1
|
Watcharajittanont N, Tabrizian M, Ekarattanawong S, Meesane J. Bone-mimicking scaffold based on silk fibroin incorporated with hydroxyapatite and titanium oxide as enhanced osteo-conductive material for bone tissue formation: fabrication, characterization, properties, and in vitrotesting. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:065007. [PMID: 37647902 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone-mimicking scaffolds based on silk fibroin (SF) mixed with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NPs) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were created as materials for bone formation. Six scaffold groups were fabricated: S1 (SF), S2 (Silk + (HA: TiO2; 100: 0)), S3 (Silk, (HA: TiO2; 70: 30)), S4 (Silk + (HA NPs: TiO2; 50: 50)), S5 (Silk + (HA: TiO2; 30: 70)), and S6 (Silk + (HA NPs: TiO2; 0:100)). Scaffolds were characterized for molecular formation, structure, and morphology by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, element analysis, and X-ray diffraction. They were tested for physical swelling and compressive modulus. Scaffolds were cultured with MC3T3 and testedin vitroto evaluate their biological performance. The results showed that scaffolds with HA and TiO2demonstrated molecular interaction via amide I and phosphate groups. These scaffolds had smaller pore sizes than those without HA and TiO2. They showed more swelling and higher compressive modulus than the scaffolds without HA and TiO2. They exhibited better biological performance: cell adhesion, viability, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium content than the scaffolds without HA and TiO2. Their porous walls acted as templates for cell aggregation and supported synthesis of calcium secreted from cells. S3 were the most suitable scaffolds. With their enhanced osteo-conductive function, they are promising for bone augmentation for oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophapun Ekarattanawong
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Jirut Meesane
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rong R, Li H, Dong X, Hu L, Shi X, Du Y, Deng H, Sa Y. Silk fibroin-chitosan aerogel reinforced by nanofibers for enhanced osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123501. [PMID: 36736519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proper bone scaffolds should be biocompatible, mechanically robust and porous for cell migration. Here, pure silk fibroin (SF)- chitosan (CS) aerogel scaffolds reinforced with different amount of SF nanofibers (SF-CS/NF1%, SF-CS/NF2% and SF-CS/NF3%) are prepared for bone regeneration. Surface morphology and composition were analyzed to ensure successful integration of each component. Incorporating 3 % nanofibers endowed the aerogels with a resistance to 3.5 times the compressive stress of the pure SF-CS aerogels. The benefits of nanofibers were also confirmed by the high porosity of 72.3 ± 1.3 %, the regulated pore size and the high-water uptake ratio of 1770.4 ± 156.8 %. Enhanced cell viability of the aerogel scaffolds was verified with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, and confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken to assess the cell migration and distribution. The cell differentiation on the aerogel scaffolds was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Significantly higher level of Collagen type I (Col-I), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression was observed on SF-CS/NF3% aerogels. This biocompatible nanofiber-reinforced aerogel scaffold facilitates osteogenic differentiation by rougher surface, enhanced mechanical strength and well-regulated pores. Thus, as-prepared scaffolds may be further applied in bone regeneration field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- Department of Prosthodontics, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiangyang Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Liqun Hu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yumin Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongbing Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yue Sa
- Department of Prosthodontics, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Huang H, Zhang J, Sun T, Zhang W, Li Z. Recent Advance of Strontium Functionalized in Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040414. [PMID: 37106601 PMCID: PMC10136039 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defect disease causes damage to people’s lives and property, and how to effectively promote bone regeneration is still a big clinical challenge. Most of the current repair methods focus on filling the defects, which has a poor effect on bone regeneration. Therefore, how to effectively promote bone regeneration while repairing the defects at the same time has become a challenge for clinicians and researchers. Strontium (Sr) is a trace element required by the human body, which mainly exists in human bones. Due to its unique dual properties of promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclast activity, it has attracted extensive research on bone defect repair in recent years. With the deep development of research, the mechanisms of Sr in the process of bone regeneration in the human body have been clarified, and the effects of Sr on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the inflammatory microenvironment in the process of bone regeneration have been widely recognized. Based on the development of technology such as bioengineering, it is possible that Sr can be better loaded onto biomaterials. Even though the clinical application of Sr is currently limited and relevant clinical research still needs to be developed, Sr-composited bone tissue engineering biomaterials have achieved satisfactory results in vitro and in vivo studies. The Sr compound together with biomaterials to promote bone regeneration will be a development direction in the future. This review will present a brief overview of the relevant mechanisms of Sr in the process of bone regeneration and the related latest studies of Sr combined with biomaterials. The aim of this paper is to highlight the potential prospects of Sr functionalized in biomaterials.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu K, Huangfu H, Qin Q, Zhang Y, Gu X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Application of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Combined with Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Dual-Channel Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Scaffolds for Early Immune Regulation and Osteogenic Induction in Rat Calvarial Defects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47052-47065. [PMID: 36194837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The host immune response to biomaterials is critical for determining scaffold fate and bone regeneration outcomes. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted scaffolds encapsulated with living cells can improve the inflammatory microenvironment and further accelerate bone repair. Here, we screened and adopted 8% methacrylamidated gelatin (GelMA)/1% methacrylamidated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) as the encapsulation system for rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and 3% Alginate/0.5 mg/mL graphene oxide (GO) as the encapsulation system for rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), thus forming a dual-channel bioprinting scaffold. The 8% GelMA/1% HAMA/3% Alginate/0.5 mg/mL GO (8/1/3/0.5) group could form a scaffold with a stable structure, good mechanical properties, and satisfied biocompatibility. When exploring the crosstalk between BMMs and BMSCs in vitro, we found that BMSCs could promote the polarization of BMMs to M2 type at the early stage, reduce the pro-inflammatory gene expression, and increase anti-inflammatory gene expression; conversely, BMMs can promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In addition, in the model of rat calvarial defects, the dual-channel scaffold encapsulated with BMMs and BMSCs was more effective than the single-cell scaffold and the acellular scaffold. The paracrine of BMMs and BMSCs in the biodegradable dual-channel scaffold effectively promoted the M2-type polarization of macrophages in the microenvironment of early bone defects, avoided excessive inflammatory responses, and further promoted bone repair. In conclusion, our findings suggested that using 3D bioprinting to simultaneously encapsulate two primary cells of BMMs and BMSCs in a dual-channel system may be an effective way to promote bone repair from the perspective of early immune regulation and late induction of osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Yu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
| | - Huimin Huangfu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
| | - Qiuyue Qin
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
| | - Xinming Gu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
| | - Xinchan Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, PR China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma J, Wu S, Liu J, Liu C, Ni S, Dai T, Wu X, Zhang Z, Qu J, Zhao H, Zhou D, Zhao X. Synergistic effects of nanoattapulgite and hydroxyapatite on vascularization and bone formation in a rabbit tibia bone defect model. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4635-4655. [PMID: 35796642 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00547f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a promising scaffold material for the treatment of bone defects. However, the lack of angiogenic properties and undesirable mechanical properties (such as fragility) limits the application of HA. Nanoattapulgite (ATP) is a nature-derived clay mineral and has been proven to be a promising bioactive material for bone regeneration due to its ability to induce osteogenesis. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/collagen/ATP/HA (PVA/COL/ATP/HA) scaffolds were printed. Mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in vitro to assess the biocompatibility and the osteogenesis and vascularization induction potentials of the scaffolds. Subsequently, in vivo micro-CT and histological staining were carried out to evaluate new bone formation in a rabbit tibial defect model. The in vitro results showed that the incorporation of ATP increased the printing fidelity and mechanical properties, with values of compressive strengths up to 200% over raw PC-H scaffolds. Simultaneously, the expression levels of osteogenic-related genes and vascularization-related genes were significantly increased after the incorporation of ATP. The in vivo results showed that the PVA/COL/ATP/HA scaffolds exhibited synergistic effects on promoting vascularization and bone formation. The combination of ATP and HA provides a promising strategy for vascularized bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Ma
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China. .,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China. .,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jun Liu
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China. .,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chun Liu
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Su Ni
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Ting Dai
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Jixin Qu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.,School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ackun-Farmmer MA, Overby CT, Haws BE, Choe R, Benoit DSW. Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Diagnostics and Theranostics. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 19. [PMID: 34458652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use of conventional diagnostic methods in orthopaedic applications, limitations still exist in detection and diagnosing many pathologies especially at early stages when intervention is most critical. The use of biomaterials to develop diagnostics and theranostics, including nanoparticles and scaffolds for systemic or local applications, has significant promise to address these shortcomings and enable successful clinical translation. These developments in both modular and holistic design of diagnostic and theranostic biomaterials may improve patient treatments for myriad orthopaedic applications ranging from cancer to fractures to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Ackun-Farmmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Clyde T Overby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brittany E Haws
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Regine Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oryan A, Eslaminejad MB, Kamali A, Hosseini S, Moshiri A, Baharvand H. Retraction Note to: Mesenchymal stem cells seeded onto tissue-engineered osteoinductive scaffolds enhance the healing process of critical-sized radial bone defects in rat. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:211. [PMID: 34424398 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03520-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Kamali
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moshiri
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Dr. MoshiriVeterinary Clinic, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evaluation of fluorohydroxyapatite/strontium coating on titanium implants fabricated by hydrothermal treatment. Prog Biomater 2021; 10:185-194. [PMID: 34370267 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-021-00162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are considered as appropriate replacements for the irreparable bone. Calcium phosphate coatings are widely used to improve the osteoinduction and osseointegration ability of titanium alloys. To further improve the performance of the calcium phosphate-coated implants, strontium (Sr) was introduced to partially replace the calcium ions. In this study, the effect of Sr ion addition on the fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA)-coated Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated and all the coatings were treated under hydrothermal condition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the phases and microstructures, respectively. Shear tests were done to evaluate the bond strength of the coating layer. MTT, adhesion, and alkaline phosphatase tests were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenic behavior of the samples. Results showed that the average crystallite size for the strontium-doped FHA samples was 48 nm and the bond strength had increased 13.15% in comparison with FHA-coated samples. Analysis of variance showed p value for all MTT tests at more than 0.322 and there was not any evidence of cell death after 7 days. The results of the ALP test showed that the increase of the cell activity in Sr samples from day 7 to 14 is three times higher than the FHA ones.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kouketsu A, Matsui K, Kawai T, Ezoe Y, Takahashi T, Kamakura S. Teriparatide with octacalcium phosphate collagen composite stimulates osteogenic factors. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:125-135. [PMID: 34278819 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Octacalcium phosphate and collagen composite (OCPcol) promotes osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis, thereby enhancing bone regeneration. Although a newly developed freeze-dried composite of OCPcol and teriparatide (OCPcolTPTD) reinforced bone regeneration more than OCPcol, the mechanism of bone regeneration remains unresolved. Here, disks containing OCPcolTPTD, OCPcol, or β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) col were inserted into rodents with calvarial bone defects, before euthanasia 4 weeks later. Immunohistochemical and histochemical analyses were performed on bone samples to evaluate bone matrix development, angiogenesis, and osteoclast and osteoblast localization. In the OCPcolTPTD and OCPcol groups, bone regeneration was observed at the surface of calvarial dura mater and around acidophilic granular cells with abundant collagenous fiber-containing cells. Furthermore, the newly formed bone in the OCPcolTPTD group showed a larger total area and individual separated area than the other groups. Various osteogenic proteins were detected in the regenerated bone and peri-bone tissues via histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Although the expression of several osteogenic biomarkers in the OCPcolTPTD group after 4 weeks of implantation was significantly lower than that in the OCPcol group, new bone formation by OCPcolTPTD in the center of the defect, where bone regeneration is difficult, tended to be superior to that by OCPcol. These results suggest that OCPcolTPTD enhanced bone regeneration more evenly and homogenously than OCPcol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsumu Kouketsu
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry School of Dentistry, 89292, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan, 980-8575;
| | - Keiko Matsui
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan;
| | | | - Yushi Ezoe
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sendai, Japan;
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 980-8575;
| | - Shinji Kamakura
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 980-8574.,Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee NH, Kang MS, Kim TH, Yoon DS, Mandakhbayar N, Jo SB, Kim HS, Knowles JC, Lee JH, Kim HW. Dual actions of osteoclastic-inhibition and osteogenic-stimulation through strontium-releasing bioactive nanoscale cement imply biomaterial-enabled osteoporosis therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121025. [PMID: 34298444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Repair of defective hard-tissues in osteoporotic patients faces significantly challenges with limited therapeutic options. Although biomedical cements are considered promising materials for healthy bone repair, their uses for healing osteoporotic fracture are clinically limited. Herein, strontium-releasing-nanoscale cement was introduced to provide dual therapeutic-actions (pro-osteogenesis and anti-osteoclastogenesis), eventually for the regeneration of osteoporotic bone defect. The Sr-nanocement hardened from the Sr-doped nanoscale-glass particles was shown to release multiple ions including silicate, calcium and strontium at doses therapeutically relevant over time. When the Sr-nanocement was treated to pre-osteoblastic cells, the osteogenic mRNA level (Runx2, Opn, Bsp, Ocn), alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and target luciferase reporter were stimulated with respect to the case with Sr-free-nanocement. When treated to pre-osteoclastic cells, the Sr-nanocement substantially reduced the osteoclastogenesis, such as osteoclastic mRNA level (Casr, Nfatc1, c-fos, Acp, Ctsk, Mmp-9), tartrate-resistant acid trap activity, and bone resorption capacity. In particular, the osteoclastic inhibition resulted in part from the interactive effect of osteoblasts which were activated by the Sr-nanocement, i.e., blockage of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand) binding by enhanced osteoprotegerin and the deactivated Nfatc1. The Sr-nanocement, administered to an ovariectomized tibia defect (osteoporotic model) in rats, exhibited profound bone regenerative potential in cortical and surrounding trabecular area, including increased bone volume and density, enhanced production of osteopromotive proteins, and more populated osteoblasts, together with reduced signs of osteoclastic bone resorption. These results demonstrate that Sr-nanocement, with its dual effects of osteoclastic inhibition and osteogenic-stimulation, can be considered an effective nanotherapeutic implantable biomaterial platform for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Hyun Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sil Kang
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Suk Yoon
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Nandin Mandakhbayar
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bin Jo
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, UCL Campus, London, UK; Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang S, Wang M, He J. A review of biomimetic scaffolds for bone regeneration: Toward a cell-free strategy. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10206. [PMID: 34027093 PMCID: PMC8126827 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical terms, bone grafting currently involves the application of autogenous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic bone grafts, as well as natural or artificially synthesized materials, such as polymers, bioceramics, and other composites. Many of these are associated with limitations. The ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering should provide mechanical support while promoting osteogenesis, osteoconduction, and even osteoinduction. There are various structural complications and engineering difficulties to be considered. Here, we describe the biomimetic possibilities of the modification of natural or synthetic materials through physical and chemical design to facilitate bone tissue repair. This review summarizes recent progresses in the strategies for constructing biomimetic scaffolds, including ion-functionalized scaffolds, decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds, and micro- and nano-scale biomimetic scaffold structures, as well as reactive scaffolds induced by physical factors, and other acellular scaffolds. The fabrication techniques for these scaffolds, along with current strategies in clinical bone repair, are described. The developments in each category are discussed in terms of the connection between the scaffold materials and tissue repair, as well as the interactions with endogenous cells. As the advances in bone tissue engineering move toward application in the clinical setting, the demonstration of the therapeutic efficacy of these novel scaffold designs is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Jiang
- Department of Plastic SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Mohan Wang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui ProvinceHefeiChina
| | - Jiacai He
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui ProvinceHefeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin Z, Tao Y, Huang Y, Xu T, Niu W. Applications of marine collagens in bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:042007. [PMID: 33793421 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abf0b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, collagen has been among the most widely used biomaterials with several biomedical applications. Recently, researchers have shown a keen interest in collagen obtained from marine sources because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of extractability, safety, low immunogenicity, and low production costs. A wide variety of marine collagen-based scaffolds have been developed for bone tissue engineering, and these scaffolds display excellent biological effects. This review aims to provide an overview of the biological effects of marine collagen in bone engineering, such as promoting osteogenesis and collagen synthesis, inhibiting inflammation, inducing the differentiation of cartilage, and improving bone mineral density. Marine collagen holds great promise as a biomaterial in bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao 334000, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sahvieh S, Oryan A, Hassanajili S, Kamali A. Role of bone 1stem cell-seeded 3D polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffold on a critical-sized radial bone defect in rat. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:735-750. [PMID: 32924069 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoconductive biomaterials were used to find the most reliable materials in bone healing. Our focus was on the bone healing capacity of the stem cell-loaded and unloaded PLA/PCL/HA scaffolds. The 3D scaffold of PLA/PCL/HA was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheology, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) have multipotential differentiation into osteoblasts. Forty Wistar male rats were used to organize four experimental groups: control, autograft, scaffold, and BMSCs-loaded scaffold groups. qRT-PCR showed that the BMSCs-loaded scaffold had a higher expression level of CD31 and osteogenic markers compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Radiology and computed tomography (CT) scan evaluations showed significant improvement in the BMSCs-loaded scaffold compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Biomechanical estimation demonstrated significantly higher stress (P < 0.01), stiffness (P < 0.001), and ultimate load (P < 0.01) in the autograft and BMSCs-loaded scaffold groups compared with the untreated group and higher strain was seen in the control group than the other groups (P < 0.01). Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical (IHC) investigations showed significantly improved regeneration scores in the autograft and BMSCs-loaded scaffold groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the scaffold and control groups in all tests (P < 0.05). The results depicted that our novel approach will allow to develop PLA/PCL/HA 3D scaffold in bone healing via BMSC loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sahvieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shadi Hassanajili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Kamali
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oryan A, Hassanajili S, Sahvieh S, Azarpira N. Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell-seeded onto the 3D polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffold on the radius bone defect in rat. Life Sci 2020; 257:118038. [PMID: 32622947 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The importance of regeneration in large bone defects forces the orthopedic surgeons to search for a proper methodology. The present experiment evaluated the capability of polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PLA/PCL/HA) scaffold loaded with and without mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on bone regeneration. METHODS Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and rheology methodologies were used to characterize the scaffold. Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into the four groups including the untreated defects as the control group and three other groups in which the bone defects were treated with autologous bones (autograft group), the PLA/PCL/HA scaffolds (PLA/PCL/HA group), and the MSCs-seeded scaffolds (MSCs-seeded PLA/PCL/HA group). RESULTS Based on the qRT-PCR results, significantly higher expression levels of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and CD31 were seen in the cell-seeded scaffold group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The CT scanning and radiographic images depicted significantly more newly formed bonny tissue in the MSCs-loaded scaffold and autograft groups than the untreated group (P < 0.001). The immunohistochemistry, biomechanical, histopathologic, and histomorphometric evaluations demonstrated significantly improved regeneration in the autograft and MSCs-loaded scaffold groups compared to the non-treated group (P < 0.05). There were significant differences between the scaffold and untreated groups in all in vivo evaluations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The MSCs enhanced bone healing potential of the PLA/PCL/HA scaffold and the MSCs-seeded scaffold was comparable to the autograft as the golden treatment regimen (P > 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - S Hassanajili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Sahvieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Recent developments in strontium-based biocomposites for bone regeneration. J Artif Organs 2020; 23:191-202. [PMID: 32100147 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-020-01159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomaterial designing techniques offer immense support to tailor biomimetic scaffolds and to engineer the microstructure of biomaterials for triggering bone regeneration in challenging bone defects. The current review presents the different categories of recently explored strontium-integrated biomaterials, including calcium silicate, calcium phosphate, bioglasses and polymer-based synthetic implants along with their in vivo bone formation efficacies and/or in vitro cell responses. The role and significance of controlled drug release scaffold/carrier design in strontium-triggered osteogenesis was also comprehensively described. Furthermore, the effects of stem cells and growth factors on bone remodeling are also elucidated.
Collapse
|
16
|
Afewerki S, Bassous N, Harb S, Palo-Nieto C, Ruiz-Esparza GU, Marciano FR, Webster TJ, Furtado ASA, Lobo AO. Advances in dual functional antimicrobial and osteoinductive biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 24:102143. [PMID: 31862427 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A vast growing problem in orthopaedic medicine is the increase of clinical cases with antibiotic resistant pathogenic microbes, which is predicted to cause higher mortality than all cancers combined by 2050. Bone infectious diseases limit the healing ability of tissues and increase the risk of future injuries due to pathologic tissue remodelling. The traditional treatment for bone infections has several drawbacks and limitations, such as lengthy antibiotic treatment, extensive surgical interventions, and removal of orthopaedic implants and/or prosthesis, all of these resulting in long-term rehabilitation. This is a huge burden to the public health system resulting in increased healthcare costs. Current technologies e.g. co-delivery systems, where antibacterial and osteoinductive agents are delivered encounter challenges such as site-specific delivery, sustained and prolonged release, and biocompatibility. In this review, these aspects are highlighted to promote the invention of the next generation biomaterials to prevent and/or treat bone infections and promote tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samson Afewerki
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women´s Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Nicole Bassous
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samarah Harb
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, - SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Palo-Nieto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guillermo U Ruiz-Esparza
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women´s Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fernanda R Marciano
- Department of Physics, UFPI- Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - André Sales Aguiar Furtado
- LIMAV - Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Engineering, UFPI- Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Anderson O Lobo
- LIMAV - Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Engineering, UFPI- Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kouketsu A, Matsui K, Kawai T, Ezoe Y, Yanagisawa T, Yasuda A, Takahashi T, Kamakura S. Octacalcium phosphate collagen composite stimulates the expression and activity of osteogenic factors to promote bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 14:99-107. [PMID: 31721475 PMCID: PMC7027853 DOI: 10.1002/term.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the bone regenerative properties of an octacalcium phosphate collagen composite (OCP/Col) in a rat calvarial bone defect model. Design An OCP/Col or β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP)/Col disk was implanted into the critical‐sized calvarial defects and fixed 2 or 4 weeks later. The radiopacity of defects was examined after disk implantation by the radiographic examination and micro‐computed tomography (μ‐CT). Immunohistochemical and histochemical analyses were carried out to assess the bone matrix maturation, neovascularization, and osteoclast and osteoblast distribution in the neonatal bone. Results Radiographic and μ‐CT examination of the area of implanted OCP/Col indicated the newly formed bone and no difference from those of the original bone. Osteopontin, osteocalcin, Runt‐related transcription factor 2, type 1 collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor, and alkaline phosphatase or tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase in the newly formed calvarial bone and the surrounding connective tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry. Biomarker expression was not significantly elevated at the defect site; the area of which was calculated by dividing the distance from the healthy bone margin or calvarium and dura mater surface. There was no difference in the expression of these biomarkers in the OCP/Col group at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. In addition, the expression levels of all markers were higher in the OCP/Col group than in the β‐TCP/Col group at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Conclusions The OCP/Col as a bone regeneration material not only exhibits osteoconductive activity that is dependent on residual healthy bone tissue, but also has osteoinductive capacity, which promotes angiogenesis and osteogenic cell invasion from host tissue into the bone defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsumu Kouketsu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsui
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kawai
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yushi Ezoe
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yanagisawa
- Bone Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Japan
| | - Ayato Yasuda
- Bone Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Japan
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamakura
- Bone Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deng L, Li Y, Zhang H. In vitro and in vivo assessment of glucose cross-linked gelatin/zein nanofibrous scaffolds for cranial bone defects regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1505-1517. [PMID: 31609542 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the glucose cross-linked gelatin/zein scaffolds for bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited fast mineralization in the concentrated simulated body fluid with the deposited octacalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. The nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3e1 cells in a CCK-8 test. Additionally, scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that all the scaffolds were biocompatible and showed excellent support for MC3T3e1 cells. In the osteogenesis characterizations, Alizarin Red staining experiments indicated the improved calcium deposits on the cross-linked scaffolds, while the alkaline phosphatase activity showed no difference. Furthermore, the in vivo cranial bone regeneration results suggested that the cross-linked gelatin/zein scaffolds presented a strong positive effect on the cranial bone regeneration with the increased new bone volume and connective tissue formation, but the incorporation of zein in the gelatin scaffolds did not favor the bone regeneration. Moreover, the cross-linked gelatin scaffold retarded the bone resorption as indicated by the higher levels of IFN-γ and lower levels of IL-6, which restricted the differentiation of osteoclasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Deng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Extracellular IL-37 promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:753. [PMID: 31582734 PMCID: PMC6776644 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-37, a pivotal anti-inflammatory cytokine and a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity, has recently been shown to be abnormally expressed in several autoimmune-related orthopedic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoporosis. However, the role of IL-37 during osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains largely unknown. In this study, extracellular IL-37 significantly increased osteoblast-specific gene expression, the number of mineral deposits, and alkaline phosphatase activity of MSCs. Moreover, a signaling pathway was activated in the presence of IL-37. The enhanced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs due to supplementation of IL-37 was partially rescued by the presence of a PI3K/AKT signaling inhibitor. Using a rat calvarial bone defect model, IL-37 significantly improved bone healing. Collectively, these findings indicate that extracellular IL-37 enhanced osteogenesis of MSCs, at least in part by activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin B, Dun G, Jin D, Du Y. Development of polypyrrole/collagen/nano-strontium substituted bioactive glass composite for boost sciatic nerve rejuvenation in vivo. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3423-3430. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1638794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guoqing Dun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dongzhu Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yaowu Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fernandes KR, Parisi JR, Magri AMP, Kido HW, Gabbai-Armelin PR, Fortulan CA, Zanotto ED, Peitl O, Granito RN, Renno ACM. Influence of the incorporation of marine spongin into a Biosilicate®: an in vitro study. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:64. [PMID: 31127392 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combination of different biomaterials can be a promising intervention for the composites manufacture, mainly by adding functional and structural characteristics of each material and guarantee the advantages of the use of these composites. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluated the influence of the incorporation of marine spongin (SPG) into Biosilicate® (BS) in different proportions be used during bone repair. For this purpose, it was to develop and investigate different BS/SPG formulations for physico-chemical and morphological characteristics by pH, loss mass, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Additionally, the influence of these composites on cell viability, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were investigated. The results revealed that the pH values of all BS groups (with or without SPG) increased over time. A significant mass loss was observed in all composites, mainly with higher SPG percentages. Additionaly, SEM micrographies demonstrated fibers of SPG into BS and material degradation over time. Moreover, FTIR spectral analysis revealed characteristic peaks of PMMA, BS, and SPG in BS/SPG composites. BS/SPG groups demonstrated a positive effect for fibroblast proliferation after 3 and 7 days of culture. Additionally, BS and BS/SPG formulations (at 10% and 20% of SPG) presented similar values of osteoblasts viability and proliferation after 7 days of culture. Furthermore, ALP activity demonstrated no significant difference between BS and BS/SPG scaffolds, at any composition. Based on the present in vitro results, it can be concluded that the incorporation of SPG into BS was possible and produced an improvement in the physical-chemical characteristics and in the biological performance of the graft especially the formulation with 80/20 and 90/10. Future research should focus on in vivo evaluations of this novel composite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Fernandes
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - J R Parisi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - A M P Magri
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - H W Kido
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - P R Gabbai-Armelin
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - C A Fortulan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - E D Zanotto
- Department of Materials Engineering, Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - O Peitl
- Department of Materials Engineering, Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - R N Granito
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - A C M Renno
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fabrication of strontium-releasable inorganic cement by incorporation of bioactive glass. Dent Mater 2019; 35:780-788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
23
|
Kamali A, Oryan A, Hosseini S, Ghanian MH, Alizadeh M, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Baharvand H. Cannabidiol-loaded microspheres incorporated into osteoconductive scaffold enhance mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and regeneration of critical-sized bone defects. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:64-75. [PMID: 31029357 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to an injury site and their differentiation into the desired cell lineage are implicated in deficient bone regeneration. To date, there is no ideal structure that provides these conditions for bone regeneration. In the current study, we aim to develop a novel scaffold that induces MSC migration towards the defect site, followed by their differentiation into an osteogenic lineage. We have fabricated a gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite (G/nHAp) scaffold that delivered cannabidiol (CBD)-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres to critical size radial bone defects in a rat model. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and then analyzed for porosity and degradation rate. The release profile of CBD from the PLGA microsphere and CBD-PLGA-G/nHAp scaffold was analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy. We performed an in vitro assessment of the effects of CBD on cellular behaviors of viability and osteogenic differentiation. Radiological evaluation, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of all defects in the scaffold and control groups were conducted following transplantation into the radial bone defects. An in vitro migration assay showed that CBD considerably increased MSCs migration. qRT-PCR results showed upregulated expression of osteogenic markers in the presence of CBD. Histological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed new bone formation and reconstruction of the defect at 4 and 12 week post-surgery (WPS) in the CBD-PLGA-G/nHAp group. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed enhanced migration of MSCs into the defect areas in the CBD-PLGA-G/nHAp group in vivo. Based on the results of the current study, we concluded that CBD improved bone healing and showed a critical role for MSC migration in the bone regeneration process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kamali
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghanian
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Alizadeh
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Parisi JR, Fernandes KR, Avanzi IR, Dorileo BP, Santana AF, Andrade AL, Gabbai-Armelin PR, Fortulan CA, Trichês ES, Granito RN, Renno ACM. Incorporation of Collagen from Marine Sponges (Spongin) into Hydroxyapatite Samples: Characterization and In Vitro Biological Evaluation. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:30-37. [PMID: 30218326 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial-based bone grafts have an important role in the field of bone tissue engineering. One of the most promising classes of biomaterials is collagen, including the ones from marine biodiversity (in general, called spongin (SPG)). Also, hydroxyapatite (HA) has an important role in stimulating bone metabolism. Therefore, this work investigated the association of HA and SPG composites in order to evaluate their physico-chemical and morphological characteristics and their in vitro biological performance. For this, pre-set composite disks were evaluated by means of mass loss after incubation, pH, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and "in vitro" cell viability. pH measurements showed no statistical difference between groups. Moreover, a higher mass loss was observed for HA/SPG70/30 compared to the other groups for all experimental periods. Moreover, SEM representative micrographs showed the degradation of the samples with and without immersion. FTIR analysis demonstrated the absorption peaks for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), HA, and SPG. A higher L292 cell viability for control and PMMA was observed compared to HA and HA/SPG 90/10. Also, HA/SPG 70/30 showed higher cell viability compared to HA and HA/SPG 90/10 on days 3 and 7 days of culture. Furthermore, HA showed a significant lower MC3T3 cell viability compared to control and HA/SPG 70/30 on day 3 and no significant difference was observed between the composites in the last experimental period. Based on our investigations, it can be concluded that the mentioned composites were successfully obtained, presenting improved biological properties, especially the one mimicking the composition of bone (with 70% of HA and 30% of SPG). Consequently, these data highlight the potential of the introduction of SPG into HA to improve the performance of the graft for bone regeneration applications. Further long-term studies should be carried out to provide additional information concerning the late stages of material degradation and bone healing in the presence of HA/SPG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Parisi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - K R Fernandes
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - I R Avanzi
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - B P Dorileo
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - A F Santana
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - A L Andrade
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - P R Gabbai-Armelin
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - C A Fortulan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - E S Trichês
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - R N Granito
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - A C M Renno
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yan S, Feng L, Zhu Q, Yang W, Lan Y, Li D, Liu Y, Xue W, Guo R, Wu G. Controlled Release of BMP-2 from a Heparin-Conjugated Strontium-Substituted Nanohydroxyapatite/Silk Fibroin Scaffold for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3291-3303. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shina Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Longbao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Lan
- Beogene Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Dan Li
- Beogene Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Guangzhou Chuangseed Biomedical Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije University Amsterdam, Gustav mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fiorilli S, Molino G, Pontremoli C, Iviglia G, Torre E, Cassinelli C, Morra M, Vitale-Brovarone C. The Incorporation of Strontium to Improve Bone-Regeneration Ability of Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11050678. [PMID: 29701683 PMCID: PMC5978055 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the recent years, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) gained interest as bone regeneration systems, due to their excellent bioactivity and ability to release therapeutic molecules. In order to improve the bone regeneration ability of MBGs, the incorporation of Sr2+ ions, due to its recognized pro-osteogenenic potential, represents a very promising strategy. In this study, MBGs based on the SiO2–CaO system and containing different percentages (2 and 4 mol %) of strontium were prepared by two synthesis methods, in the form of microspheres and nanoparticles. Sr-containing MBGs were characterized by FE-SEM, XRD and N2 adsorption/desorption analysis. The in vitro bioactivity in SBF resulted excellent. The assessment of fibroblast cell (line L929) viability showed that Sr-containing MBGs were biocompatible both in form of micro- and nanoparticles. The osteogenic response of osteoblast-like SAOS-2 cells was investigated by analysing the expression of GAPDH, COL1a1, RANKL, SPARC, OPG and ALPL genes, as cell differentiation markers. The results indicate that the incorporation of Sr into MBG is beneficial for bone regeneration as promotes a pro-osteogenic effect, paving the way to the design of advanced devices enabled by these nanocarriers also in combination with drug release, for the treatment of bone pathologies, particularly in patients with osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fiorilli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giulia Molino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Pontremoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Iviglia
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana 28, 14037 Portacomaro (Asti), Italy.
| | - Elisa Torre
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana 28, 14037 Portacomaro (Asti), Italy.
| | - Clara Cassinelli
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana 28, 14037 Portacomaro (Asti), Italy.
| | - Marco Morra
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana 28, 14037 Portacomaro (Asti), Italy.
| | - Chiara Vitale-Brovarone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|