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Wehrle E, Tourolle Né Betts DC, Kuhn GA, Floreani E, Nambiar MH, Schroeder BJ, Hofmann S, Müller R. Spatio-temporal characterization of fracture healing patterns and assessment of biomaterials by time-lapsed in vivo micro-computed tomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8660. [PMID: 33883593 PMCID: PMC8060377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough preclinical evaluation of functionalized biomaterials for treatment of large bone defects is essential prior to clinical application. Using in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and mouse femoral defect models with different defect sizes, we were able to detect spatio-temporal healing patterns indicative of physiological and impaired healing in three defect sub-volumes and the adjacent cortex. The time-lapsed in vivo micro-CT-based approach was then applied to evaluate the bone regeneration potential of functionalized biomaterials using collagen and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2). Both collagen and BMP-2 treatment led to distinct changes in bone turnover in the different healing phases. Despite increased periosteal bone formation, 87.5% of the defects treated with collagen scaffolds resulted in non-unions. Additional BMP-2 application significantly accelerated the healing process and increased the union rate to 100%. This study further shows potential of time-lapsed in vivo micro-CT for capturing spatio-temporal deviations preceding non-union formation and how this can be prevented by application of functionalized biomaterials. This study therefore supports the application of longitudinal in vivo micro-CT for discrimination of normal and disturbed healing patterns and for the spatio-temporal characterization of the bone regeneration capacity of functionalized biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Wehrle
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gisela A Kuhn
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erica Floreani
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malavika H Nambiar
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bryant J Schroeder
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zhu Y, Goh C, Shrestha A. Biomaterial Properties Modulating Bone Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000365. [PMID: 33615702 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial scaffolds have been gaining momentum in the past several decades for their potential applications in the area of tissue engineering. They function as three-dimensional porous constructs to temporarily support the attachment of cells, subsequently influencing cell behaviors such as proliferation and differentiation to repair or regenerate defective tissues. In addition, scaffolds can also serve as delivery vehicles to achieve sustained release of encapsulated growth factors or therapeutic agents to further modulate the regeneration process. Given the limitations of current bone grafts used clinically in bone repair, alternatives such as biomaterial scaffolds have emerged as potential bone graft substitutes. This review summarizes how physicochemical properties of biomaterial scaffolds can influence cell behavior and its downstream effect, particularly in its application to bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Cynthia Goh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 84 College Street, Suite 140, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Annie Shrestha
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1G6, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Oliveira ÉR, Nie L, Podstawczyk D, Allahbakhsh A, Ratnayake J, Brasil DL, Shavandi A. Advances in Growth Factor Delivery for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E903. [PMID: 33477502 PMCID: PMC7831065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortcomings related to the treatment of bone diseases and consequent tissue regeneration such as transplants have been addressed to some extent by tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering has promoted structures that can simulate the extracellular matrix and are capable of guiding natural bone repair using signaling molecules to promote osteoinduction and angiogenesis essential in the formation of new bone tissues. Although recent studies on developing novel growth factor delivery systems for bone repair have attracted great attention, taking into account the complexity of the extracellular matrix, scaffolding and growth factors should not be explored independently. Consequently, systems that combine both concepts have great potential to promote the effectiveness of bone regeneration methods. In this review, recent developments in bone regeneration that simultaneously consider scaffolding and growth factors are covered in detail. The main emphasis in this overview is on delivery strategies that employ polymer-based scaffolds for spatiotemporal-controlled delivery of both single and multiple growth factors in bone-regeneration approaches. From clinical applications to creating alternative structural materials, bone tissue engineering has been advancing constantly, and it is relevant to regularly update related topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Resende Oliveira
- Food Engineering Department, School of Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia CEP 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil;
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Daria Podstawczyk
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 4/6 Norwida Street, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran;
| | - Jithendra Ratnayake
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Dandara Lima Brasil
- Food Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras CEP 37200-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter Unit—École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50—CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the growth factors active in bone regeneration and healing. Both normal and impaired bone healing are discussed, with a focus on the spatiotemporal activity of the various growth factors known to be involved in the healing response. The review highlights the activities of most important growth factors impacting bone regeneration, with a particular emphasis on those being pursued for clinical translation or which have already been marketed as components of bone regenerative materials. Current approaches the use of bone grafts in clinical settings of bone repair (including bone grafts) are summarized, and carrier systems (scaffolds) for bone tissue engineering via localized growth factor delivery are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how bone repair might be improved in the future.
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Abbasi N, Lee RSB, Ivanovski S, Love RM, Hamlet S. In vivo bone regeneration assessment of offset and gradient melt electrowritten (MEW) PCL scaffolds. Biomater Res 2020; 24:17. [PMID: 33014414 PMCID: PMC7529514 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-020-00196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering represents a promising solution to overcome reduced residual bone volume. It has been previously demonstrated that gradient and offset architectures of three-dimensional melt electrowritten poly-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds could successfully direct osteoblast cells differentiation toward an osteogenic lineage, resulting in mineralization. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the in vivo osteoconductive capacity of PCL scaffolds with these different architectures. METHODS Five different calcium phosphate (CaP) coated melt electrowritten PCL pore sized scaffolds: 250 μm and 500 μm, 500 μm with 50% fibre offset (offset.50.50), tri layer gradient 250-500-750 μm (grad.250top) and 750-500-250 μm (grad.750top) were implanted into rodent critical-sized calvarial defects. Empty defects were used as a control. After 4 and 8 weeks of healing, the new bone was assessed by micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Significantly more newly formed bone was shown in the grad.250top scaffold 8 weeks post-implantation. Histological investigation also showed that soft tissue was replaced with newly formed bone and fully covered the grad.250top scaffold. While, the bone healing did not happen completely in the 250 μm, offset.50.50 scaffolds and blank calvaria defects following 8 weeks of implantation. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the expression of osteogenic markers was present in all scaffold groups at both time points. The mineralization marker Osteocalcin was detected with the highest intensity in the grad.250top and 500 μm scaffolds. Moreover, the expression of the endothelial markers showed that robust angiogenesis was involved in the repair process. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the gradient pore size structure provides superior conditions for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Abbasi
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4215 Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4215 Australia
| | - Ryan S. B. Lee
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4215 Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Herston, Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Herston, Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - Robert M. Love
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4215 Australia
| | - Stephen Hamlet
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4215 Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4215 Australia
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Forghani A, Koduru SV, Chen C, Leberfinger AN, Ravnic DJ, Hayes DJ. Differentiation of Adipose Tissue-Derived CD34+/CD31- Cells into Endothelial Cells In Vitro. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 6:101-110. [PMID: 33344757 PMCID: PMC7747864 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, CD34+/CD31- progenitor cells were isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue using magnetic activated cell sorting. The endothelial differentiation capability of these cells in vitro was evaluated by culturing them in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced medium for 14 days. Viability, proliferation, differentiation and tube formation of these cells were evaluated. Cell viability study revealed that both undifferentiated and endothelial differentiated cells remained healthy for 14 days. However, the proliferation rate was higher in undifferentiated cells compared to endothelial differentiated ones. Upregulation of endothelial characteristic genes (Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and VE Cadherin) was observed in 2D culture. However, PECAM (CD31) was only found to be upregulated after the cells had formed tube-like structures in 3D Matrigel culture. These results indicate that adipose derived CD34+/CD31- cells when cultured in VEGF induced medium, are capable differentiation into endothelial-like lineages. Tube formation of the cells started 3h after seeding the cells on Matrigel and formed more stable and connected network 24 h post seeding in presence of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoosha Forghani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Millennium Science Complex, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Srinivas V Koduru
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Millennium Science Complex, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley N Leberfinger
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dino J Ravnic
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J Hayes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Millennium Science Complex, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Materials Characterization Lab, Millennium Science Complex, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Millennium Science Complex, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Evaluation of Bone Sialoprotein Coating of Three-Dimensional Printed Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds in a Calvarial Defect Model in Mice. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112336. [PMID: 30469365 PMCID: PMC6267578 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive coating of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a promising approach to enhance the bone-healing properties of bone substitutes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether coating CPCs with bone sialoprotein (BSP) results in increased bone formation. Forty-five female C57BL/6NRj mice with an average age of six weeks were divided into three groups. Either a BSP-coated or an uncoated three-dimensional plotted scaffold was implanted into a drilled 2.7-mm diameter calvarial defect, or the defect was left empty (control group; no CPC). Histological analyses revealed that BSP-coated scaffolds were better integrated into the local bone stock eight weeks after implantation. Bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) ratios and bone thickness at the bone–implant contact were analyzed via micro computed tomography (µCT) after eight weeks. BSP-coated scaffolds and uncoated CPC scaffolds increased bone thickness in comparison to the control (CPC + BSP: 691.1 ± 253.5 µm, CPC: 603.1 ± 164.4 µm, no CPC: 261.7 ± 37.8 µm, p < 0.01). Accordingly, BV/TV was enhanced in both scaffold groups (CPC + BSP: 1.3 ± 0.5%, CPC: 0.9 ± 0.5%, no CPC: 0.2 ± 0.3%, p < 0.01). The BSP coating showed a tendency towards an increased bone thickness (p = 0.18) and BV/TV (p = 0.18) in comparison to uncoated CPC scaffolds. However, a significant increase in bone formation through BSP coating was not found.
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Ritz U, Eberhardt M, Klein A, Frank P, Götz H, Hofmann A, Rommens PM, Jonas U. Photocrosslinked Dextran-Based Hydrogels as Carrier System for the Cells and Cytokines Induce Bone Regeneration in Critical Size Defects in Mice. Gels 2018; 4:E63. [PMID: 30674839 PMCID: PMC6209263 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified biomaterials have for years been the focus of research into establishing new bone substitutes. In our preceding in vitro study employing different cell cultures, we developed chemically and mechanically characterized hydrogels based on photocrosslinkable dextran derivatives and demonstrated their cytocompatibility and their beneficial effects on the proliferation of osteoblasts and endothelial cells. In the present in vivo study, we investigate photocrosslinked dextran-based hydrogels in critical size defects in mice to evaluate their potential as carrier systems for cells or for a specific angiogenesis enhancing cytokine to induce bone formation. We could demonstrate that, with optimized laboratory practice, the endotoxin content of hydrogels could be reduced below the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-limit. Dextran-based hydrogels were either loaded with a monoculture of endothelial cells or a co-culture of human osteoblasts with endothelial cells, or with stromal-derived-growth factor (SDF-1). Scaffolds were implanted into a calvarial defect of critical size in mice and their impact on bone formation was assessed by µCt-analyses, histology and immunohistology. Our study demonstrates that promotion of angiogenesis either by SDF-1 or a monoculture of endothelial cells induces bone regeneration at a physiological level. These in vivo results indicate the potential of dextran-based hydrogel composites in bone regeneration to deliver cells and cytokines to the defect site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Ritz
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Marc Eberhardt
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Anja Klein
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Petra Frank
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department Chemistry Biology, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
| | - Hermann Götz
- Biomatics Group, Platform Biomaterials, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hofmann
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Pol Maria Rommens
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department Chemistry Biology, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
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Ritz U, Gerke R, Götz H, Stein S, Rommens PM. A New Bone Substitute Developed from 3D-Prints of Polylactide (PLA) Loaded with Collagen I: An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2569. [PMID: 29186036 PMCID: PMC5751172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a lot of research has been performed, large segmental bone defects caused by trauma, infection, bone tumors or revision surgeries still represent big challenges for trauma surgeons. New and innovative bone substitutes are needed. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a novel procedure to create 3D porous scaffolds that can be used for bone tissue engineering. In the present study, solid discs as well as porous cage-like 3D prints made of polylactide (PLA) are coated or filled with collagen, respectively, and tested for biocompatibility and endotoxin contamination. Microscopic analyses as well as proliferation assays were performed using various cell types on PLA discs. Stromal-derived factor (SDF-1) release from cages filled with collagen was analyzed and the effect on endothelial cells tested. This study confirms the biocompatibility of PLA and demonstrates an endotoxin contamination clearly below the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) limit. Cells of various cell types (osteoblasts, osteoblast-like cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells) grow, spread and proliferate on PLA-printed discs. PLA cages loaded with SDF-1 collagen display a steady SDF-1 release, support cell growth of endothelial cells and induce neo-vessel formation. These results demonstrate the potential for PLA scaffolds printed with an inexpensive desktop printer in medical applications, for example, in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Gerke
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hermann Götz
- Platform for Biomaterial Research, University Medical Center, BiomaTiCS, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus-Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60659 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Pol Maria Rommens
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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