. BMP-2, which is the most commonly used growth factor for osteogenesis, was applied at its most efficient dose as a recombinant growth factor (rhBMP-2) and as a growth-factor-encoding copolymer protected gene vector (pBMP-2) in a critical size bone defect (CSD) model to determine the most suitable method for bone regeneration. CSDs were induced bilaterally in 32 Sprague-Dawley rats. RhBMP-2 (62.5 μg) or pBMP-2 (2.5 μg) was embedded in poly(d,l-)lactide-coated titanium discs. Survival times were set at 14, 28, 56, and 112 days. After euthanasia, samples were analyzed via micro-computed tomography, polychrome sequential fluorescent labeling, and immunohistochemistry. Whereas defects in both groups were bridged with new bone after 56 days, rhBMP-2 initially induced ectopic new bone formation that was later remodeled in an unorganized hypodense manner. In contrast, pBMP-2 led to slower but steady bone regeneration with physiological tissue morphology, as confirmed by high osteoblast activity shown by osteocalcin staining. CD68 and TRAP staining verified high osteoclast activity for the rhBMP-2 group. pBMP-2 successfully induced locally controlled physiological bone regeneration, whereas rhBMP-2 triggered rapid and ectopic but insufficient bone formation. Thus, nonviral gene transfer appears to be more favorable for clinical applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 163-173, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kolk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marko Boskov
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selgai Haidari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Bissinger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Plank
- Institute of Molecular Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wubneh A, Tsekoura EK, Ayranci C, Uludağ H. Current state of fabrication technologies and materials for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:1-30. [PMID: 30248515 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A range of traditional and free-form fabrication technologies have been investigated and, in numerous occasions, commercialized for use in the field of regenerative tissue engineering (TE). The demand for technologies capable of treating bone defects inherently difficult to repair has been on the rise. This quest, accompanied by the advent of functionally tailored, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials, has garnered an enormous research interest in bone TE. As a result, different materials and fabrication methods have been investigated towards this end, leading to a deeper understanding of the geometrical, mechanical and biological requirements associated with bone scaffolds. As our understanding of the scaffold requirements expands, so do the capability requirements of the fabrication processes. The goal of this review is to provide a broad examination of existing scaffold fabrication processes and highlight future trends in their development. To appreciate the clinical requirements of bone scaffolds, a brief review of the biological process by which bone regenerates itself is presented first. This is followed by a summary and comparisons of commonly used implant techniques to highlight the advantages of TE-based approaches over traditional grafting methods. A detailed discussion on the clinical and mechanical requirements of bone scaffolds then follows. The remainder of the manuscript is dedicated to current scaffold fabrication methods, their unique capabilities and perceived shortcomings. The range of biomaterials employed in each fabrication method is summarized. Selected traditional and non-traditional fabrication methods are discussed with a highlight on their future potential from the authors' perspective. This study is motivated by the rapidly growing demand for effective scaffold fabrication processes capable of economically producing constructs with intricate and precisely controlled internal and external architectures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The manuscript summarizes the current state of fabrication technologies and materials used for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. A comprehensive analysis of different fabrication methods (traditional and free-form) were summarized in this review paper, with emphasis on recent developments in the field. The fabrication techniques suitable for creating scaffolds for tissue engineering was particularly targeted and their use in bone tissue engineering were articulated. Along with the fabrication techniques, we emphasized the choice of materials in these processes. Considering the limitations of each process, we highlighted the materials and the material properties critical in that particular process and provided a brief rational for the choice of the materials. The functional performance for bone tissue engineering are summarized for different fabrication processes and the choice of biomaterials. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of the field, highlighting the knowledge gaps and promising avenues in pursuit of effective scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This extensive review of the field will provide research community with a reference source for current approaches to scaffold preparation. We hope to encourage the researchers to generate next generation biomaterials to be used in these fabrication processes. By providing both advantages and disadvantage of each fabrication method in detail, new fabrication techniques might be devised that will overcome the limitations of the current approaches. These studies should facilitate the efforts of researchers interested in generating ideal scaffolds, and should have applications beyond the repair of bone tissue.
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Fathi M, Barar J. Perspective highlights on biodegradable polymeric nanosystems for targeted therapy of solid tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:49-57. [PMID: 28546953 PMCID: PMC5439389 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) formulated using biodegradable polymers offer great potential for development of de novo drug delivery systems (DDSs) capable of delivering a wide range of bioactive agents. They can be engineered as advanced multifunctional nanosystems (NSs) for simultaneous imaging and therapy known as theranostics or diapeutics.
Methods: A brief prospective is provided on biomedical importance and applications of biodegradable polymeric NSs through reviewing the recently published literature.
Results: Biodegradable polymeric NPs present unique characteristics, including: nanoscaled structures, high encapsulation capacity, biocompatibility with non-thrombogenic and non-immunogenic properties, and controlled-/sustained-release profile for lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Once administered in vivo, all classes of biodegradable polymers (i.e., synthetic, semi-synthetic, and natural polymers) are subjected to enzymatic degradation; and hence, transformation into byproducts that can be simply eliminated from the human body. Natural and semi-synthetic polymers have been shown to be highly stable, much safer, and offer a non-/less-toxic means for specific delivery of cargo drugs in comparison with synthetic polymers. Despite being biocompatible and enzymatically-degradable, there are some drawbacks associated with these polymers such as batch to batch variation, high production cost, structural complexity, lower bioadhesive potential, uncontrolled rate of hydration, and possibility of microbial spoilage. These pitfalls have bolded the importance of synthetic counterparts despite their somewhat toxicity.
Conclusion: Taken all, to minimize the inadvertent effects of these polymers and to engineer much safer NSs, it is necessary to devise biopolymers with desirable chemical and biochemical modification(s) and polyelectrolyte complex formation to improve their drug delivery capacity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Kolk A, Tischer T, Koch C, Vogt S, Haller B, Smeets R, Kreutzer K, Plank C, Bissinger O. A novel nonviral gene delivery tool of BMP-2 for the reconstitution of critical-size bone defects in rats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2441-55. [PMID: 27176560 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The osseointegration of bone implants, implant failure, and the bridging of critical-size bone defects are frequent clinical challenges. Deficiencies in endogenous bone healing can be resolved through the local administration of suitable recombinant growth factors (GFs). In preclinical models, gene-therapy-supported bone healing has proven promising for overcoming certain limitations of GFs. We report the dose-dependent bridging of critical-size mandibular bone defects (CSDs) in a rat model using a non-viral BMP-2-encoding copolymer-protected gene vector (pBMP-2) embedded in poly(d, l-lactide) (PDLLA) coatings on titanium discs that were used to cover drill holes in the mandibles of 53 male Sprague Dawley rats. After sacrificing, the mandibles were subjected to micro-computed tomography (µCT), micro-radiography, histology, and fluorescence analyses to evaluate bone regeneration. pBMP-2 in PDLLA-coated titanium implants promoted partial bridging of bone defects within 14 days and complete defect healing within 112 days when the DNA dose per implant did not exceed 2.5 µg. No bridging was observed in untreated control CSDs. Thus, the delivery of plasmid DNA coding for BMP-2 appears to be a potent method for controlled new-bone formation with an inverse dose dependency. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2441-2455, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kolk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Department of Orthopeadic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Vogt
- Department of Orthopeadic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Kilian Kreutzer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Plank
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Bissinger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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