Novel lactone‐layered double hydroxide ionomer powders for bone tissue repair

Application and Development of Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Nanofiber scaffolds have gained significant attention in the field of bone tissue engineering. Electrospinning, a straightforward and efficient technique for producing nanofibers, has been extensively researched. When used in bone tissue engineering scaffolds, electrospun nanofibers with suitable surface properties promote new bone tissue growth and enhance cell adhesion. Recent advancements in electrospinning technology have provided innovative approaches for scaffold fabrication in bone tissue engineering. This review comprehensively examines the utilization of electrospun nanofibers in bone tissue engineering scaffolds and evaluates the relevant literature. The review begins by presenting the fundamental principles and methodologies of electrospinning. It then discusses various materials used in the production of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, including natural and synthetic polymers, as well as certain inorganic materials. The challenges associated with these materials are also described. The review focuses on novel electrospinning techniques for scaffold construction in bone tissue engineering, such as multilayer nanofibers, multifluid electrospinning, and the integration of electrospinning with other methods. Recent advancements in electrospinning technology have enabled the fabrication of precisely aligned nanofiber scaffolds with nanoscale architectures. These innovative methods also facilitate the fabrication of biomimetic structures, wherein bioactive substances can be incorporated and released in a controlled manner for drug delivery purposes. Moreover, they address issues encountered with traditional electrospun nanofibers, such as mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility. Consequently, the development and implementation of novel electrospinning technologies have revolutionized scaffold fabrication for bone tissue engineering.

Layered Double Hydroxides: A Novel Promising 2D Nanomaterial for Bone Diseases Treatment

Bone diseases including bone defects, bone infections, osteoarthritis, and bone tumors seriously affect life quality of the patient and bring serious economic burdens to social health management, for which the current clinical treatments bear dissatisfactory therapeutic effects. Biomaterial-based strategies have been widely applied in the treatment of orthopedic diseases but are still plagued by deficient bioreactivity. With the development of nanotechnology, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with adjustable metal ion composition and alterable interlayer structure possessing charming physicochemical characteristics, versatile bioactive properties, and excellent drug loading and delivery capabilities arise widespread attention and have achieved considerable achievements for bone disease treatment in the last decade. However, to the authors' best knowledge, no review has comprehensively summarized the advances of LDHs in treating bone disease so far. Herein, the advantages of LDHs for orthopedic disorders treatment are outlined and the corresponding state-of-the-art achievements are summarized for the first time. The potential of LDHs-based nanocomposites for extended therapeutics for bone diseases is highlighted and perspectives for LDHs-based scaffold design are proposed for facilitated clinical translation.

Curcumin in exfoliated layered double hydroxide nanoparticles: Pre-clinical evaluation as lung cancer nanomedicine

Rationally designed ∼ 100 nm sized curcumin (CRC) loaded exfoliated layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (X-LDH/CRC-NPs) have been tested for its suitability as nanomedicine in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549 and NCI-H460) resulting enhanced apoptosis. Preclinical evaluation on A549 tumor bearing nude mouse model confirmed that such a well-designed X-LDH/CRC NPs would be highly advantageous for treating lung cancers.

Surface modification of two-dimensional layered double hydroxide nanoparticles with biopolymers for biomedical applications

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are appealing nanomaterials for (bio)medical applications and their potential is threefold. One can gain advantage of the structure of LDH frame (i.e., layered morphology), anion exchanging property towards drugs with acidic character and tendency for facile surface modification with biopolymers. This review focuses on the third aspect, as it is necessary to evaluate the advantages of polymer adsorption on LDH surfaces. Beside the short discussion on fundamental and structural features of LDHs, LDH-biopolymer interactions will be classified in terms of the effect on the colloidal stability of the dispersions. Thereafter, an overview on the biocompatibility and biomedical applications of LDH-biopolymer composite materials will be given. Finally, the advances made in the field will be summarized and future research directions will be suggested.

Engineering atorvastatin loaded Mg-Mn/LDH nanoparticles and their composite with PLGA for bone tissue applications

The impact of mixing method in conventional co-precipitation synthesis of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), on particle size, size distribution and drug loading capacity is reported. Synthesis of Mg (II)/Mn (III)-LDH nano-platelets was performed at constant pH using three different mixing systems, magnetic stirrer, mechanical mixer, and homogenizer at ambient temperature and a fixed Mg/Mn ratio of 3/1. The LDH characterization results showed that mechanical mixing and homogenization lead to production of very fine LDH nano-platelets (about 90-140 nm), with narrow particle size distribution. Amount of the intercalated drug was determined as about 60% and showed a significant increase in loading capacity of the LDH through homogenization and mechanical mixing compared to that of the magnetic stirring (about 35%). Our results also showed that in LDH preparation via co-precipitation, the mixing system plays a more influential role in particle size, size distribution, and drug loading control, than the mixing speed of each system. Drug loaded-LDH/PLGA composites were prepared via electrospinning to afford a bioactive/osteoinductive scaffold. A remarkable degree of cell viability on the scaffolds (drug-loaded-LDH/PLGA composite) was confirmed using MTT assay. Osteogenic differentiation of human ADMSCs, as shown by alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin Red staining assays, indicated that the scaffold with 5% drug loaded LDH(Mn-Mg-LDH/PLGA/AT5%) induced a remarkably higher level of the markers compared to the PLGA scaffold and therefore, it could be a valuable candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.