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Yang Y, Fan R, Li H, Chen H, Gong H, Guo G. Polysaccharides as a promising platform for the treatment of spinal cord injury: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121672. [PMID: 38171685 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is incurable and often results in irreversible damage to motor function and autonomic sensory abilities. To enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic substances such as cells, growth factors, drugs, and nucleic acids for treating spinal cord injuries, as well as to reduce the toxic side effects of chemical reagents, polysaccharides have been gained attention due to their immunomodulatory properties and the biocompatibility and biodegradability of polysaccharide scaffolds. Polysaccharides hold potential as drug delivery systems in treating spinal cord injuries. This article aims to present an extensive evaluation of the potential applications of polysaccharide materials in scaffold construction, drug delivery, and immunomodulation over the past five years so that offering new directions and opportunities for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rangrang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hanlin Gong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Baawad A, Jacho D, Hamil T, Yildirim-Ayan E, Kim DS. Polysaccharide-Based Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral and Enthesis Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:123-140. [PMID: 36181352 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The rotator cuff and Achilles tendons along with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are frequently injured with limited healing capacity. At the soft-hard tissue interface, enthesis is prone to get damaged and its regeneration in osteochondral defects is essential for complete healing. The current clinical techniques used in suturing procedures to reattach tendons to bones need much improvement for the generation of the native interface tissue, that is, enthesis, for patients to regain their full functions. Recently, inspired by the composite native tissue, much effort has been made to fabricate composite scaffolds for enthesis tissue regeneration. This review first focuses on the studies that used composite scaffolds for the regeneration of enthesis. Then, the use of polysaccharides for osteochondral tissue engineering is reviewed and their potential for enthesis regeneration is presented based on their supporting effects on osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Gellan gum (GG) is selected and reviewed as a promising polysaccharide due to its unique osteogenic and chondrogenic activities that help avoid the inherent weakness of dissimilar materials in composite scaffolds. In addition, original preliminary results showed that GG supports collagen type I production and upregulation of osteogenic marker genes. Impact Statement Enthesis regeneration is essential for complete and functional healing of tendon and ligament tissues. Current suturing techniques to reattach the tendon/ligament to bones have high failure rates. This review highlights the studies on biomimetic scaffolds aimed to regenerate enthesis. In addition, the potential of using polysaccharides to regenerate enthesis is discussed based on their ability to regenerate osteochondral tissues. Gellan gum is presented as a promising biopolymer that can be modified to simultaneously support bone and cartilage regeneration by providing structural continuity for the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Baawad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego Jacho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Taijah Hamil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Dong-Shik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Chorfa N, Nlandu H, Belkacemi K, Hamoudi S. Physical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Modifications of Potato Starch Granules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102027. [PMID: 35631908 PMCID: PMC9143340 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a valorization of the starch stemming from downgraded potatoes was approached through the preparation of starch nanoparticles using different physical methods, namely liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide, high energy ball milling (HEBM), and ultrasonication on the one hand and enzymatic hydrolysis on the other hand. Starch nanoparticles are beneficial as a reinforcement in food packaging technology as they enhance the mechanical and water vapor resistance of polymers. Also, starch nanoparticles are appropriate for medical applications as carriers for the delivery of bioactive or therapeutic agents. The obtained materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), whereas the hydrolysates were analyzed using size exclusion chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (SEC-PAD). The acquired results revealed that the physical modification methods led to moderate alterations of the potato starch granules’ size and crystallinity. However, enzymatic hydrolysis conducted using Pullulanase enzyme followed by nanoprecipitation of the hydrolysates allowed us to obtain very tiny starch nanoparticles sized between 20 and 50 nm, much smaller than the native starch granules, which have an average size of 10 μm. The effects of enzyme concentration, temperature, and reaction medium pH on the extent of hydrolysis in terms of the polymer carbohydrates’ fractions were investigated. The most promising results were obtained with a Pullulanase enzyme concentration of 160 npun/g of starch, at a temperature of 60 °C in a pH 4 phosphate buffer solution resulting in the production of hydrolysates containing starch polymers with low molecular weights corresponding mainly to P-10, P-5, and fractions with molecular weights lower than P-5 Pullulan standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Safia Hamoudi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-656-2131 (ext. 408460)
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Koo Y, Kim GH. Bioprinted
hASC
‐laden collagen/
HA
constructs with meringue‐like macro/micropores. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10330. [PMID: 36176624 PMCID: PMC9472008 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrusion‐based bioprinting is one of the most effective methods for fabricating cell‐laden mesh structures. However, insufficient cellular activities within the printed cylindrical cell‐matrix blocks, inducing low cell‐to‐cell interactions due to the disturbance of the matrix hydrogel, remain to be addressed. Hence, various sacrificial materials or void‐forming methods have been used; however, most of them cannot solve the problem completely or require complicated fabricating procedures. Herein, we suggest a bioprinted cell‐laden collagen/hydroxyapatite (HA) construct comprising meringue‐like porous cell‐laden structures to enhance osteogenic activity. A porous bioink is generated using a culinary process, i.e., the whipping method, and the whipping conditions, such as the material concentration, time, and speed, are selected appropriately. The constructs fabricated using the meringue‐like bioink with MG63 cells and human adipose stem cells exhibit outstanding metabolic and osteogenic activities owing to the synergistic effects of the efficient cell‐to‐cell interactions and HA stimulation released from the porous structure. The in vitro cellular responses indicate that the meringue‐like collagen bioink for achieving an extremely porous cell‐laden construct can be a highly promising cell‐laden material for various tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungWon Koo
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University Suwon Republic of Korea
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Zhuang P, Greenberg Z, He M. Biologically enhanced starch bio-ink for promoting 3D cell growth. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 6:2100551. [PMID: 34926789 PMCID: PMC8680409 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The excellent rheological property has legitimated the suitability of starch hydrogel for extrusion-based 3D printing. However, the inability to promote cell attachment and migration has precluded the non-modified starch hydrogel from direct applications in the biomedical field. Herein, we develop a novel 3D printable nanocomposite starch hydrogel with highly enhanced biocompatibility for promoting 3D cell growth, by formulating with gelatin nanoparticles and collagen. The rheological evaluation reveals the shear-thinning and thixotropic properties of the starch-based hydrogel, as well as the combinatorial effect of collagen and gelatin nanoparticles on maintaining the printability and 3D shape fidelity. The homogeneous microporous structure with abundant collagen fibers and gelatin nanoparticles interlaced and supplies rich attachment sites for cell growth. Corroborated by the cell metabolic activity study, the multiplied proliferation rate of cells on the 3D printed nanocomposite starch hydrogel scaffold confirms the remarkable enhancement of biological function of developed starch hydrogel. Hence, the developed nanocomposite starch hydrogel serves as a highly desirable bio-ink for advancing 3D tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - Zachary Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
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Fernandes DC, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Advances in 3D neural, vascular and neurovascular models for drug testing and regenerative medicine. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:754-768. [PMID: 33202252 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials continue to fall short regarding drugs to effectively treat brain-affecting diseases. Although there are many causes of these shortcomings, the most relevant are the inability of most therapeutic agents to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the failure to translate effects from animal models to patients. In this review, we analyze the most recent developments in BBB, neural, and neurovascular models, analyzing their impact on the drug development process by considering their quantitative and phenotypical characterization. We offer a perspective of the state-of-the-art of the models that could revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo C Fernandes
- 3Bs Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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