In vitro bioactivity of 3D microstructure hydroxyapatite/collagen based-egg white as an antibacterial agent

The Chicken Egg: An Advanced Material for Tissue Engineering

The chicken egg, an excellent natural source of proteins, has been an overlooked native biomaterial with remarkable physicochemical, structural, and biological properties. Recently, with significant advances in biomedical engineering, particularly in the development of 3D in vitro platforms, chicken egg materials have increasingly been investigated as biomaterials due to their distinct advantages such as their low cost, availability, easy handling, gelling ability, bioactivity, and provision of a developmentally stimulating environment for cells. In addition, the chicken egg and its by-products can improve tissue engraftment and stimulate angiogenesis, making it particularly attractive for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. Evidence suggests that the egg white (EW), egg yolk (EY), and eggshell membrane (ESM) are great biomaterial candidates for tissue engineering, as their protein composition resembles mammalian extracellular matrix proteins, ideal for cellular attachment, cellular differentiation, proliferation, and survivability. Moreover, eggshell (ES) is considered an excellent calcium resource for generating hydroxyapatite (HA), making it a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration. This review will provide researchers with a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the chicken egg structure, composition, and associated bioactive molecules in each component and introduce up-to-date tissue engineering applications of chicken eggs as biomaterials.

Nanofibrous electrospun scaffold doped with hydroxyapatite derived from sand lobster shell (Panulirus homarus) for bone tissue engineering

Healing of significant segmental bone defects remains a challenge, and various studies attempt to make materials that mimic bone structures and have biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradability, and osteoconductivity to native bone tissues. In this work, a nanofiber scaffold membrane of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/chitosan (CS) combined with hydroxyapatite (HAp) from sand lobster (SL; Panulirus homarus) shells, as a calcium source, was successfully synthesized to mimic the nanoscale extracellular matrix (ECM) in the native bone. The HAp from SL shells was synthesized by co-precipitation method with Ca/P of 1.67 and incorporated into the nanofiber membrane PVA/PVP/CS synthesized by the electrospinning method with varying concentrations, i.e. 0, 1, 3, and 5% (w/v). Based on the morphological and physicochemical analysis, the addition of HAp into the nanofiber successfully showed incorporation into the nanofiber with small agglomeration at HAp concentrations of 1, 3, and 5% (w/v). This led to a smaller fiber diameter with higher concentration of Hap, and incorporating HAp into the nanofiber could improve the mechanical properties of the nanofiber closer to the trabecula bone. Moreover, in general, swelling due to water absorption increases due to higher hydrophilicity at higher HAp concentrations and leads to the improvement of the degradation process and protein adsorption of the nanofiber. Biomineralization in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution confirms that the HAp in the nanofiber increases bioactivity, and it can be seen that more apatite is formed during longer immersion in the SBF solution. The nanofiber PVA/PVP/CS HAp 5% has the most potential for osteoblast (MC3T3E1) cell viability after being incubated for 24 h, and it allowed the cell to attach and proliferate. Additionally, the higher HAp concentration in the nanofiber scaffold membrane can significantly promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3E1 cells. Overall, the PVA/PVP/CS/HAp 5% nanofiber scaffold membrane has the most potential for bone tissue engineering.

The enhanced properties and bioactivity of poly-ε-caprolactone/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid doped with carbonate hydroxyapatite-egg white

Synthetic polymers, such as PCL and PLGA, are among the main material choices in tissue engineering because of their stable structures and strong mechanical properties. In this study, we designed polycaprolactone (PCL)/polylactic-co-glycolate acid (PLGA) nanofibers doped with carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) and egg white (EW) with enhanced properties. The addition of CHA and EW significantly influenced the properties and morphology of PCL/PLGA nanofibers; whereby the CHA substitution (PCL/PLGA/CHA) greatly increased the mechanical properties related to the Young's modulus and EW doping (PCL/PLGA/CHA/EW) increased the elongation at break. Bioactivity tests of PCL/PLGA/CHA/EW after immersion in the SBF for 3 to 9 days showed increased fiber diameters and a good swelling capacity that could improve cell adhesion, while biocompatibility tests with NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells showed good cell proliferation (85%) after 48 h and antibacterial properties against S. aureus.

Mechanical Characteristics and Bioactivity of Nanocomposite Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Coated Titanium for Bone Tissue Engineering

In the present study, we have analyzed the mechanical characteristics and bioactivity of titanium coating with hydroxyapatite/bovine collagen. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized from a Pinctada maxima shell and has a stoichiometry (Ca/P) of 1.72 and a crystallinity of 92%, suitable for coating materials according to ISO and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards. Titanium (Ti) substrate coatings were fabricated at HAp concentrations of 1% (Ti/HAp-1) and 3% (Ti/HAp-3) and a bovine collagen concentration of 1% (Ti/HAp/Coll) by the electrophoresis deposition (EPD) method. The compressive strength of Ti/HAp-1 and Ti/HAp-3 was 87.28 and 86.19 MPa, respectively, and it increased significantly regarding the control/uncoated Ti (46.71 MPa). Furthermore, the Ti/HAp-coll (69.33 MPa) has lower compressive strength due to collagen substitution (1%). The bioactivity of Ti substrates after the immersion into simulated body fluids (SBF) for 3-10 days showed a high apatite growth (Ca²⁺ and PO43-), according to XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS results, significantly on the Ti/HAp-coll.

Dual functional carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite from Pinctada maxima and egg-white for bone tissue engineering

This study aims to design a 3D carbonate-hydroxyapatite (CHA)/sago (S) based egg white (EW) microstructure with antibacterial properties to improve the performance of bone grafts for bone tissue engineering. In this study, Pinctada maxima (P. maxima) shell was used as a calcium (Ca) source in CHA synthesis. The annealing temperature of CHA at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C affected microstructural and lattice parameters, with stoichiometry 1.72-1.77, and B-type CHA was identified. CHA/S with various concentrations of EW (10 and 30 wt.%) effectively increased pore size and porosity. XRD spectra confirmed that sago and EW in CHA nanocomposite stable the crystal structure. FTIR spectrum shows protein phosphorylation in CHA nanocomposite due to PO₄^3- ion exchange. In-vitro bioactivity of CHA-S10 (MTT assay) showed increased cell viability and optical density (OD; 24-48 h) to control. Antibacterial activity of CHA-S10 and CHA/S (control) against bacteria associated with periodontal disease and bone infection (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans [A. actinomycetemcomitans], Porphyromonas gingivalis [P. gingivalis], Fusobacterium nucleatum [F. nucleatum; gram negative], and Staphylococcus aureus [S. aureus; gram positive]) by disc diffusion method showed that CHA-S10 and CHA/S had strong antibacterial activity. In conclusion, EW's properties had proven the CHA/S/EW as bone grafts, effectively increasing pore size, porosity, biocompatibility, and strong antibacterial properties.